固相微萃取技术用于牛奶中有机氯类农药残留的检测

建立了固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)同时测定牛奶中16种有机氯类农药残留的方法。对萃取模式、纤维涂层、萃取温度等实验条件进行了优化。用HP-5 MS弹性石英毛细管柱经柱程序升温技术分离,并用质谱检测器检测,外标法计算含量。待测农药的标准加入回收率在80%～110%之间,方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤9.6%,各农药组分的检出限为0.003μg/kg～0.15μg/kg。所测样品不含几种有机氯农药残留。本法简便、干扰小、检测效果好,可用于牛奶中有机氯类农药残留的检测。     

全自动在线HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS检测鱼塘投毒案件水样中的13种有机磷农药

建立全自动在线顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱串联质谱技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS)检测鱼塘投毒案件水样中13种有机磷农药的方法。将2 mL水样中加入0.6 g氯化钠(NaCl)置于20 mL顶空瓶中,使用直径为100μm的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)萃取纤维,在75℃条件下萃取45 min,采用GC-MS/MS多反应监测模式(MRM)进行检测。13种有机磷农药在线性范围内线性关系良好,标准曲线相关系数(r²)>0.99,方法检出限为0.002-0.5 ng/mL,定量限为0.006-1.8 ng/mL,精密度在1.92%-17.10%之间。该方法灵敏度高,并且操作简单,样品的处理与分析过程全自动进行,可提高工作效率,适用于鱼塘投毒案件水样中13种有机磷农药的检测。     

淡海水养殖业中毒案事件水体中55种农药类毒物检测

本文建立了采用全自动固相萃取、GC/MS、LC/MS/MS定性定量同时测定淡海水养殖业中毒案事件水样中55种农药的方法。本方法采用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集水样,二氯甲烷洗脱,利用GC/MS和LC/MS/MS进行定性定量;步骤简单,线性响应良好,干扰小,方法检出限为0.002μg/L~0.263μg/L,回收率在64.37%~118.76%之间(除甲胺磷与乙酰甲胺磷),RSD小于14.8,符合分析与鉴定要求。     

QuEChERS/GC测定蔬菜中24种有机磷农药残留

对QuEChERS农药多残留同时分析方法进行了样品提取及净化方面的改进,建立了蔬菜中24种有机磷类农药残留QuEChERS/GC同时分析的方法.样品用0.1%醋酸的乙腈提取,净化采用分散固相萃取的方式,采用DB-1701(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm)毛细管柱分离,FPD(P)检测.24种农药的浓度范围在0.002～0.05mg/kg时,回收率在79%～103.5%之间,RSD为1.1%～5.6%.各农药的检测限:苯硫磷为0.01mg/kg,三硫磷、三唑磷为0.004mg/kg,其他21种为0.002mg/kg.该方法步骤简单,消耗费用低,净化效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重现性.     

气相色谱脉冲火焰光度法快速测定茶叶中12种有机磷农药残留

本文建立了超声提取,固相萃取小柱净化,GC-PFPD快速测定茶叶中12种有机磷农药残留的分析方法,重点考察并优化了茶叶中有机磷农药的提取与净化。样品经丙酮提取,PSA/活性炭固相萃取柱净化,以乙腈/甲苯混合溶液洗脱。实验结果表明各组分在0.05μg/mL～1.0μg/mL浓度范围均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r均大于0.99,样品回收率在92.5%～109.5%之间,相对标准偏差小于11.0%,12种有机磷农药的检出限在0.005mg/kg～0.01mg/kg。     

固相萃取-双柱气相色谱法测定水中多种有机磷农药残留

针对单一气相色谱柱定性分析易出现假阳性误判的情况,采用固相萃取-气相色谱双柱技术测定环境水体中多种有机磷农药的残留量。水样中的有机磷农药通过HLB固相萃取小柱富集,经洗脱浓缩后,用DB-35MS和HP-5毛细管气相色谱柱、火焰光度检测器测定。方法的平均加标回收率为86.1%～118%,相对标准偏差为3.2%～6.8%,最低检出限为20～40ng/L,可满足环境水体中痕量有机磷农药残留的分析需要。     

聚噻吩萃取光度法和高效液相色谱法测定水体中四环素类的含量

以聚噻吩为萃取材料,优化对四环素类(TCs)抗生素的萃取条件,建立固相萃取-分光光度法(SPE-UV)、固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(SPE-HPLC)检测水体中TCs(OTC、TC、DOX)的分析方法。100 mL水样,调整pH=5.0,经50 mg聚噻吩萃取柱富集净化,甲醇/乙酸(V∶V=9∶1)解吸。SPE-UV法总量测定线性范围为0.15～2.4 mg/L,相关系数大于0.99;相对标准偏差为1.1%～4.5%(n=5);检出限为0.002 mg/L;对于100 mL 0.10 mg/L的TC和总量0.30 mg/L TCs标准溶液,萃取率分别为85%和70%;实际水样加标回收率99.7%～104%。SPE-HPLC法线性范围为0.005～1 mg/L,相关系数大于0.99;相对标准偏差为1.8%～3.0%(n=5);检出限为0.000 1～0.000 5 mg/L;对于100 mL0.010 mg/L的OTC、TC、DOX标准溶液,萃取率分别为74%、94%、58%;实际水样加标回收率98.8%～115%。应用两种方法对三种水样进行检测,仅由SPE-HPLC检出鱼塘水中含TC 1.0μg/L。     

分散固相散萃取_气相色谱法测定鱼肉中9种有机磷农药残留

建立了同时检测鱼肉中9种有机磷类农药残留的分散固相萃取-气相色谱联用方法。样品经乙腈进行提取,PSA、GCB和C18进行分散固相萃取净化,结合气相色谱法定性定量分析。添加样品的回收率为70.1%~80.4%,相对标准偏差在5.0%~10.2%,方法最低检出限为0.005~0.01 mg/kg。该法简便、准确,适用于鱼肉中9种有机磷农药残留量的检测。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定鸡蛋中160种农药残留

建立了串联组合柱固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法检测鸡蛋中160种农药多残留的分析方法。鸡蛋样品用乙腈均质和超声波提取,提取液采用C18和PSA串联组合柱净化,气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析。GC-MS采用SIM模式,外标法定量。在优化过的条件下进行测试,本法检出限(S/N≥3)为0.01~0.05 mg/kg,在加标水平为0.05 mg/kg时,方法回收率为63.2%~126%,相对标准偏差为2.3%~13%。     

全自动固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法监测地表水中的5种有机磷类农药残留量

建立全自动固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法监测地表水中的5种有机磷类(对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、内吸磷、乐果)农药残留量的检测方法。采用全自动固相萃取技术,选择HLB固相萃取柱对地表水样进行富集和净化;采用多反应监测模式(MRM)经气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品进行测定,外标法定量。5种有机磷类农药残留量的质量浓度在0.02～2.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.995,检出限如下:对硫磷:0.014μg/mL、甲基对硫磷:0.010μg/mL、马拉硫磷:0.011μg/mL、内吸磷:0.018μg/mL、乐果:0.008μg/mL。该方法的平均回收率在82.7%～94.8%之间,重复性与精密度测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于5.0%(n=6)。该方法灵敏度与准确度高,自动化程度高,适用于地表水中有机磷类农药残留的监测。     

检定和校准证书的异同与应用

本文介绍了检定和校准以及证书的两点相同、五点不同之处,说明了对检定证书和校准证书的正确应用。     

Heat and Mass Transfer and Modeling and Prediction of Environmental Catastrophes

Basic definitions and concepts of the physicomathematical theory of natural catastrophes are given. Possibilities of mathematical modeling of natural and technogenic catastrophes are discussed in the context of the theory of heat and mass transfer and the mechanics of reacting media. The importance of taking into account conjugate heat and mass exchange in modeling catastrophes is emphasized. A formula for evaluating the probability of a collisional catastrophe is given.     

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces

The existence of multiple ferroic orders in the same material and the coupling between them have been known for decades. However, these phenomena have mostly remained the theoretical domain owing to the fact that in single-phase materials such couplings are rare and weak. This situation has changed dramatically recently for at least two reasons: first, advances in materials fabrication have made it possible to manufacture these materials in structures of lower dimensionality, such as thin films or wires, or in compound structures such as laminates and epitaxial-layered heterostructures. In these designed materials, new degrees of freedom are accessible in which the coupling between ferroic orders can be greatly enhanced. Second, the miniaturization trend in conventional electronics is approaching the limits beyond which the reduction of the electronic element is becoming more and more difficult. One way to continue the current trends in computer power and storage increase, without further size reduction, is to use multi-functional materials that would enable new device capabilities. Here, we review the field of multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials, putting the emphasis on electronic effects at ME interfaces and MF tunnel junctions.     

CellML and associated tools and techniques

We have, in the last few years, witnessed the development and availability of an ever increasing number of computer models that describe complex biological structures and processes. The multi-scale and multi-physics nature of these models makes their development particularly challenging, not only from a biological or biophysical viewpoint but also from a mathematical and computational perspective. In addition, the issue of sharing and reusing such models has proved to be particularly problematic, with the published models often lacking information that is required to accurately reproduce the published results. The International Union of Physiological Sciences Physiome Project was launched in 1997 with the aim of tackling the aforementioned issues by providing a framework for the modelling of the human body. As part of this initiative, the specifications of the CellML mark-up language were released in 2001. Now, more than 7 years later, the time has come to assess the situation, in particular with regard to the tools and techniques that are now available to the modelling community. Thus, after introducing CellML, we review and discuss existing editors, validators, online repository, code generators and simulation environments, as well as the CellML Application Program Interface. We also address possible future directions including the need for additional mark-up languages.     

Synthesis and luminescent properties of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates

We have synthesized a variety of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatometallates (titanates, zirconates, and hafnates). The alkali fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates have been shown to exhibit efficient roentgenoluminescence (RL) in the UV through visible spectral region, with a maximum at 390–440 nm. Their RL spectra depend significantly on their composition (cation, anion, and water content), coordination of KF and K₂SO₄, and relative amounts of fluorine and SO₄ groups. We have examined the effect of heat treatment on the RL of these compounds. The rubidium and cesium fluorosulfatozirconates Rb₃Zr₂F₉SO₄ · 2H₂O, Cs₂ZrF₂(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O, Cs₈Zr₄F₂(SO₄)₁₁ · 16H₂O, and Cs₂ZrF₄SO₄ offer the most efficient RL.     

热交换器的分类及优缺点分析

热交换器是将不同温度介质之间的热量通过热传导的形式,由高温介质传递给低温介质,使介质达到生产所需温度的工艺设备,也可作为一种节能设备使用.通过对不同热交换器的结构分析,总结不同热交换器的优缺点、适用环境,为生产工艺设计人员及设备制造单位在选择可降低能耗、提高效率的设备上提供参考.     

The shape and stability of wall-bound and wall-edge-bound drops and bubbles

The behavior of wall-bound drops and bubbles is fundamental to many natural and industrial processes. Key characteristics of such capillary systems include interface shape and stability for a variety of gravity levels and orientations. Significant solutions are in hand for axisymmetric pendent drops for a variety of uniform boundary conditions along the contact line with gravity acting normal to a planar wall. The special case of a wall-bound drop or bubble that is also pinned at an edge (i.e. a ‘wall-edge-bound’ drop) is considered here where numerical solutions are obtained for interface shape and stability as functions of drop volume, contact angle, fluid properties, and uniform gravity vector. For a semi-infinite zero-thickness planar wall (plate), a critical contact angle is identified below which wall-edge-bound drops are always stable. The critical contact angle is computed as a function of the gravity vector. The numerical procedure, which makes no account for contact angle hysteresis, predicts that such wall-edge-bound drops are unconditionally unstable for any gravity field with a component that is tangent to the wall while inwardly normal to the edge. Select experiments are conducted that support the conclusions drawn from the numerical results.