2种氨基酸与葡萄糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性研究

以对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)的清除能力为抗氧化指标,研究脯氨酸、L-精氨酸分别与葡萄糖在不同反应条件下微波加热美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性.探究了加热时间、微波功率、pH、氨基与羰基比4个因素对美拉德反应产物抗氧化性的影响,并通过正交实验得到最佳工艺条件.脯氨酸为:加热时间5 min,微波功率800W,pH5,氨基与羰基比1∶2.5,对DPPH·清除率为98.94％.L-精氨酸为:加热时间5min,微波功率800W,pH8,氨基与羰基比为2∶1,对DPPH·清除率为96.81％.4个因素对美拉德反应产物的DPPH·清除率的影响均极显著.     

蓝莓花色苷对美拉德有害产物形成的抑制作用

目的 探究微波加热处理对美拉德有害产物积累情况的影响以及蓝莓花色苷对模拟体系中美拉德有害产物形成的抑制效果。方法 本研究通过构建牛血清蛋白-葡萄糖模拟体系, 对其进行不同时间微波加热处理, 以类黑精、晚期糖化终末产物、乙二醛、羧甲基赖氨酸、丙烯酰胺含量为指标, 探讨样液中相关美拉德有害产物与加热时间的关系以及不同浓度的蓝莓花色苷溶液对美拉德有害产物的抑制效果。结果 随着微波加热时间增加, 美拉德有害产物不断积累。在微波加热180 min的条件下, 不同浓度的蓝莓花色苷均表现出明显的抑制美拉德有害产物生成的能力, 并且0.030 mg/mL的蓝莓花色苷溶液对大部分物质抑制效果最好。结论 蓝莓花色苷在食品热加工过程中, 对美拉德有害物质生成有抑制作用, 对未来食品安全和生物健康都具有重要意义。     

香菇水解液的美拉德反应条件研究

以香菇酶解液和葡萄糖为主要底物制备美拉德反应产物。通过单因素和正交实验,考察了微波加热对美拉德反应褐变程度的影响。结果表明:葡萄糖添加量为10%,香菇水解液初始pH值调整为9,加热时间为4min,微波功率为800W时褐变程度最佳。感官评价反应产物具有独特的酱香味。     

两种干燥方式对油茶籽美拉德反应的影响

本文考察了烘箱和微波辐射两种干燥方式对油茶籽美拉德产物抗氧化性的影响。通过测定油茶籽中美拉德产物丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖含量等指标考察了油茶籽在不同干燥方式中氧化稳定性的变化规律。结果表明:随着微波加热时间的延长,各火力下的油茶籽均具有清除DPPH自由基的能力。在微波高火下加热20 min时清除DPPH自由基能力最强为93.11%。在150℃加热90 min清除DPPH自由基能力最强为92.03%。在微波加热0～10 min时,在美拉德反应中主要影响油茶籽抗氧化性的物质是5-羟甲基糠醛;在微波加热15 min后,主要影响油茶籽抗氧化性等物质是丙酮醛和3-脱氧奥苏糖。在烘箱加热方式下主要影响油茶籽抗氧化性的物质为丙酮醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖和5-羟甲基糠醛。油茶籽中乙二醛含量对其抗氧化性作用不大。本文的研究结果对探究油茶籽油美拉德反应的抗氧化机理以及优化油茶籽加工工艺提供了理论基础。     

草鱼抗氧化肽的美拉德反应特性研究

本研究通过单独加热草鱼肽和添加木糖加热反应制备热降解产物（TDPs）和美拉德反应产物（MRPs),运用DPPH?抑制率、肽分子量分析及氨基酸分析等方法评价不同反应时间草鱼肽热降解产物及美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性能、分子量分布以及氨基酸组成的变化规律,深入探讨了反应时间对草鱼肽的美拉德反应产物特性的影响。研究发现,单独加热草鱼肽对各时间段热降解产物的总氨基酸含量无显著影响,游离氨基酸含量显著增加,而3000 Da以下肽段含量增多。美拉德反应体系样品随着反应时间的增加,产物中总氨基酸及游离氨基酸含量下降,其中精氨酸及赖氨酸减少尤其显著,分子量大于3000 Da的肽段明显增多,3000 Da以下的肽段含量降低,此外,美拉德反应产物中抗氧化活性显著增强。     

微波加热对乳清分离蛋白功能特性的影响及机制研究

本研究采用微波加热促进美拉德反应对乳清分离蛋白（Whey Protein Isolate,WPI）进行改性。以乳化性及抗氧化活性为主要指标,系统研究了微波功率、微波加热时间、pH以及乳糖与乳清粉质量比对乳清蛋白美拉德反应产物（Maillard Reaction Products,MRPs）功能特性的影响,对其工艺进行了优化,并对反应过程中二级结构的变化及氨基酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:优化后的微波加热条件为pH8.5、乳清蛋白-乳糖质量比5:5、微波加热时间7 min;在该条件下制备所得MRPs的乳化活力指数、乳化稳定指数和DPPH自由基清除率分别为0.35 m2/g、88.39 min和6.60%;红外分析结果显示乳糖与WPI发生了共价结合,微波加热促进了该反应的进程,导致氮羟基和羰基含量增多,产生了复杂的美拉德中间产物和醛酮类化合物;同时促使蛋白质二级结构由紧密向松散“溶胀”结构转化,在转变的过程中,大部分紧密有序结构首先转变成松散有序结构,进而转变成松散无序状态,并可能伴随小部分紧密结构经长时间加热后相互转变。氨基酸分析进一步证实,微波加热降低了体系氨基酸总量,可能是WPI自由氨基酸参与美拉德反应所致。     

美拉德反应对玉米蛋白水解物功能特性的影响

研究美拉德反应对玉米蛋白水解物功能特性的影响。玉米蛋白水解物(zein protein hydrolysate,ZPH)和半乳糖(galactose,Gal)按照1∶2质量比在不同p H值条件下进行美拉德反应,通过测定溶解性、起泡性质、表面疏水性、抗氧化能力以及乳化性质的变化趋势,进一步分析美拉德反应对ZPH功能特性的影响。研究结果表明,不同的pH值条件下,美拉德反应产物功能特性受到加热时间的影响。随着pH值的升高,美拉德反应产物的起泡性质、溶解性、抗氧化能力以及乳化性表现出先下降后上升的变化形势,表面疏水性显著降低(P 0.05)。除此之外,与其他两个处理组相比,加热6 h的美拉德反应产物的起泡性、溶解性、抗氧化能力以及乳化性都最高,而表面疏水性最低(P0.05)。     

干燥方式对油茶籽油中美拉德反应产物及其抗氧化性的影响

以油茶籽油为研究对象,采用热风、红外辐射和微波辐射3 种方式进行干燥,通过测定油茶籽油中美拉德反应产物丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖含量等指标的变化情况,考察不同干燥方式对油茶籽油美拉德反应产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明：随加热时间的延长,美拉德反应产物丙酮醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖的生成量逐渐增多;经过最高强度（150 ℃红外辐射和热风加热120 min以及高火力微波辐射加热20 min）干燥处理后,3 种干燥方式中丙酮醛含量依次为红外辐射＞微波辐射＞热风,3-脱氧奥苏糖含量依次为红外辐射＞微波辐射＞热风,3 种干燥方式中乙二醛含量均约为7.0 μg/g。美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性测定结果表明,油茶籽油中的丙酮醛和3-脱氧奥苏糖均具有抗氧化活性,且3 种干燥方式1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率由高到低依次为红外辐射＞微波辐射＞热风。研究结果为探究油茶籽油中美拉德反应产物的抗氧化机理以及优化油茶籽加工工艺提供了理论参考。     

均匀试验优化酪蛋白—木糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性

研究采用均匀试验优化酪蛋白—木糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性,并考察不同影响因素(反应温度、反应时间、反映初始pH和反应底物质量比)对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性的影响。以DPPH自由基清除率作为美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性指标,研究发现在温度120℃,反应时间44 min,反映初始pH为6,酪蛋白与木糖质量比1.5︰1条件下,美拉德反应产物对DPPH自由基的清除率由23.86%显著地增加到82.38%。均匀试验结果还表明模拟体系反应温度和反应底物质量比对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性具有显著影响(p<0.05),反应时间和反应初始pH之间的交互作用亦有显著影响。     

采用美拉德反应提高黄鲫蛋白抗菌肽的抑菌活性

以黄鲫蛋白抗菌肽(HAHp)为底物,通过美拉德反应提高其抑菌活性.以大肠杆菌为指示菌,在100℃水浴加热条件下,比较 HAHp-葡萄糖、HAHp-蔗糖、HAHp-麦芽糖和 HAHp-乳糖的美拉德反应物抑菌活性;选用葡萄糖为添加糖,测定 HAHp-葡萄糖美拉德反应初始 pH 值、加糖量、加热温度和加热时间对美拉德反应物的抑菌活性影响.结果表明:提高反应初始 pH 值(大于 pH6.0)会降低 HAHp 美拉德产物的抑菌活性,选择葡萄糖适宜加入量,控制加热温度和时间可以提高 HAHp-葡萄糖美拉德反应物对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性     

微波加热缬氨酸和葡萄糖的棕化反应

研究了微波加热下pH值、反应时间、溶剂配比对缬氨酸与葡萄糖的棕化产物反应深度的影响,以及微波加热和普通加热的棕化产物的差异,并进行了棕化产物的卷烟加香试验及其醚溶性成分的分析。结果表明:①微波能加速棕化反应进程,在相同反应时间内微波反应产物的一些主要成分含量要大于普通加热产物;②温度对棕化反应影响大于加热方式;③相同体系,普通加热和微波加热棕化产物成分基本相同,只是在含量上有差别;④体系的pH值对微波棕化反应进程及反应产物都有较大影响,酸性和碱性环境都能加速反应进程;⑤微波加热的缬氨酸与葡萄糖产物中共鉴定出5种重要的吡嗪类化合物和1种呋喃类化合物,没有鉴定出醛类、吡咯类等常见的普通棕化反应产物;⑥在微波加热,pH6·35,反应时间30min,溶剂为丙二醇-水(1∶1体积比)条件下,缬氨酸与葡萄糖的棕化反应产物加香效果较好。     

Impact of Microwave-Assisted Heating on the pH Value,Color, and Flavor Compounds in Glucose-Ammonium Model System

The effect of microwave and oil bath heating on the evolution of Maillard reaction including pH, color and degree of glycation, and flavor compounds was investigated. Maillard reaction was induced by heating glucose-ammonium system for 10–30 min at 100–120 °C. Results indicated that microwave heating was more effective than traditional oil bath heating in Maillard reaction. The more decrease of pH values, higher A₄₂₀, lower whiteness and chroma, and stronger glycation were recorded in the model system heated by microwave. Moreover, microwave heating did not affect the contents of pyrazines extracted by dichloromethane but affect the formation of D-limonene extracted by ethyl acetate from model system. In addition, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopentene-1-one, 3-methyl-2-pyrazinyl-methanol, and 6-methyl-2-pyrazinyl-methanol were firstly reported as flavor compounds in the glucose-ammonium system.     

The impact of microwave heating of infant formula model on neo-formed contaminant formation, nutrient degradation and spore destruction

Heat treatment of milk results in the development of a large range of Maillard products, especially in infant formulas due to their high content in Maillard reaction substrates. The Maillard reaction should be minimized because some of those products, called neo-formed contaminants (NFC), are currently suspected of promoting deleterious health effects. The objective of this work was to study the impact of microwave heating on the formation of Maillard compounds, degradation of nutrients and destruction of spores of an infant formula model. An infant formula model based on pure-whey proteins was used as experimental model. A spore suspension of Geobacillus stearothermophilus was prepared and inoculated in the formulated milk before microwave treatment. The treatment was performed on a laboratory device running at 2450 MHz and equipped with a magnetron (power range 0-1860 W) and the temperature was controlled by three optical fibers. Heating kinetics were established at several microwave specific powers (5, 7, 10, 12 W/mL). The impact of the treatment on NFC formation was evaluated by 3 indicators: the FAST index (indicator of global advancement of Maillard reaction), carboxymethyllysine (CML) and furosine. All these NFC indicators seemed to follow an exponential model as a function of time. The thermal sensitive nutrient vitamin C was chosen as indicator of the nutritional quality. Like in conventional heating, an exponential model was observed for spore inactivation and vitamin C degradation. Furthermore, laws similar to those used for conventional heating could be used to express heat resistance regarding germ viability, vitamin C concentration and Maillard products. As a result, D and z-values relative to specific microwave powers were determined for each indicator. Finally, it was found that the best way to minimize NFC formation and nutrient degradation was to use high specific power for a short time, similar to what is obtained with the UHT process for conventional heating.     

微波加热下美拉德反应条件的优化研究

探讨用均匀设计安排含有定性因素的实验,即将定性因素定量化。运用虚拟变量讨论不同种类的氨基酸、糖、反应液在微波加热下对美拉德反应的影响。结果表明,脯氨酸-葡萄糖-甘油是较好的反应物的选择。     

酒精体系下美拉德反应的研究进展

美拉德反应过程复杂,产物多样,且其反应产物在食品体系中广泛存在,有些产物进入人体后在体内累积并影响健康。目前国内对水相体系中的美拉德反应研究较多,非水相中的研究颇少。然而,我国作为酒类饮料饮用大国,酒精对美拉德反应的影响尚不明确。因而以酒精媒介为切入点,通过研究酒精体系下的美拉德反应从而实现对其有害产物的有效控制,将对提高酒精饮料食品安全发挥重要的作用。从酒精体系对美拉德反应产物的影响和酒精体系中不同的环境因子对美拉德反应的影响两方面的研究进展进行综述。     

酪蛋白酸钠美拉德反应产物的制备及其乳化特性

利用小型超高温设备制备酪蛋白酸钠与葡萄糖、乳糖、低聚半乳糖、聚葡萄糖的美拉德反应产物,对比分析不同分子质量糖在不同热处理时间的美拉德反应进程及产物的乳化特性。结果表明,小分子质量的糖更易发生美拉德反应,褐变指数与反应程度呈正相关,乳化活性与接枝度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但两者并不成线性关系,酪蛋白酸钠与葡萄糖、乳糖、低聚半乳糖、聚葡萄糖乳化活性达到的最大值分别为0.63、0.51、0.55和0.48,其中130?℃热处理15?s的酪蛋白酸钠-葡萄糖溶液乳化活性最大,高于其他组,与水浴90?℃热处理90?min相当,并且乳化稳定性也呈现较高的水平,为123.88?min,将其用作乳化剂制备的DHA藻油乳状液稳定性动力学指数为1.5,显著小于其他组（P＜0.05）;由此可见,葡萄糖可作为美拉德反应的优良糖基配体制备新型高效的乳化剂,并且此方法可实现连续化生产,极大缩短了反应时间,提高了生产效率,对工业化生产具有指导意义。     

Assessment of heating profiles in model food systems heated by different microwave generators: Solid-state (semiconductor) versus traditional magnetron technology

The major challenge of heat processing of foods using the traditional microwave (MW) systems containing magnetron power source is the inhomogeneity of the heating. The aim of this study was to compare a novel solid-state MW system with the traditional magnetron MW system for heat processing of the gellan gel cuboids containing Maillard reaction substrates as model food sample. To evaluate both systems, samples were processed in different positions of turntable in both MW cavities with and without turntable rotation in different levels of absorbed MW power. To investigate the MW heating uniformity, optic fiber temperature sensors were used to determine temperature and were compared with the Maillard reaction induced brown color creation inside the samples. The results show more uniform and homogenous color changes and heating patterns of samples processed in the solid-state MW system compared to those in the magnetron MW system.     

美拉德反应修饰的鲢鱼肽抗氧化活性初探

美拉德反应修饰是改善肽抗氧化活性的新途径。本实验采用鲢鱼肽与葡萄糖作为反应原料,以不同的浓度反应0,2,4,6,8,10h,并分别对棕色变化、还原糖、游离氨基、还原力和DPPH自由基清除活性进行了测定,结果表明美拉德反应产物均表现出很好的抗氧化活性,还原力在一定的范围内随时间的增加而增强,E组(10g鲢鱼肽和5g葡萄糖)最大,在10h时为A组的6.09倍。清除DPPH自由基的活性则在2h时达到较高的值,E组具有最高的的自由基清除率为64.45%。美拉德反应产物的还原力与DPPH自由基清除活性不一致,而且其抗氧化能力不完全依赖于产物的褐变程度。     

Characteristics and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products from psicose-lysine and fructose-lysine model systems

D-Psicose, an epimer of D-fructose isomerized at C-3 position, is a rare ketohexose that is thought to be beneficial for obese people and diabetic patients as a noncaloric sweetener. In the present study, model Maillard reaction products were obtained from D-psicose (or D-fructose) and L-lysine heating at 120 °C up to 8 h with the initial pH 9.0. The changes in pH, UV-vis absorbance, and free amino groups during the reaction were detected. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the Maillard reaction products at different intervals was investigated. Although there was almost no difference in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, the Maillard reaction products from psicose performed better than that from fructose in the radical-scavenging activity of 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 1, 1,-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. The reducing power of the Maillard reaction products from psicose was also stronger than that from fructose. These results indicated that psicose played an effective role in the Maillard reaction and its Maillard reaction products could act as potential antioxidants in food industry.