一种七自由度力反馈手控器测控系统设计

多自由度力反馈手控器是遥操作的重要人机接口设备,提出了一种七自由度力反馈手控器测控系统的设计方案,实现对手控器末端位置的测量和向手控器输出反馈力/力矩.详细介绍了该手控器的位置检测原理、力反馈控制原理和控制器的软硬件设计.在完成系统调试后对手控器系统进行了测试,测试结果表明:设计的手控器系统测量精度达到±0.5 mm,三维平动力反馈控制精度达到5％ FS,满足多自由度力反馈遥操作的需求.     

空间遥操作机器人力反馈实验系统的研究与实现

本文讨论了在空间遥操作机器人系统中实现力反馈的基本结构及控制方案,并 基于虚功原理给出了实现手控器腕关节力反馈的具体算法．     

一种三维力反馈训练仿真控制系统设计

针对空间站舱外任务需要研究人员通过遥操作控制平台对空间站机械臂遥操作来完成,而空间站机械臂研制成本高,无法实现现场调试,直接投入使用风险性高,系统安全性与可靠性无法保障的缺陷与不足,设计了一种面向空间站机械臂的遥操作力反馈训练的仿真控制系统.重点阐述了该系统的工作原理以及系统硬件和软件设计思路.该系统的力反馈手柄具有3个自由度,充分模拟操作空间;力反馈手柄末端位置信息和力反馈信息,由微控制器STM32系列单片机与PC实现数据传输.实验结果验证了该系统面向空间站虚拟机械臂的力反馈控制仿真功能、系统硬件和软件的可靠性,为空间站机械臂的虚拟仿真提供了一种可行方案.     

绳驱超冗余空间柔性机械臂遥操作系统设计与实验研究

针对绳驱超冗余空间柔性机械臂的运动特点和在大范围工作空间快速运动、避障及狭小空间作业和触碰情况下精细操作等在轨遥操作任务需求,设计并研制了适应多种工况的基于手控器和虚拟现实（VR）手柄组合的遥操作人机交互系统。对狭小空间作业和避障等工况进行分析,提出了基于自由度动态组合和末端―臂形同步规划的遥操作方法。最后,完成了穿越卫星太阳帆板狭缝的典型实验,实验验证了遥操作系统的工程实用性,以及柔性机械臂遥操作运动规划方法的可行性。因此,配合使用多种人机交互方式组合的遥操作系统和相应的运动规划方法,可使操作者以更加直观自然的方式参与到遥操作系统中,有效提高操作员完成复杂遥操作任务的安全性和操作性能。     

一种三维力反馈手控器

结合力触觉感知的需要,设计了一种具有三维力反馈的手控器.介绍了三维力反馈手控器的工作原理及其控制电路的设计,该手控器通过电机驱动器控制手控器的三维输出,通过电机编码器获取人手运动所产生的运动三维编码信息,采用C8051F340的USB接口以方便上下行控制数据的通信,采用上、下行FIFO输入输出缓冲器以降低对控制器的实时性要求.最后设计了虚拟环境有限空间弹性球运动实验进行功能验证,并对所设计的手控器样机进行了性能测试.结果表明,所设计的手控器控制电路满足了手控器力反馈控制的需要,性能良好.     

基于虚拟仿真的并联构型手控器动力学建模与力反馈控制

为了对结构复杂的并联构型手控器进行力反馈操作,提出一种基于虚拟仿真的动力学建模与控制方法.首先分析Maryland构型的手控器并建立其数学模型,同时在Sim Mechanics仿真环境下建立其物理仿真模型,其中仿真模型能够根据实验环境与标定参数直接进行修正补偿.通过对比两种模型的驱动结果,证实修正后的仿真模型精度更高,可应用于动力学控制.最后按控制需求,在仿真模型基础上设计碰撞模块,搭建出半实物仿真系统,完成了根据碰撞信号在操作过程中生成水平反馈力的实验.其中手控器的受力情况与系统的仿真结果一致,证实了控制方法的可行性和准确性.     

外骨骼式遥操作主手设计及主从异构映射算法研究

为了更好地促进机器人适应复杂的遥操作任务,开发了能够精确获取人体上肢运动信息的外骨骼式遥操作主手,并通过异构映射算法,实现对6自由度协作机械臂的遥操作．首先,基于人体仿生结构,设计了可穿戴式8自由度外骨骼主手（臂部7自由度和手部1自由度）;其次,通过改进的D-H（Denavit-Hartenberg）方法建立遥操作系统的运动学模型,基于Matlab的机器人工具箱进行了工作空间仿真,并设计主从异构映射算法;最后,实验验证外骨骼主手在遥操作系统中的可操作性,以及工作空间异构映射算法的可行性．实验表明,外骨骼主手能够控制从端机械手臂,且保证末端位置和姿态一致,可在大范围工作空间内复现人体上肢精细运动,主从跟随误差达2 mm,工作空间类似于直径1.08 m的半球形．因此,可穿戴式的外骨骼主手使操作者能更加直观地参与到遥操作系统当中,辅助操作者更加高效地完成精细复杂任务．     

CT导航微创外科混联机器人拓扑结构分析

分析了CT导航微创外科手术环境对机器人的特殊要求,提出了一种新型串并混联机器人构型 .详细讨论了机器人的串、并联拓扑结构的设计依据,比较了多种串联微创外科机械臂的结 构类型,明确了串联部分的构型.针对传统并联机构灵活性较小的不足,提出并分析了并联 机构的结构框架,确定了并联部分的结构.基于螺旋理论重点求解了并联机构的位移输出特 征方程及其自由度,同时给出了串联部分的位移输出特征矩阵.通过灵活性仿真,验证了该 机器人可用于CT受限空间的微创外科定位手术.本文对于新型医疗机器人的构型设计提供了 一种理论参考.     

基于STM32的力觉反馈装置及用于主从遥操作实现

在遥操作系统中为了增强现实及实现本地力觉信号再现功能以提高精细化操作的目的 ,设计了用于人机交互功能的力反馈装置;该装置为单自由度结构,基于步进电机驱动;利用STM32微控制器采集触觉力信号以及关节位移信号,通过设计基于力误差的控制律调整位置变量实现输出力信号与标准力信号的匹配;为了验证该力反馈装置进行了标准力信号再现实验;并且利用该力反馈装置作为主机械手与单自由度从机械手搭建遥操作装置,进行了力、位置双边跟踪实验验证,实现了主、从机械手力、位置协同一致的目的.     

临场感智能采灰器的设计

为了提高煤灰测验工作中的煤灰采样效率问题,介绍了单自由度主从式力觉临场感和视觉临场感遥操作电厂智能采灰器的设计和低成本实现方法.由操作者操纵的力反馈操纵杆装有直流力矩电机,与环境作用的采样器选用输出力大、可靠性高的液压伺服驱动.采用一种二通道位置-力控制结构,并且力控制采用了积分分离PID控制.最后通过实验进一步分析说明所设计的体系结构的合理性和可行性.     

新型模糊- PID复合控制器设计及应用

提出一种模糊-PID复合控制器的设计方法，通过PID线性控制器和模糊控制器并行结合，在偏离工作点较远的区域以模糊控制为主，工作点附近则主要使用PID线性控制。为保证两者的平稳过渡，采用模糊推理完成“切换”(模糊切换)，仿真结果表明该控制器实现了PID控制器和模糊PID控制器的优势互补和控制性能的明显改进。     

Adaptive hybrid intelligent control for uncertain nonlinear dynamical systems

A new hybrid direct/indirect adaptive fuzzy neural network (FNN) controller with a state observer and supervisory controller for a class of uncertain nonlinear dynamic systems is developed in this paper. The hybrid adaptive FNN controller, the free parameters of which can be tuned on-line by an observer-based output feedback control law and adaptive law, is a combination of direct and indirect adaptive FNN controllers. A weighting factor, which can be adjusted by the tradeoff between plant knowledge and control knowledge, is adopted to sum together the control efforts from indirect adaptive FNN controller and direct adaptive FNN controller. Furthermore, a supervisory controller is appended into the FNN controller to force the state to be within the constraint set. Therefore, if the FNN controller cannot maintain the stability, the supervisory controller starts working to guarantee stability. On the other hand, if the FNN controller works well, the supervisory controller will be deactivated. The overall adaptive scheme guarantees the global stability of the resulting closed-loop system in the sense that all signals involved are uniformly bounded. Two nonlinear systems, namely, inverted pendulum system and Chua's (1989) chaotic circuit, are fully illustrated to track sinusoidal signals. The resulting hybrid direct/indirect FNN control systems show better performances, i.e., tracking error and control effort can be made smaller and it is more flexible during the design process.     

Hybrid control of a parallel platform based on pneumatic artificial muscles combining sliding mode controller and adaptive fuzzy CMAC

A three degree of freedom parallel platform based on pneumatic artificial muscle (TDOFPPM) with obvious features of nonlinearity, uncertainty and coupling is introduced in this paper. It would be a challenge to control a nonlinear system with strong uncertainties. The complexity of air flow and the hysteresis of pneumatic artificial muscle are the main uncertainties in the TDOFPPM system. A hybrid controller combining sliding mode controller and adaptive fuzzy CMAC (AFCMAC) uncertainty compensator has been proposed for TDOFPPM. In order to guarantee the approximation ability for those main uncertainties, the input space and parallel structure are carefully designed for AFCMAC compensator. Finally a TDOFPPM experiment facility is introduced and the posture tracking control of TDOFPPM under two reference input signals are presented. The experiment results indicate the performance of hybrid controller is favorable.     

New Architecture of a Hybrid Two-Fingered Micro–Nano Manipulator Hand: Optimization and Design

This paper presents the synthesis and design optimization of a compact and yet economical hybrid two-fingered micro–nano manipulator hand. The proposed manipulator hand consists of two series modules, i.e., an upper and lower modules. Each of them consists of a parallel kinematics chain with a glass pipette (1 mm diameter and 3–10 cm length) tapered to a very sharp end as an end-effector. It is driven by three piezo-electric actuated prismatic joints in each of the three legs of the parallel kinematics chain. Each leg of the kinematics chain has the prismatic–revolute–spherical joint structure. As the length of the glass pipette end-effector is decreased, the resolution and accuracy of the micro–nano manipulator hand is increased. For long lengths of the glass pipette end-effector, this manipulator works as a micro manipulator and for short lengths it works as a nano manipulator. A novel closed-form solution for the problem of inverse kinematics is obtained. Based on this solution, a simulation program has been developed to optimally choose the design parameters of each module so that the manipulator will have a maximum workspace volume. A computer-aided design model based on optimal parameters is built and investigated to check its workspace volume. Experimental work has been carried out for the purpose of calibration. Also, the system hardware setup of the hybrid two-fingered micro–nano manipulator hand and its practical Jacobian inverse matrices are presented.     

Kinematic decoupling in mechanisms and application to a passive hand controller design

Observations regarding the kinematics of mechanisms are applied to the synthesis of a passive hand controller. It is argued that stiffness (and damping) properties are central to the effectiveness of such devices and in particular that the simplicity of these properties is crucial. What simple means is analyzed and it is shown that only certain types of manipulators can appropriately be used. In effect, decoupling is shown to be architecture and configuration dependent. The properties of parallel mechanisms are reviewed and found appropriate for restricted-workspace hand controllers. A particular kinematic design is then derived and a practical implementation described.     

Overlapping decompositions, expansions, contractions, and stabilityof hybrid systems

Inclusion and extension principles are defined and studied for hybrid systems. The controller design problem for hybrid systems is then considered within the framework of the extension principle. It is shown that if the extension principle is used, then any controller designed in the expanded spaces is contractible to the original spaces for implementation. The stability of hybrid systems is also considered. A number of definitions of stability for hybrid systems are given and it is shown that if a system, which includes another system, is stable, then the included system is also stable. Furthermore, it is shown that, if a controller designed for the expanded system achieves stability, then the contracted controller also achieves stability for the original system. Decentralized controller design with overlapping decompositions is also discussed within the framework of extension. An example is provided to illustrate the proposed approach     

Evolutionary design of discrete controllers for hybrid mechatronic systems

This paper investigates the issue of evolutionary design of controllers for hybrid mechatronic systems. Finite State Automaton (FSA) is selected as the representation for a discrete controller due to its interpretability, fast execution speed and natural extension to a statechart, which is very popular in industrial applications. A case study of a two-tank system is used to demonstrate that the proposed evolutionary approach can lead to a successful design of an FSA controller for the hybrid mechatronic system, represented by a hybrid bond graph. Generalisation of the evolved FSA controller to unknown control targets is also tested. Further, a comparison with another type of controller, a lookahead controller, is conducted, with advantages and disadvantages of each discussed. The comparison sheds light on which type of controller representation is a better choice to use in various stages of the evolutionary design of controllers for hybrid mechatronic systems. Finally, some important future research directions are pointed out, leading to the major work of the succeeding part of the research.     

A Generalized State Space Average Model for Parallel DC-to-DC Converters

The high potentiality of integrating renewable energies, such as photovoltaic, into a modern electrical microgrid system, using DC-to-DC converters, raises some issues associated with controller loop design and system stability. The generalized state space average model (GSSAM) concept was consequently introduced to design a DC-to-DC converter controller in order to evaluate DC-to-DC converter performance and to conduct stability studies. This paper presents a GSSAM for parallel DC-to-DC converters, namely: buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. The rationale of this study is that modern electrical systems, such as DC networks, hybrid microgrids, and electric ships, are formed by parallel DC-to-DC converters with separate DC input sources. Therefore, this paper proposes a GSSAM for any number of parallel DC-to-DC converters. The proposed GSSAM is validated and investigated in a time-domain simulation environment, namely a MATLAB/SIMULINK. The study compares the steady-state, transient, and oscillatory performance of the state-space average model with a fully detailed switching model.     

Optimal control of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy-model-based systems representing dynamic ship positioning systems

Orthogonal function approach (OFA) and the hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA) are used to solve quadratic finite-horizon optimal controller design problems in both a fuzzy parallel distributed compensation (PDC) controller and a non-PDC controller (linear state feedback controller) for Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy-model-based control systems for dynamic ship positioning systems (TS-DSPS). Based on the OFA, an algorithm requiring only algebraic computation is used to solve dynamic equations for TS-fuzzy-model-based feedback and is then integrated with HTGA to design quadratic finite-horizon optimal controllers for TS-DSPS under the criterion of minimizing a quadratic finite-horizon integral performance index, which is also converted to algebraic form by the OFA. Integration of OFA and HTGA in the proposed approach enables use of simple algebraic computation and is well adapted to the computer implementation. Therefore, it facilitates design tasks of quadratic finite-horizon optimal controllers for the TS-DSPS. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated in the example of a moored tanker designed using quadratic finite-horizon optimal controllers.