主从遥操作位置-速度混合映射研究

主从异构型遥操作机器人系统在主从结构、自由度等方面的差异,导致其主端小范围操作空间难以覆盖从端大范围工作空间,以及从端难以精确定位。针对此问题,首先搭建了一套主从异构型遥操作机器人系统的软硬件平台,然后对主从端机器人进行运动学建模,进而提出了一种主端位置-从端速度和主端位置-从端位置混合切换的映射算法。一方面,所提算法通过主端位置-从端速度映射模式解决主从工作空间不匹配的问题,从而提高大范围空间下从端抵近目标的效率;另一方面,所提算法通过主端位置-从端位置映射模式实现从端精细定位,同时克服主端位置-从端速度映射中从端无法快速换向运动的缺陷。实验结果表明,所提混合映射算法能够实现主端遥操作从端机器人高效地完成复杂、精细的操作任务。     

工业机器人遥操作系统的空间映射与控制策略

针对工业机器人遥操作系统中存在的主从机器人工作空间差异以及运动控制精度与安全问题,提出了一种工作空间映射算法与位置—速度混合控制策略。首先,将遥操作划分为自由运动和交互两个阶段,在自由运动阶段采用映射算法使主从机器人的工作空间高度覆盖,使主机器人可操控的从机器人运动范围最大化。进一步,在交互阶段设计了一种位置—速度混合控制策略对工业机器人的运动进行准确的控制,使主从机器人的实际位置轨迹准确的跟随,并进一步引入反馈引导力以实现安全的控制。最后在Touch-ABB IRB120主从机器人遥操作实验平台上对所提控制方法进行验证,实验结果表明该方法使得主从机器人运动范围在高度覆盖的同时可以保证遥操作控制的精度。     

异构遥操作仿人机械臂灵巧作业控制

针对异构遥操作系统在作业过程中,从端机器人控制灵活性受限的问题,提出了一种基于主从工作空间与速度的双模比例映射控制方法.限定主从端的操作空间,并采用比例度映射的方式实现主端对从端运动控制.采用Phantom Omni力反馈设备与Kinova仿人机械臂分别作为遥操作系统的操作主端和工作从端,构建了双边控制系统及实物抓取实验,结果表明:在映射的工作空间内,主端能够有效完成对从端的运动控制;在实物抓取实验过程中,主端能够有效对从端实现作业控制.所设计的系统满足控制精度需求,操作灵活.     

单自由度力觉临场感比率遥操作实验系统研制

介绍了单自由度主从式力觉临场感比率遥操作实验系统的设计和低成本实现方法。由操作者操纵的主手装有直流力矩电机，与环境作用的小尺度从手选用可细分控制的步进电机驱动。采用一种2通道位置-力控制结构，进行了有时延和无时延的力觉临场感比率遥操作实验。实验结果表明了该系统的有效性。     

模块化主从机器人的运动学映射算法

以模块化主从机器人为研究对象,提出5种基本的运动学映射——PO3映射、O3映射、P3映射、p O3映射与Po3映射,和一种由5种基本映射组成映射序列的遥操作任务实现方法.由5种基本映射组成映射序列是一种通用的遥操作任务实现方法,能应用于绝大部分同构或异构的遥操作系统.此外,对由操作者、主机器人、从机器人和任务对象组成的全闭环控制回路作了分析,着重剖析操作者在控制回路中的正、负双面作用——高智能决策与误差引入.最后,以仿生攀爬机器人夹取球体、抓夹圆杆和方形杆为3种代表性任务,建模、仿真及验证了所提出的遥操作实现方法在操作者正、负双面作用下的可行性,实现的效果既反映了完成遥操作任务的往复过程,也展示了本映射方法的对单个任务的可行性和对多种任务的适应性.     

基于模糊补偿的主从式上肢外骨骼康复机器人训练控制方法

针对主从式上肢外骨骼康复机器人主臂信息获取、从臂快速响应等问题,提出了基于关节位姿、速度和力/力矩等信息的运动意图建模方法及基于模糊补偿的康复训练控制策略.根据人体工程学原理,提出了一种同构同型的主从式双臂康复机器人新型结构;利用D-H算法给出了笛卡儿空间的主从臂运动学模型,建立了患者健肢运动意图信息和从臂各关节动作的人机协作映射关系;以患者运动意图力矩作为输入,基于模糊补偿算法提出了患者-主臂-从臂协作控制策略,并利用李亚普诺夫定理证明了该控制系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,康复机器人从臂可以根据患者运动意图跟随主臂运动,能有效地防止抖动误动,可避免对患肢的二次伤害.实验结果表明从臂运动轨迹平滑,无剧烈波动,控制轨迹跟踪主臂效果好.     

一套研究双向控制实验系统的实现

主要介绍了一套单自由度主从式力觉临场感遥操作的实验平台,该实验平台具有操作简单和直观的特点,操作者可两手同时接触主端和从端的操作器,通过控制主手运动,使从手跟踪其运动,并且能够同时正面地感受到主从两端操作器的力反馈情况。文中对硬件和软件方面的设计分别进行了分析,最后针对某一算法进行有时延和无时延的力觉临场感实验,并进行研究。该套实验系统的设计目的是为了进行遥操作中双向控制算法的研究,实验结果表明该套实验系统能够有效地实现控制算法,从而证明其有效性。     

一种主从操作的连续体机器人

本文展示了一个主从操作的连续体机器人(CR:Continuum Robot)系统的开发。此系统主要包括主手部分和CR从手部分。主手是具有六个自由度的串联式结构;从手的CR具有五个自由度,包括三个空间位置自由度、一个旋转自由度和一个夹钳开合自由度。着重阐述了主手的设计、从手端CR模块的设计和CR运动学算法的开发,并进行了主从控制的初期实验验证。通过这些功能的实现,该主从操作的柔性机器人将来可以成为经自然腔道手术(NOTES:Natural Orifice Transluminal EndoscopicSurgery)的重要工具。     

绳驱超冗余空间柔性机械臂遥操作系统设计与实验研究

针对绳驱超冗余空间柔性机械臂的运动特点和在大范围工作空间快速运动、避障及狭小空间作业和触碰情况下精细操作等在轨遥操作任务需求,设计并研制了适应多种工况的基于手控器和虚拟现实（VR）手柄组合的遥操作人机交互系统。对狭小空间作业和避障等工况进行分析,提出了基于自由度动态组合和末端―臂形同步规划的遥操作方法。最后,完成了穿越卫星太阳帆板狭缝的典型实验,实验验证了遥操作系统的工程实用性,以及柔性机械臂遥操作运动规划方法的可行性。因此,配合使用多种人机交互方式组合的遥操作系统和相应的运动规划方法,可使操作者以更加直观自然的方式参与到遥操作系统中,有效提高操作员完成复杂遥操作任务的安全性和操作性能。     

基于外骨骼的可穿戴式上肢康复机器人设计与研究

为辅助对患肢进行高强度标准化康复训练工作,研制了一种基于外骨骼原理的可穿戴式4自由度上肢康复机器人.该康复机器人可实现肩关节水平方向外展/内收、竖直方向上摆/下摆和旋转运动以及肘关节的屈/伸运动.首先根据康复医学原理确定出人手臂各关节的运动角度范围,并在确保驱动力矩最小的原则下进行结构设计.然后,对各结构进行了运动学与动力学仿真分析,并据此对结构进行优化.最后,设计了康复机器人在连续被动康复运动(CPM)模式下的控制系统.实验结果表明,此结构方便穿戴于人体,机器人的运动自由度与人体运动自由度同轴,能有效地对患肢前、后臂各部位进行支撑和牵引,精确地施加牵引力于上肢的各关节.     

A Telepresence-Guaranteed Control Scheme for Teleoperation Applications of Transferring Weight-Unknown Objects

Currently, most teleoperation work is focusing on scenarios where slave robots interact with unknown environments. However, in some fields such as medical robots or rescue robots, the other typical teleoperation application is precise object transportation. Generally, the object’s weight is unknown yet essential for both accurate control of the slave robot and intuitive perception of the human operator. However, due to high cost and limited installation space, it is unreliable to employ a force sensor to directly measure the weight. Therefore, in this paper, a control scheme free of force sensor is proposed for teleoperation robots to transfer a weight-unknown object accurately. In this scheme, the workspace mapping between master and slave robot is firstly established, based on which, the operator can generate command trajectory on-line by operating the master robot. Then, a slave controller is designed to follow the master command closely and estimate the object’s weight rapidly, accurately and robust to unmodeled uncertainties. Finally, for the sake of telepresence, a master controller is designed to generate force feedback to reproduce the estimated weight of the object. In the end, comparative experiments show that the proposed scheme can achieve better control accuracy and telepresence, with accurate force feedback generated in only 500 ms.      

Wearable master device for spinal injured persons as a control device for motorized wheelchairs

This paper describes a wearable, master device for people with a spinal injury who can move their neck and shoulders but cannot move their legs and arms. A device that measures the movements of their neck or shoulder can help them to drive a wheelchair. The sensors of such a wearable master device must be lightweight, small, and easily attached to cloth. Therefore, optical fiber curvature sensors are used to measure the human body motion. For a previously developed wearable master device, two calibration and mapping methods with, the sensors are proposed to extract 2-DOF human shoulder motions. One is constructed with simple geometric equations. The other is constructed with a multilayered artificial neural network. The two methods are compared. Experimental results show that the wearable master device can be used effectively for a 2-DOF input device for handicapped persons. It was also shown that a subject can control a mobile robot with the wearable master device.     

Enhanced teleoperation performance using hybrid control and virtual fixture

To develop secure, natural and effective teleoperation, the perception of the slave plays a key role for the interaction of a human operator with the environment. By sensing slave information, the human operator can choose the correct operation in a process during the human–robot interaction. This paper develops an integrated scheme based on a hybrid control and virtual fixture approach for the telerobot. The human operator can sense the slave interaction condition and adjust the master device via the surface electromyographic signal. This hybrid control method integrates the proportional-derivative control and the variable stiffness control, and involves the muscle activation at the same time. It is proposed to quantitatively analyse the human operator's control demand to enhance the control performance of the teleoperation system. In addition, due to unskilful operation and muscle physiological tremor of the human operator, a virtual fixture method is developed to ensure accuracy of operation and to reduce the operation pressure on the human operator. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method for the teleoperated robot.     

Stability guaranteed teleoperation: an adaptive motion/force control approach

An adaptive motion/force controller is developed for unilateral or bilateral teleoperation systems. The method can be applied in both position and rate control modes, with arbitrary motion or force scaling. No acceleration measurements are required. Nonlinear rigid-body dynamics of the master and the slave robots are considered. A model of the flexible or rigid environment is incorporated into the dynamics of the slave, while a model of the human operator is incorporated into the dynamics of the master. The master and the slave are subject to independent adaptive motion/force controllers that assume parameter uncertainty bounds. Each parameter is independently updated within its known lower and upper bounds. The states of the master (slave) are sent to the slave (master) as motion/force tracking commands instead of control actions (efforts and/or flows). Under the modeling assumptions for the human operator and the environment, the proposed teleoperation control scheme is L/sub 2/ and L/sub /spl infin// stable in both free motion and flexible or rigid contact motion and is robust against time delays. The controlled master-slave system behaves essentially as a linearly damped free-floating mass. If the parameter estimates converge, the environment impedance and the impedance transmitted to the master differ only by a control-parameter dependent mass/damper term. Asymptotic motion (velocity/position) tracking and force tracking with zero steady-state error are achieved. Experimental results are presented in support of the analysis.     

Teleoperation Control of a Position‐Based Impedance Force Controlled Mobile Robot by Neural Network Learning: Experimental Studies

Effective haptic performance in teleoperation control systems can be achieved by solving two major problems: the time‐delay in communication channels and the transparency of force control. The time‐delay in communication channels causes poor performance and even instability in a system. The transparency of force feedback is important for an operator to improve the performance of a given task. This article suggests a possible solution for these two problems through the implementation of a teleoperation control system between the master haptic device and the slave mobile robot. Regulation of the contact force in the slave mobile robot is achieved by introducing a position‐based impedance force control scheme in the slave robot. The time‐delay problem is addressed by forming a Smith predictor configuration in the teleoperation control environment. The configuration of the Smith predictor structure takes the time‐delay term out of the characteristic equation in order to make the system stable when the system model is given a priori. Since the Smith predictor is formulated from exact linear modeling, a neural network is employed to identify and model the slave robot system as a nonlinear model estimator. Simulation studies of several control schemes are performed. Experimental studies are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed control scheme by regulating the contact force of a mobile robot through the master haptic device.     

A Composite State Convergence Scheme for Bilateral Teleoperation Systems

State convergence is a novel control algorithm for bilateral teleoperation of robotic systems. First, it models the teleoperation system on state space and considers all the possible interactions between the master and slave systems. Second, it presents an elegant design procedure which requires a set of equations to be solved in order to compute the control gains of the bilateral loop. These design conditions are obtained by turning the master-slave error into an autonomous system and imposing the desired dynamic behavior of the teleoperation system. Resultantly, the convergence of master and slave states is achieved in a well-defined manner. The present study aims at achieving a similar convergence behavior offered by state convergence controller while reducing the number of variables sent across the communication channel. The proposal suggests transmitting composite master and slave variables instead of full master and slave states while keeping the operator’s force channel intact. We show that, with these composite and force variables; it is indeed possible to achieve the convergence of states in a desired way by strictly following the method of state convergence. The proposal leads to a reduced complexity state convergence algorithm which is termed as composite state convergence controller. In order to validate the proposed scheme in the absence and presence of communication time delays, MATLAB simulations and semi-real time experiments are performed on a single degree-of-freedom teleoperation system.      

Controller designs for bilateral teleoperation with input saturation

Input saturation raises a stability issue in a bilateral teleoperation system when a master robot whose motion is induced by a human operator moves fast in abnormal situation and a slave robot cannot follow the motion command due to the input saturation. In this paper, we conduct rigorous stability analyses of the teleoperation system under the input saturation. We first extend analysis of teleoperation scheme proposed in Chopra and Spong (2004) to a case of the input saturation, in which analysis is valid for a local operation region whose size is dependent on the input capacity. We further develop a new control scheme that guarantees the stability for a global operation region. Therefore, the proposed control scheme can deal with extreme cases, e.g., the speed of motion of the master robot can be substantially greater than the actuator capability of the slave robot. Simulations and experiments are subsequently conducted to verify the effectiveness of the analyses.     

High-fidelity bilateral teleoperation systems and the effect of multimodal haptics.

In master-slave teleoperation applications that deal with a delicate and sensitive environment, it is important to provide haptic feedback of slave/environment interactions to the user's hand as it improves task performance and teleoperation transparency (fidelity), which is the extent of telepresence of the remote environment available to the user through the master-slave system. For haptic teleoperation, in addition to a haptics-capable master interface, often one or more force sensors are also used, which warrant new bilateral control architectures while increasing the cost and the complexity of the teleoperation system. In this paper, we investigate the added benefits of using force sensors that measure hand/master and slave/environment interactions and of utilizing local feedback loops on the teleoperation transparency. We compare the two-channel and the four-channel bilateral control systems in terms of stability and transparency, and study the stability and performance robustness of the four-channel method against nonidealities that arise during bilateral control implementation, which include master-slave communication latency and changes in the environment dynamics. The next issue addressed in the paper deals with the case where the master interface is not haptics capable, but the slave is equipped with a force sensor. In the context of robotics-assisted soft-tissue surgical applications, we explore through human factors experiments whether slave/environment force measurements can be of any help with regard to improving task performance. The last problem we study is whether slave/environment force information, with and without haptic capability in the master interface, can help improve outcomes under degraded visual conditions.     

Master-slave intelligent robot telepresence system

In this paper, the analysis and design of master-slave intelligent robot telepresence system are discussed. When the operator acts on the master manipulator, the position and attitude information of the master manipulator are gathered by the computer. After calculating and coordinate transforming, the data are send to the computer of the slave manipulator. Then the slave manipulator-PUMA562 robot follows the master manipulator's movement precisely. Six-dimension force/toque sensor(lord cell) is mounted on the slave manipulator. As the master manipulator and the toque on the slave manipulator are different in structure, the force and the slave manipulator should be send to the master manipulator computer and dissociated by the master manipulator computer. Proper ratio of the force on the master manipulator and the force on the slave manipulator is selected, and distribute to the master manipulator joints. So that the operator could feel the force from the master manipulator, which is obtained by the motors of the joints. The proposed control scheme is introduced to a prototype master-slave system and the experimental results show the validity of the proposed scheme.