氧化石墨烯的制备及其对NH3的敏感特性研究

石墨烯独特的原子结构赋予其电学、热学、力学等方面的优异性能,在诸多领域具有广泛的应用。氧化石墨烯不仅具有石墨烯结构特点,而且具有大量的含氧官能团,增强了对气体的吸附能力,更适合应用于气敏传感器。通过改进的Hummer方法制备了片状多层氧化石墨烯,并对不同浓度的NH3进行敏感特性测试。结果表明氧化石墨烯对NH3具有良好的响应,在(1.5～3.5)×10-4范围内呈线性关系。     

氧化石墨烯的制备及结构研究进展

氧化石墨烯是一种表面含有丰富的含氧官能团石墨烯衍生物.氧化石墨烯拥有较大的比表面积、良好的亲水性和生物亲和性,被广泛应用于传感器、储能材料、药物载体、催化等领域.本文介绍了近几年氧化石墨烯的制备方法,简述了由Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯的生成机理,主要概括了氧化石墨烯新的结构模型,提出寻找高效绿色的氧化剂是制备氧化石墨烯的关键,确定氧化石墨烯的结构对其表面改性及在复合材料的应用和发展有重要的影响.     

氧化石墨烯及热还原产物对CH_4和H_2的敏感性能研究

以Hummers法获得的氧化石墨为原料制备氧化石墨烯,在不同温度下还原获得不同还原程度的还原氧化石墨烯,采用AFM、XRD、XPS和SEM对样品的结构、官能团及表面形貌进行表征,并采用涂覆法制备氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯气敏器件。结果表明,所得氧化石墨烯片厚度为1.08~1.72nm,为单层或双层氧化石墨烯。经100~250℃还原后,样品对应的底面间距由8.87nm减小至3.68nm;随还原程度增加,O/C原子比由0.43降至0.32;含氧官能团逐渐减少,其中C-OH含量明显降低;元件灵敏度降低。氧化石墨烯及其低还原程度产物的气敏元件对CH4和H2气体表现出较高的响应和灵敏度,S-GOS对CH4的灵敏度可达81%左右,对H2灵敏度可达77.2%。     

CaCl_2催化NaBH_4还原氧化石墨烯(英文)

以Ca Cl2作为催化剂、Na BH4为还原剂,还原氧化石墨烯。还原反应能在室温下进行,并以去离子水作为唯一的溶剂,此法是一种低能耗、环保并简易的方法。通过红外光谱、紫外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、表面电阻测量手段研究Ca Cl2添加量对氧化石墨烯还原程度的影响。采用透射电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观察氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯的形貌。结果表明,以氯化钙作为催化剂还原氧化石墨烯,能更有效地去除氧化石墨烯表面的含氧官能团,提高还原氧化石墨烯的导电性。当Ca Cl2添加浓度达到50 mmol/L时,还原氧化石墨烯C/O比达到5.38,表面电阻达到18.6 kΩ/sq。     

GO/MOF复合材料的制备及其吸附苯和乙醇性能（英文）

采用溶剂热法制备了金属有机骨架-氧化石墨烯(MOF/GO)复合材料,通过氮吸附/脱附、红外光谱对其比表面积和孔结构、表面官能团进行了表征,考察了其吸附苯和乙醇的性能。结果表明,当氧化石墨烯的添加量为5.25 wt%时,复合材料的比表面积和孔容最大。该材料对苯和乙醇有很高的吸附容量,其最大吸附容量可分别达到72和77 cm~3/g。MOF-5/GO复合材料吸附挥发性有机物(VOCs)的容量不仅受孔结构的影响,其表面特性也对吸附性能有重要作用。氧化石墨烯含量为3.5 wt%的GO/MOF复合材料对乙醇的吸附容量显著增强是由于其含有大量的含氧官能团。     

络合法制备均匀γ-Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒@多层石墨烯复合材料研究

采用水热反应中的金属离子络合一步制备均匀超细磁性γ-Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒@多层石墨烯复合材料,无需对石墨烯进行氧化处理。采用超声法制备多层石墨烯作为基片,制备方法简单,石墨烯表面的含氧官能团少。以FeCl_2为反应物,以DMF(N,N二甲基甲酰胺)和水混合液作为溶剂,其中DMF能起到络合金属离子的作用。实验研究了乙酸钠、反应温度及填充度对制备产物的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对复合材料进行微结构分析,采用振动样品磁强计(VSM)测试了复合材料的磁性能。研究结果表明:利用亚铁离子与DMF形成的络合物与碳环的π–π吸附作用可以在多层石墨烯表面生成铁氧化物。通过控制亚铁离子的氧化速度和氧化铁的生长速度,在多层石墨烯表面获得了尺寸小于10 nm的均匀γ-Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒,复合材料具有良好的磁性能。     

氧化石墨烯表面稀土改性机理

石墨烯独特的物理、化学和力学性能为复合材料的开发奠定了重要基础,是各种复合材料的理想增强体,但石墨烯分散性和湿润性差的问题严重限制了其在复合材料中的进一步应用。采用浸润法和加热改性剂法制备了稀土改性氧化石墨烯(RE-M-GO),利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱仪(EDS)对RE-M-GO的形貌和相结构进行表征;并结合傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)和紫外光谱仪器(UV),分析改性氧化石墨烯的官能团结构的变化,探讨其改性机理。结果表明:稀土改性的氧化石墨烯的分散性有明显的改善,主要是由于稀土元素与氧化石墨烯的含氧官能团进行反应形成配位键,生成了新的官能团,降低了氧化石墨烯的界面能及表面能,从而改善了氧化石墨烯的分散性。     

紫外光辐照氧化碳微球

采用紫外光辐照不同氧化剂体系对碳微球(CMSs)表面进行化学修饰,引入含氧官能团以改善其表面惰性。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜对样品进行形貌分析,通过红外光谱、热重分析、X射线光电子能谱和酸碱滴定法对处理后样品表面的含氧官能团进行定性和定量分析,并观察了氧化后CMSs在乙醇中的分散性。结果表明:UV辐照下3种氧化体系(H2O2,H2O2+HNO3,H2 O2+H2 SO4)修饰的CMSs表面均引入了含O官能团;相对而言,UV/H2 O2+H2 SO4体系氧化处理的CMSs表面引入的含氧官能团总量最多,这为碳材料提供了一种新型高效的氧化技术。     

通过pH值调控的氧化石墨烯片层尺寸、表面化学和电化学性质(英文)

通过调节氧化石墨烯水溶胶的pH值,可以得到尺寸和表面化学性质可控的氧化石墨烯片层。由于氧化石墨烯片层上的羧基在酸性条件下质子化,而在碱性条件下部分被脱除,因此可以通过调控氧化石墨烯水溶胶的pH值对具有不同片层大小和官能团的氧化石墨烯进行筛选。研究发现,羧基的存在可提高氧化石墨烯的电化学活性,而且较大的片层也同样有利于电化学活性的提高。另外,氧化石墨烯对H2O2的检测具有较高的活性,因而在生物传感器上具有广阔的应用前景。     

稀土改性氧化石墨烯的制备及表征

石墨烯独特的物理、化学和力学性能为复合材料的开发奠定了重要基础,是各种复合材料的理想增强体,但石墨烯分散性和湿润性差的问题严重限制了其在复合材料中的进一步应用。采用浸润法和加热改性剂法制备了稀土改性氧化石墨烯(RE-M-GO),利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱仪(EDS)对RE-M-GO的形貌和相结构进行了表征;并结合傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)和紫外光谱仪器(UV),分析了改性氧化石墨烯的官能团结构的变化,探讨了其改性机理。结果表明,稀土改性的氧化石墨烯的分散性有明显的改善,主要是由于稀土元素与氧化石墨烯的含氧官能团进行反应形成配位键,生成了新的官能团,降低了氧化石墨烯的界面能及表面能,从而改善了氧化石墨烯的分散性。     

Oxygen sensors: Materials, methods, designs and applications

Advancement of gas sensor technology over the past few decades has led to significant progress in pollution control and thereby, to environmental protection. An excellent example is the control of automobile exhaust emissions, made possible by the use of oxygen gas sensors. Since early 1970's there have been sustained studies on oxygen sensors and has led to development of sensors for various applications with varying performance characteristics. Solid electrolyte based potentiometric, amperometric and metal oxide based semiconducting resistive type sensors are used for high temperature applications. For solution-based pollution monitoring, dissolved oxygen sensors based on Clark electrodes have played a major role. More recently, for biological and medical applications, optical oxygen sensors are beginning to have an impact. In this review, we focus on both high temperature as well as dissolved oxygen sensors and compare the different methods of oxygen sensing, discuss underlying principles, and outline the designs and specific applications.     

Chemical Preparation of Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Chemical and Biological Sensors

Graphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms packed tightly into a 2D honeycomb lattice that shows many intriguing properties meeting the key requirements for the implementation of highly excellent sensors, and all kinds of proof‐of‐concept sensors have been devised. To realize the potential sensor applications, the key is to synthesize graphene in a controlled way to achieve enhanced solution‐processing capabilities, and at the same time to maintain or even improve the intrinsic properties of graphene. Several production techniques for graphene‐based nanomaterials have been developed, ranging from the mechanical cleavage and chemical exfoliation of high‐quality graphene to direct growth onto different substrates and the chemical routes using graphite oxide as a precusor to the newly developed bottom‐up approach at the molecular level. The current review critically explores the recent progress on the chemical preparation of graphene‐based nanomaterials and their applications in sensors.     

The effect of exfoliation and plasma application on the properties of continuous graphene oxide fiber

This study has been performed on continuous graphene oxide fiber produced by different production parameters which has very large potential application areas such as electronic/smart textiles, sensors, energy. In this study, three different graphene oxide dispersion preparation methods; namely, Modified Hummers, Modified Hummers on exfoliated graphite and Modified Hummers with plasma application; have been used to prepare coagulated continuous graphene oxide fibers. The effect of production parameters on properties of continuous graphene oxide fibers have been measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Photoelectron Microscopy (XPS), tensile tester, electrical conductivity device. It was observed that exfoliation process results with decrease of fiber Tex count, fiber surface roughness, oxygen functional groups and an increase of breaking strength and electrical conductivity, while plasma application results to an increase of surface roughness of fiber, oxygen functional groups and decrease of breaking strength of fiber.     

Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications

Graphene, a two-dimensional, single-layer sheet of sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous attention and research interest, owing to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, and excellent mechanical strength. Other forms of graphene-related materials, including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and exfoliated graphite, have been reliably produced in large scale. The promising properties together with the ease of processibility and functionalization make graphene-based materials ideal candidates for incorporation into a variety of functional materials. Importantly, graphene and its derivatives have been explored in a wide range of applications, such as electronic and photonic devices, clean energy, and sensors. In this review, after a general introduction to graphene and its derivatives, the synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of graphene-based materials are discussed.     

氧化石墨烯在生物医学领域的应用

氧化石墨烯(GO)是石墨烯的衍生物,具有较高的比表面积和丰富的官能团:底面含羟基和环氧基,边缘含羧基。这些官能团赋予了氧化石墨烯良好的亲水性、分散性和生物相容性,易于修饰和功能化,加之其优良的光学性质,使得氧化石墨烯在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景。着重介绍了氧化石墨烯在生物传感器、生物成像、药物/基因传送、光热/光动力治疗、抗菌材料、生物安全性方面的研究现状和进展。     

1D and 2D Field Effect Transistors in Gas Sensing: A Comprehensive Review

Rapid progress in the synthesis and fundamental understanding of 1D and 2D materials have solicited the incorporation of these nanomaterials into sensor architectures, especially field effect transistors (FETs), for the monitoring of gas and vapor in environmental, food quality, and healthcare applications. Yet, several challenges have remained unaddressed toward the fabrication of 1D and 2D FET gas sensors for real-field applications, which are related to properties, synthesis, and integration of 1D and 2D materials into the transistor architecture. This review paper encompasses the whole assortment of 1D—i.e., metal oxide semiconductors (MOXs), silicon nanowires (SiNWs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs)—and 2D—i.e., graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), phosphorene—materials used in FET gas sensors, critically dissecting how the material synthesis, surface functionalization, and transistor fabrication impact on electrical versus sensing properties of these devices. Eventually, pros and cons of 1D and 2D FETs for gas and vapor sensing applications are discussed, pointing out weakness and highlighting future directions.     

α-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> based nanomaterials as gas sensors

Interest in detecting and determining concentrations of toxic and flammable gases has constantly been on the increase in recent years due to increase of modernization, industrialization and high standards of life. Detection of such gases is very important in many different fields such as industrial emission control, household and social security, vehicle emission control and environmental monitoring. Metal oxide gas sensors are among most important devices to detect a large variety of gases. α-Fe₂O₃, an environmental friendly semiconductor (E _g = 2.1 eV), is the most stable iron oxide under ambient atmosphere and because of its low cost, high stability, high resistance to corrosion, and its environmentally friendly properties is one of the most important metal oxides for gas sensing applications. This is the first review about gas sensing properties of α-Fe₂O₃ nanostructures. In this paper gas sensing properties of α-Fe₂O₃ are extensively reviewed. After a brief explanation about metal oxide gas sensors and α-Fe₂O₃, sensors based on α-Fe₂O₃ nanomaterials have been reviewed. Gas sensing section is divided into five subsections: pure α-Fe₂O₃ gas sensors, metal/α-Fe₂O₃ gas sensors, metal oxide/α-Fe₂O₃ gas sensors, polymer/α-Fe₂O₃ gas sensors and graphene/α-Fe₂O₃ gas sensors.     

Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene oxide and graphene, are potential candidates for biomedical applications such as sensors, cell labeling, bacterial inhibition, and drug delivery. Herein, we explore the biocompatibility of graphene-related materials with controlled physical and chemical properties. The size and extent of exfoliation of graphene oxide sheets was varied by sonication intensity and time. Graphene sheets were obtained from graphene oxide by a simple (hydrazine-free) hydrothermal route. The particle size, morphology, exfoliation extent, oxygen content, and surface charge of graphene oxide and graphene were characterized by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta-potential. One method of toxicity assessment was based on measurement of the efflux of hemoglobin from suspended red blood cells. At the smallest size, graphene oxide showed the greatest hemolytic activity, whereas aggregated graphene sheets exhibited the lowest hemolytic activity. Coating graphene oxide with chitosan nearly eliminated hemolytic activity. Together, these results demonstrate that particle size, particulate state, and oxygen content/surface charge of graphene have a strong impact on biological/toxicological responses to red blood cells. In addition, the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene sheets was investigated by measuring mitochondrial activity in adherent human skin fibroblasts using two assays. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a typical nanotoxicity assay, fails to predict the toxicity of graphene oxide and graphene toxicity because of the spontaneous reduction of MTT by graphene and graphene oxide, resulting in a false positive signal. However, appropriate alternate assessments, using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8), trypan blue exclusion, and reactive oxygen species assay reveal that the compacted graphene sheets are more damaging to mammalian fibroblasts than the less densely packed graphene oxide. Clearly, the toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide depends on the exposure environment (i.e., whether or not aggregation occurs) and mode of interaction with cells (i.e., suspension versus adherent cell types).