改进的联合去马赛克与放大算法及其硬件实现

为了从单CCD/CMOS图像探测器相机拍摄的Bayer格式图像恢复出更高分辨率全彩色图像,设计了一种改进的联合去马赛克与放大算法。首先,估计原始Bayer格式图像中丢失的绿色通道信息,根据颜色梯度的比较结果,将水平或垂直方向的绿色通道信息作为彩色图像的G分量,并根据彩色图像颜色通道之间高度相关的特性,计算颜色差R-G和B-G;然后,将去马赛克过程中的梯度方法继续用于确定丢失的绿色像素,放大绿色通道;最后,对颜色差值图像R-G和B-G进行放大,即可恢复出红色和蓝色通道信息,得到放大的全彩色图像。试验结果表明,算法恢复出的高分辨率彩色图像的峰值信噪比(PSNR)有较明显提升,且主观目视清晰、边缘锐利,特别是硬件实现方面能够做到实时处理。目前,本文算法已经在Xilinx公司的FPGA上实现,并用于工程实践。满足了项目实际需要。     

改进的联合去马赛克与放大算法及其硬件实现

为了从单CCD/CMOS图像探测器相机拍摄的Bayer 格式图像恢复出更高分辨率全彩色图像, 设计了一种改进的联合去马赛克与放大算法。首先,估计原始Bayer格式图像中丢失的绿色 通道信息, 根据颜色梯度的比较结果,将水平或垂直方向的绿色通道信息作为彩色图像的 G分量,并根据彩色图 像颜色通道之间高度相关的特性,计算颜色差R-G 和B-G;然后,将去马赛克过程中的梯度方法继续用于确定丢失的绿色像素,放大绿色通道 ;最后, 对颜色差值图像R-G和B-G进行放大,即可恢复出红色和蓝色通道 信息,得到放大的全彩色图 像。试验结果表明,算法恢复出的高分辨率彩色图像的峰值信噪比(PSNR)有较明显提 升,且主观目视清晰、边缘锐 利,特别是硬件实现方面能够做到实时处理。目前,本文算法已经在Xilinx公 司的FPGA上实现,并用于工程实践。满足了项目实际需要。     

基于 FPGA 的彩色图像实时采集系统设计

为了从单片Bayer格式图像探测器获取高质量实时彩色图像,研究并设计了一套基于FPGA硬件的彩色图像实时采集系统。介绍了针对MT9M011图像探测器的寄存器配置时序的设计。重点研究了影响彩色图像质量的Bayer格式图像去马赛克算法,该算法首先对Bayer格式原图进行二阶拉普拉斯修正,利用色差和梯度关系确定丢失的绿色分量,再结合给定像素周围的4个色差进行插值计算,分别得到丢失的红色分量和蓝色分量,从而完成彩色图像的恢复。设计了基于千兆以太网(GigE)的图像传输机制,使系统数据吞吐率大大提高。实验数据表明,系统插值算法在峰值信噪比(PSNR)方面相比双线性插值,R、G、B三通道均提高约15dB左右,图像目视细节丰富,伪彩色得到有效抑制;在分辨率为1 280×1 024、帧频为15f/s的情况下,可以实时输出全彩色图像。目前,系统已经工程应用,其优异表现满足了项目实际需要。     

基于FPGA的Bayer到RGB图像格式转换设计

利用FPGA处理数据量大、处理速度快,结合CMOS图像传感器MT9M001和BayerCFA格式图像的特点,设计一种基于FPGA的图像数据转换处理系统,提出用硬件实现Bayer格式到RGB格式转换的设计方案,研究CFA图像插值算法,实现基于FPGA的实时线性插值算法,对Bayer图像格式进行插值恢复全彩色图像,实现从黑白图像还原高清彩色图像。整个设计模块能够满足高帧率和高清晰的实时图像处理,占用系统资源很少,用较少的时间完成了图像数据的转换,提高了效率。     

基于HLS的色彩插值算法硬件设计与实现

为了快速、高效地在FPGA平台上实现色彩插值算法并得到高质量的彩色图像,使用Xilinx高层次综合工具HLS设计并实现一种改进的色彩插值算法。该算法融合双线性插值算法和一阶微分边缘导向插值算法完成图像色彩插值,对以R分量与B分量为中心像素点的像素使用一阶微分边缘导向插值算法插值计算缺失的颜色分量,对以G分量为中心像素点的像素使用双线性插值算法插值计算缺失的颜色分量。该算法充分考虑图像边缘插值效果与FPGA硬件资源占用量,可对Bayer格式图像进行还原,恢复全彩色图像。本文使用HLS开发,与传统FPGA开发相比缩短了开发周期,提高了开发效率。在Kodak数据集上的测试结果表明,改进的色彩插值算法的彩色峰值信噪比(CPSNR)相较于常规算法高4～6dB,且减少了图像锯齿现象和边缘模糊等问题,本文算法占用FPGA资源较少,可实现实时的图像色彩插值。     

基于SDRAM的Bayer格式图像插值算法硬件设计

针对传统的双线性Bayer格式图像彩色恢复算法效果不理想,提出了一种新算法,设计了一种将其用FPGA实现的硬件方案。改进算法应用梯度变化来增加通道间的相关性,提高线性插值的效果,根据探测器数据输出格式不满足Bayer插值算法要求,设计了一种基于SDRAM,运用乒乓操作和流水线等技术的硬件处理新机制。整个系统采用一片可编程门阵列(FPGA)作为硬件设计载体,使用Verilog-HDL硬件描述语言并采用自上而下的模块化设计对整个系统进行硬件描述。试验表明,算法在硬件上工作正常,实时输出的彩色图像在PSNR和目视方面均优于双线性插值算法。基本满足了系统在实时性和图像质量方面的要求。     

图像采集系统中色彩复原模块的FPGA实现

图像的色彩复原是彩色图像采集系统的关键技术,决定了采集图像的质量.针对目前CMOS图像传感器广泛使用的Bayer格式图像,介绍了双线性插值法、梯度检测插值法和相关性插值法三种色彩复原算法:然后建立了基于Altera公司Cydone Ⅱ系列FPGA芯片的图像采集系统.并采用Verilog硬件描述语言在FPGA上实现了色彩复原算法.实验结果表明,该FPGA利用其丰富的内部硬件资源和并行处理的优势,能实时准确地完成色彩复原工作,同时,相关性插值法获得了最高峰值信噪比.恢复的彩色图像边缘清晰平滑.     

基于 FPGA的 Bayer格式彩色图像恢复系统研究

利用快速发展的FPGA技术,在数码摄影系统前端对Bayer格式图像进行实时彩色图像复原．对比了几种插值算法,并结合PSNR选取最佳插值算法．本系统中使用的改进Bayer插值算法,仅用到加法和移位算法,所以硬件实现起来非常容易,同时也提高了系统的实时性．FPGA作为主控芯片,结构简单,可编程性强,使整个系统具有较大的灵活性．     

CFA图像插值算法在DSP实时系统上的应用

彩色滤波阵列(CFA)格式的图像需要进行图像插值,才能获得全彩色图像.但是,由于相机噪声的存在,不仅该点的彩色信息失真,同时还会影响邻近像素利用该点信息进行插值的图像颜色.为了得到高质量的全彩色图像,采用了一种基于梯度的滤噪插值算法,在保留了图像边缘和细节信息的同时,滤除了噪声,使图像的信噪比提高了近1倍;由于这种数字相机没有白平衡处理,使插值恢复的彩色图像颜色与实际景物相比存在较大差异,为了消除这种差异,实现了自适应白平衡校正方法,使图像方差提高了近20％,与人眼观察到实际景物的颜色更接近;整个彩色编码算法应用了DSP的并行流水线技术,保证了其在DSP上运行的实时性,处理频率达到25Hz.     

大视场视频图像采集及SDI显示设计

针对Camera Link接口的大视场高速相机的图像实时存储显示及实时跟踪显示的实际需求,设计了一种基于FPGA的大视场视频图像采集及SDI显示系统.采用了Altera公司的FPGA EP2S90F1020为核心处理器件,外接两片SDRAM MT48LC4M32的硬件系统.提出了基于FPGA的图像实时缩放、Bayer格式彩色图像实时转换为SDI显示的方法,实现了将CameraLink接口的大视场彩色视频图像在SDI视频图像上的实时显示.实验结果表明,该设计方法能将Camera Link接口2048×2048、100 Hz的视频图像实时转换为1920×1080、25 Hz,1280×720、25 Hz或720×576、50 Hz三种SDI制式显示.在FPGA环境下,采用该设计方法,整幅图像处理时间为8.7 ms,满足系统的实时性要求,为大视场视频图像在嵌入式系统的实时显示提供了一种有效的实现方法.     

Technology innovation and process integrations for sub-100nm gate patterning

This paper presents a brief overview of the Applied Centura(R)DPS(R)system,configured with silicon etch DPS Ⅱ chamber, with emphasis on discussing tuning capability for CD uniformity control. It also presents the studies of etch process chemistry and film integration impact for an overall successful gate patterning development. Discussions will focus on resolutions to key issues, such as CD uniformity, line-edge roughness, and multilayer film etching integration.     

White organic light-emitting devices based on fac tris（2- phenylpyridine） iridium sensitized 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnap -hthacene

We have fabricated the white organic light-emitting devices （WOLEDs） based on 4,4＇ -bis（2,2 -diphenyl vinyl）-1,1＇ - biphenyl （DPVBi） and phosphorescence sensitized 5,6,11,12,-tetraphenylnaphthacene （rubrene）. The device structure is ITO/2T-NATA （20 nm）/NPBX （20 nm）/CBP： x%Ir（ppy）3：0.5% rubrene （8 nm）/NPBX （5 nm）/DPVBi （30 nm）/Alq（30 nm）/LiF（0.5 nm）/A1. In the devices, DPVBi acts as a blue light-emitting layer, the rubrene is sensitized by a phosphorescent material, fac tris （2-phenylpyridine） iridium [Ir（ppy）3], acts as a yellow light-emitting layer, and N,N＇ -bis- （1-naphthyl）- N,N＇ -diphenyl -1, 1＇ -biphenyl-4,4＇ -diamine （NPBX） acts as a hole transporting and exciton blocker layer, respectively. When the concentration of Ir （PPY）3 is 6wt%, the maximum luminance is 24960 cd/m^2 at an applied voltage of 15 V, and the maximum luminous efficiency is 5.17 cd/A at an applied voltage of 8 V.     

Complete approach to automatic identification and subpixel center location for ellipse feature

To meet the need of automatic image features extraction with high precision in visual inspection, a complete approach to automatic identification and sub-pixel center location for similar-ellipse feature is proposed. In the method, the feature area is identified automatically based on the edge attribute, and the sub-pixel center location is accomplished with the leastsquare algorithm. It shows that the method is valid, practical, and has high precision by experiment. Meanwhile this method can meet the need of instrumentation of visual inspection because of easy realization and without man-machine interaction.     

小角度扩展相关性近似算法分析

本论文提出一种在多天线MIMO信道相关性建模中小角度扩展近似理论算法,并应用于分析MIMO系统性能。分析中分别对三种不同角能量分布情况下的空间相关性研发快速近似计算法,并同时提出双模(Bi-Modal)角能量分布情况下的近似运算。通过分析这些新方法的近似效率,可以得到计算简单、复杂度低、而且符合实际的MIMO相关信道矩阵,对系统级的快速高效计算法的研究和系统级的评估以及误差分析具有重要的意义。     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A Versatile Mixed-Signal Pin Approach for Cost-Effective Test of Automotive ICs

Integrated circuits (ICs) intended for increasingly sophisticated automotive applications bring unique test demands. Advanced ICs for applications such as highly integrated automatic braking system (ABS) and airbag controllers combine high voltage digital channels, significant VI demands and precise timing capability. Along with continued missioncritical reliability concerns, the trend toward higher voltage operation and increased device integration requires specialized test capabilities able to extend across the wide operating ranges found in automotive applications. Among these capabilities, automotive test requirements increasingly dictate a need for a cost-effective versatile mixed-signal pin electronics with very high data rates reaching up to 50MHz with a voltage swing of-2 V to +28 V.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.     

Optical vibration and deviation measurement of rotating machine parts

It is of interest to get appropriate information about the dynamic behaviour of rotating machinery parts in service. This paper presents an approach of optical vibration and deviation measurement of such parts. Essential of this method is an image derotator combined with a high speed camera or a laser doppler vibrometer （LDV）.