Handheld direction of arrival finder with electronically steerable parasitic array radiator using the reactancedomain MUltiple SIgnal Classification algorithm

Reactance-domain multiple signal classification (RD-MUSIC) is a promising scheme for enabling ESPAR (electronically steerable parasitic array radiator) antennas to accurately estimate the DOAs (directions-of-arrival) of radio waves. The ESPAR antenna is a variable directional antenna designed for battery-operated mobile terminals, and is utilised for handheld DOA finder applications as well as for wireless communication systems. We present some experimental results showing that the RD-MUSIC with a conventional calibration obtains a sharp spectrum for accurate DOA estimation, although the ESPAR antenna is equipped with only a single-port output unlike a conventional array antenna. The results also demonstrate that RD-MUSIC works well even when exploiting fewer beam patterns than the number of antenna elements. Moreover, we have verified that a human body hardly generates any degradation of DOA estimation even holding the DOA finder close to the body. The degradation of DOA estimation because of a human body is kept to less than about 6deg, and removing beam patterns towards directions of reflections from the human body is found to be useful in decreasing the errors. Although the reduction in the number of beams results in reducing the total number of estimated waves, it can mitigate the influence of a human body for actual DOA estimation with the handheld DOA finder.     

Subspace‐based techniques for 2‐d DOA estimation with uniform circular array under local scattering

Abstract

In mobile communication systems, local scatterers in the vicinity of the sources cause angular spreading of radiating signals as seen from a base station antenna array. Thus, the base station antenna array is typically situated on the roof of a high building away from potential multipath reflectors. The uniform circular array (UCA) geometry provides 360° azimuthal coverage and also provides information on source elevation angles. We consider the problem of two‐dimensional (azimuth and elevation) direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation with UCA. In the multipath scenario, the base station antenna can receive many coherent signals that cause the array manifold to be different from the conventional array manifold model. Herein, parameters of the spatial signature in the presence of local scattering are presented which apply to UCA. Then, we present a fast searching technique to improve the efficiency of the MUSIC algorithm for two‐dimensional DOA estimation. The fast signal subspace‐based estimation method utilizes the ESPRIT algorithm and then adopts sequential one‐dimensional searching to save computational cost. Several simulation results are included for illustration and comparison.     

矢量线阵MUSIC算法抗空间混叠性能研究

利用矢量线阵可以提高对目标参数估计的性能,探讨了矢量线阵MUSIC算法的抗左右舷模糊性能和抗空间混叠性能。理论研究和外场试验结果表明,矢量线阵消除了声压线阵MUSIC方位谱的左右舷模糊,在阵元个数保持不变的条件下,空间降采样时,矢量线阵MUSIC空间谱不仅提高了方位估计的精度,而且能够抗空间混叠,在相同的条件下．矢量线阵MUSIC空间谱的抗空间混叠性能明显优于矢量阵常规波束形成方法。     

基于过估计信源数的宽带弱信号源DOA估计

为改善MUSIC类DOA估计算法检测弱信源的性能,提出了一种利用过估计源个数和频域峰值统计信息检测宽带弱信号源的MUSIC类DOA估计算法(OSM)。该算法放宽了MUSIC类DOA估计算法过于依赖信源个数质量的限制,OSM把过估计的信源个数输入给MUSIC,提高了正确检测弱信源的概率,同时也增加了虚警概率,但虚假峰值随窄带的变化呈无规则分布。由PPNN和MNT把这一频率域信息引入到信源检测,抑制了虚假峰,提高了OSM的检测性能。其最小可检测信噪比较传统的MUSIC类DOA估计算法降低了6dB。当带宽较窄时,若信号平稳性较好,适当增加一次快拍的采样长度,可提高窄带数目,亦增加了OSM的稳定性。海上实验数据处理得到了和理论分析一致的结果,该数据处理结果也初步验证了OSM算法的良好检测性能。     

基于L型线阵的二维分布源参数估计方法

针对二维分布源信号波达方向估计问题,提出了一个新的二维分布源模型及其参数估计方法。将基于角度信号密度函数的一维相干分布源模型扩展至二维,推导了二维分布源的广义阵列方向向量。在L型线阵下,利用广义MUSIC算法,首先估计出俯仰角及其扩散参数,然后利用估计出来的俯仰角及扩散参数对方位角及扩散参数进行估计。仿真实验表明,所提出的二维相干分布源参数估计算法具有良好的定向精度。     

矢量线阵二维波达方位估计的方法

声矢量传感器南声压传感器和质点振速传感器组成,它可以空间共点、时间同步测量声场的声压标量和振速矢量信息。钏对声压线阵无法同时分辨目标的方位角和俯仰角,而三维矢量传感器线阵会带来成本的增加和工程应用上的困难．利用二维矢量传感器组成的直线阵对目标的二维波达方位进行联合估计,详细推导了矢量阵MUSIC算法的数学表达式,并着重对矢量线阵在三维坐标不同轴上时对方位估计的影响进行了研究。仿真结果表明二维矢量线阵布放在水平的X轴或Y轴上时存在方位模糊．而布放在垂直的Z轴上时可以实现全空间无模糊定向,且对双目标也有较高的分辨率。     

低信噪比下重构协方差矩阵的高分辨MUSIC算法

在满足对称分布的海洋噪声场中,为提高低信噪比条件下目标方位估计性能,提出一种重构信号协方差矩阵的MUSIC算法。利用数据协方差矩阵虚部与对称噪声无关的性质,根据协方差矩阵虚部和虚部MUSIC算法的预估角重构出信号协方差矩阵,在此基础上实现MUSIC算法。仿真结果表明,所提算法相比常规MUSIC算法能有效降低对称噪声的影响,提高方位估计性能,并避免双边谱的出现,有更高的分辨率和更低的分辨门限。还研究了协方差矩阵的Toeplitz修正处理对于MUSIC类算法的改善作用。仿真表明,Toeplitz修正处理能显著提高MUSIC类算法的分辨性能。     

矢量水听器阵时频MUSIC算法研究

时频MUSIC算法利用信号的时频分布构造空间时频分布矩阵,并用该矩阵代替传统的相关矩阵进行DOA估计,可以有效抑制噪声和干扰,提高算法的稳健性。时频子空间算法突破了传统子空间算法中阵元数对估计信号个数的限制,时频点包含了信号的时频空三维信息,通过时频点的选择可直接确定信号的频率从而确定阵列流型矩阵。对于宽带信号,在进行方位估计时避免了频域搜索,减少了运算量。将时频MUSIC算法应用于二维矢量水听器垂直线阵中,充分利用矢量水听器的标、矢量信息和信号的时、频信息进行宽带信号的二维波达方位估计。仿真研究验证了算法的有效性。     

On the sensitivity of the ESPRIT algorithm to non-identical subarrays

ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) is a recently introduced algorithm for narrowband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Its principal advantage is that the DOA parameter estimates are obtained directly, without knowledge (and hence storage) of the array manifold and without computation or search of some spectral measure. This advantage is achieved by constraining the sensor array to be composed of two identical, translationally invariant subarrays. In this paper, we analyse the sensitivity of ESPRIT to the assumption that the subarrays are identical. The analysis is applicable to a wide variety of array errors, including non-identical angle-dependent and angle-independent gain and phase perturbations, errors in the locations of the subarray elements, and mutual coupling effects. A representative simulation example will be presented to validate the analysis and compare the performance degradation of ESPRIT with that of the MUSIC algorithm.     

分布源目标方位估计的降维最大似然估计

介绍了已有的分布源目标方位估计中的最大似然估计(MLE)算法,它是四维非线性最优化问题,文中称之为四维MLE算法,因计算量庞大,同时提出了一种降为三维的MLE算法,简化为三维非线性最优化,称之为三维MLE算法。两种算法均采用牛顿型搜索算法,来搜索未知参数的全局最优点。在单次迭代过程中,三维MLE算法比四维MLE算法减少了51次协方差矩阵求逆和87次矩阵乘法,搜索效率得到提高,并且节省了存储空间。得出了新算法克拉美-罗界的计算公式,其计算量也有所降低。计算机仿真验证,三维MLE算法和四维MLE算法的估计精度相当,新算法在减少计算量的同时并无损失性能,所以实用性和实时性都得到显著提高。     

基于L型稀疏阵列的二维波达方向估计

针对传统的二维波达方向估计方法估计的信源数少、计算复杂度大的问题,提出了一种基于L型稀疏阵列的二维波达方向估计方法,利用安放在L型阵列上的互偶阵列来形成虚拟阵列,从而增加阵列自由度;通过将虚拟阵列分成若干个等间隔稀疏子阵列来压缩角度搜索区间,从而降低计算复杂度;通过MUSIC搜索得到谱峰,并利用最大似然准则筛选和匹配入射信号的俯仰角和方位角。该方法使可估计的信源数超过实际的物理阵元数,不仅提高估计精度且大大降低了计算复杂度。MATLAB仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

高分辨方位估计方法的稳健性研究

基于特征分解理论的子空间类高分辨方位估计方法是目前阵列信号处理领域的研究重点。与波束形成法相比，子空间类法的特点为估计精度高和分辨能力强。但是这类高分辨方法对阵列模型失配十分敏感，存在阵列误差时其估计性能明显下降。文章通过仿真和实验深入研究了MUSIC、Johnson和Mini-Norm等子空间类高分辨方位估计方法的稳健性问题，分析了一定信噪比条件下阵列误差对上述三种方法估计结果的影响程度。研究结果表明，MUSIC法和Johnson法的估计性能相当，而Mini—Norm法的稳健性明显高于MUSIC法和Johnson法，分辨能力和估计精度较好，具有良好的工程应用前景。     

基于遗传算法的矢量水听器阵相位误差校正

研究了矢量水听器阵各通道存在相位误差时,用MUSIC算法对信号到达方向进行估计的问题,并在利用遗传算法估计相位误差来对阵列流型进行修正时引入自适应概念,得出更加准确的信号到达方向值。采用与适应度函数值相对应的交叉概率与变异概率,逐步搜索,首先计算适应度值,采用轮盘赌法进行选择操作,并保存个体的适应度值,按照适应度分配交叉概率和变异概率,进行交叉变异操作,取得误差的最优解,通过仿真,可以看出引入自适应概念后的遗传算法具有较为精确的估计阵列相位误差的功能。与传统遗传算法相比,此方法能很好地得到全局最优解,并且成熟收敛,计算机仿真结果验证了本方法的有效性和可行性。     

一种频分MIMO声呐的波达方向估计算法

为了使声呐阵列在有限的载体空间内获得较高的角度分辨率,设计了基于频率分集的多输入多输出（MultipleInput Multiple-Output,MIMO）声呐。该MIMO声呐采用N发M收的布阵方式,接收阵为M元均匀线阵,发射阵由N个阵元组成,且各发射阵元发射中心频率不同、包络相同的窄带信号。建立密集式频分MIMO声呐的回波模型,并以此模型为基础提出了波达方向估计算法方向-相位域多重信号分类（Direction and Phase Domain-Multiple Signal Classification,DPD-MUSIC）算法。仿真实验中以双频MIMO声呐为例,将频分MIMO声呐的DPD-MUSIC算法的估计性能与单输入多输出（Single-Input Multiple-Output,SIMO）声呐MUSIC算法的估计性能进行了对比。仿真结果表明,频分MIMO声呐利用DPD-MUSIC算法可以获得优于等接收阵元数SIMO声呐的角度分辨率和角度估计精度。     

稳健的稀疏信号单快拍波达方向估计

通过稀疏重构得到传感器阵列输出数据的稀疏表示模型,研究了单快拍采样情形下的信号到达角(Direction of Arrival, DOA)估计问题。提出了一种基于最小均方误差(Minimum Mean-Square Error, MMSE)准则迭代实现的单快拍到达角估计算法(Iterative Implementation of MMSE, II-MMSE)。该算法将原有的稀疏表示模型中稀疏信号矢量的求解问题,转化为迭代求解稀疏功率对角阵,进而估计多目标信号的DOA。给出了算法的完整实现流程,从理论上分析了II-MMSE算法的迭代收敛性和对阵列模型误差的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,II-MMSE算法在低信噪比、相干背景、小样本、阵列未校准等条件下都具有良好的测向精度和多目标分辨能力。     

盲源分离用于DOA估计研究

方位估计是水下目标定位、跟踪的前提。提出了一种复数域奇异值分解盲源分离方法,估计出了阵列流形,并利用阵列流形表现出的相位关系完成了目标方位估计。通过仿真实验与MUSIC高分辨方位估计方法和相关文献的方法进行了对比,结果表明该方法能很好地实现目标方位的实时估计,且性能更佳。     

信号相位匹配原理的低空目标测向实验

利用自行设计的圆柱阵和圆台阵,对基于信号相位匹配原理的奇异值分解（SVDSPM,Singular Value Decompo-sition Based on Signal Phase Matching Principle）算法的低空测向性能进行了外场实验研究。分析了在圆柱阵和圆台阵两种条件下,SVDSPM算法的空间谱以及均值、绝对误差、方差、均方根误差等方位估计的统计误差,并与CBF（Con-ventional Beamforming）和MUSIC（Multiple Signal Classification）算法的性能进行了比较。实验结果表明,利用圆柱阵和圆台阵两种阵型,SVDSPM方法的指向性均较为尖锐。与CBF和MUSIC算法相比,SVDSPM算法对俯仰角估计的均方根误差最小,圆柱阵时为1.9°,圆台阵时为3.3°。     

Generalized Array Architecture with Multiple Sub-Arrays and Hole-Repair Algorithm for DOA Estimation

Arranging multiple identical sub-arrays in a special way can enhance degrees of freedom (DOFs) and obtain a hole-free difference co-array (DCA). In this paper, by adjusting the interval of adjacent sub-arrays, a kind of generalized array architecture with larger aperture is proposed. Although some holes may exist in the DCA of the proposed array, they are distributed uniformly. Utilizing the partial continuity of the DCA, an extended covariance matrix can be constructed. Singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to obtain an extended signal sub-space, by which the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm for quasi-stationary signals is given. In order to eliminating angle ambiguity caused by the holes of DCA, the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) is used to construct a matrix that includes all angle information. Utilizing this matrix, a secondary extended signal sub-space can be obtained. This signal sub-space is corresponding to a hole-free DCA. Then, dealing with the further extended signal sub-space by multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, the unambiguous DOAs of all incident signals can be estimated. Some simulation results are shown to prove the improved performance of proposed generalized array architecture in DOA estimation and the effectiveness of corresponding hole-repair algorithm in eliminating angle ambiguity.     

抑制运动强干扰的稳健波束域目标方位估计方法

为了减小来自旁瓣区快速运动的强干扰对波束域高分辨方位估计方法的影响,提出一种稳健的波束域高分辨方位估计方法。该方法在形成多波束时,将稳健自适应波束形成与零陷扩宽技术相结合,有效地抑制了运动强干扰所造成的快拍失效和扫描方向误差引起的自适应波束图畸变,从而保证波束域方法能准确地估计目标方位。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

矢量水听器阵列自适应子空间跟踪算法

矢量水听器能同时共点获得声场中声压和振速,与其他水听器相比,能获得更多的信息量,具有很好的应用前景。矢量水听器阵列的MUSIC算法能实现360°无模糊方位估计,然而对于方位时变的目标源,该算法很难完成对上述目标源方位进行实时跟踪估计。鉴于此,将MALASE算法和MUSIC算法相结合,提出了一种矢量水听器阵列的自适应子空间跟踪算法。仿真结果表明,该算法既保留了MUSIC算法的性能,又实现了对目标源进行实时跟踪估计,且方位估计误差仅为0．4°左右。