产品标准评价中的若干问题

产品标准评价是事关企业产品质量更新、升级和由此提高市场竞争能力的重要问题。因此,凡是注重产品质量的企业,都十分注重产品标准评价。然而,在产品标准评价中,有许多问题一直仁者见仁,智者见智,各有已见,莫衷一是,困扰着企业的产品标准化工作。搞好企业产品标准的制定、修订,迫切需要澄清评价观念上的模糊认识。这样,才能使产品设计师、工程师乃至经营决策者,有效地掌握直至驾驭标准,能动地做好产品标准化工作。根据产品设计、工程人员和经营决策者的普遍反映,结合过去工作的实践,在产品标准评价中,笔者认为,目前有以下十个方面的问题值得注意解决好。     

金属复合板质量评价的技术标准

总结了金属复合板评价的行业标准,指出了目前标准中存在的不足。中国标准中部分检测项目及指标与国外基本相当,某些指标甚至还超过国外标准,但国内标准主要侧重于爆炸复合法和轧制复合法,并且供货状态及热处理要求的规定不甚明确。     

两种装甲车辆人机工程主、客观评价的分析

文章介绍了两种装甲战斗车辆行驶试验中有关人机工程的测试和评价情况，并对测试、评价结果进行了分析。由于其人机工程主、客观评价存在不一致的情况，文章对此作了重点的深入分析。结果表明，客观评价反映了车辆的性能；而主观评价则是把人－车辆－环境作为一个系统来分析，尽管被测试者之间存在个体差异，但包含的因素比较全面，因而更可信。文章最后建议装甲车辆应对人－车辆－环境系统进行分析、评价，以及加强对作战人员环境适应性的研究和训练。     

商品适度包装研究综述

分析了适度包装研究的产生背景,介绍了适度包装的基本概念及内涵,并将其与欠包装、过度包装以及绿色包装进行了比较。从研究方法及工具、评价指标及评价体系以及制定的标准与法规3个方面,概括分析了国内外适度包装的研究内容及成果,特别分析了价值分析以及模糊评价法的特点以及在适度包装评价中的应用。最后总结了目前适度包装研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了适度包装未来研究的方向。     

空间用特种纺织品的评价检验

特种纺织品的评价检验是保障航天产品质量的关键环节。对于空间用特种纺织品而言,需考虑其功能需求、应用特点及空间环境因素。针对空间用特种纺织品构建了评价体系,对其评价检验的内涵进行了阐述,详细介绍了特种纺织品的评价检验项目及推荐的测试标准和测试方法,强调了注意事项,并分析了国内外纺织品试验标准的差异。     

现代包装产品的质量评价方法

在现代包装产业链中,对包装产品质量评价是包装个性化与智能化发展中亟待解决的关键问题.在系统研究包装产品质量特征及其相互作用的基础上,从印刷、结构、交互体验、应用安全和可循环利用5个维度,构建了现代包装产品质量评价的指标体系及其17个关键技术指标,提出了3种包装质量评价方法及其算法模型,即主观评价方法、客观评价方法、综合评价方法.这种主客观相结合的评价体系能够较为科学地评价现代包装产品质量.     

一种新型鼓式制动蹄总成分段试验夹具

通过对GB/T 22309-2008《道路车辆制动衬片盘式制动块总成和鼓式制动蹄总成剪切强度试验方法》标准中对鼓式制动蹄总成剪切强度试验要求的解析,以及目前广泛应用的鼓式制动蹄总成剪切强度试验夹具的分析,剖析了其存在的问题,及与标准要求存在的不符性.创新设计制造了一种新型鼓式制动蹄总成分段试验夹具,满足相关标准要求,消除目前试验中夹具存在的不足之处,实现试验夹具符合标准要求,提高了测试效率和测试准确性.     

烟草行业电子皮带秤重复性检定用标准器问题研析

重复性指标是电子皮带秤性能评价指标中的关键指标之一,本文就对应规程及规范中定义的重复性进行深入研析,指出其在烟草行业实际应用存在的问题,并提出以其他标准器或模拟载荷替代烟丝的解决思路.     

基于熵权理想点法的综合传动装置测试性参数评价

针对综合传动装置测试性参数选择时存在的参数种类多、参数选择缺乏理论指导等问题,提出基于熵权理想点法的综合传动装置测试性参数评价方法。其基本思想是依据综合传动装置可靠性、维修性和可用性有关的使用要求选出待评价的测试性参数,并将使用要求作为测试性参数评价指标,构建指标优属度矩阵,计算评价指标熵权,在此基础上计算加熵权后的指标优属度矩阵的理想点,分析被评价参数与理想点间的贴近度,依据贴近度的值进行排序,获得各参数的优劣顺序。实例分析结果表明:该方法通过指标优属度矩阵获得测试性参数的优劣顺序,为综合传动装置测试性参数选择和指标制定提供依据。     

电子商务优质制造商评价指标体系与方法研究

本文讨论了电子商务环境下对优质制造商的评定准则,提出了优质制造商评价框架,重点讨论了制造商资质、企业规模、产品研发、产品质量、产品营销、客户服务、信用与荣誉、企业社会责任等八个评价要素和若干关键指标,并提出了具体的评价方法。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。