6种植物精油对果蔬灰霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌效果

为了研究6种植物精油对常见的导致果蔬腐烂的灰霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌效果。通过滤纸片法、最小抑菌浓度法(Minimal Inhibit Concentration,MIC)、最小杀菌浓度法(Minimum Bactericidal Concentration,MBC)、体外直接接触法和熏蒸法测定了6种植物精油对灰霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌效果。结果表明:6种精油对灰霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌效果从大到小依次为:牛至精油、反式-2-己烯醛、肉桂精油、丁香精油、冬青精油、柠檬精油;其中,柠檬精油对灰霉菌和青霉菌均无抑菌效果;在体外直接接触和熏蒸中,牛至精油对灰霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌率均为100%;其对灰霉菌和青霉菌的MIC分别为0.5μL/mL和0.25μL/mL,MBC分别为0.5μL/mL和0.25μL/mL。结论:牛至精油对灰霉菌和青霉菌具有较强的抑菌效果。     

10种植物精油对圣女果中三种致病菌抑制效果的研究

通过研究植物精油对圣女果致病菌的抑制效果,筛选出对圣女果有良好贮藏保鲜效果的植物精油。使用不同浓度的10种植物精油,采用体外熏蒸法和直接接触法,筛选出对圣女果中三种致病菌具有较强抑制效果的精油,并研究其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示植物精油对三种致病菌的体外熏蒸法优于直接接触法;肉桂精油、山苍子精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对白地霉菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.1×104、0.5×104、0.5×104μL/L,最低杀菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.1×104、0.5×104、1.0×104μL/L;肉桂精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对赤霉菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.2×104、0.2×104μL/L,最低杀菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.2×104、0.5×104μL/L;肉桂精油、丁香精油、牛至精油、山苍子精油对毛霉菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.1×104、0.5×104、1.0×104、1.0×104μL/L,最低杀菌浓度分别为0.1×104、0.5×104、1.0×104、1.0×104μL/L。肉桂精油、山苍子精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对白地霉菌均有较好抑制作用;肉桂精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对赤霉菌具有良好的抑菌及杀菌作用;肉桂精油、丁香精油对毛霉菌有较好抑制作用,牛至精油对毛霉菌有一定的抑菌作用,但杀菌效果不明显,山苍子精油对毛霉菌的抑菌杀菌效果最差。     

鱼鳞胶原蛋白基抗菌凝胶的抑菌效果

采用96孔板法探究了牛至精油、溶菌酶和茶多酚3种天然抑菌剂对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),同时采用吸光度法测定了抑菌率。结果发现,添加牛至精油、溶菌酶和茶多酚的鱼鳞胶原蛋白凝胶对E.coli的MIC分别为2.5μL/m L、6.25 mg/m L和0.156 mg/m L,MBC分别为2.5μL/m L、25 mg/m L和0.156 mg/m L,抑菌率分别为87.53%、49.26%和79.81%;对S.aureus的MIC分别为1.25μL/m L、12.5 mg/m L和0.156 mg/m L,MBC分别为2.5μL/m L、25 mg/m L和0.156 mg/m L,抑菌率分别为83.22%、51.16%和75.22%。可见添加3种天然抑菌剂的鱼鳞胶原蛋白凝胶对E.coli和S.aureus均有明显的抑制作用,且MIC均是:茶多酚牛至精油溶菌酶,抑菌率均是:牛至精油茶多酚溶菌酶,抑菌效果均是:茶多酚牛至精油溶菌酶。因此,添加牛至精油、溶菌酶和茶多酚的鱼鳞胶原蛋白凝胶具有较好的抑菌效果和应用前景。     

11种中草药提取物对柑橘意大利青霉抑菌活性及机理研究

对11种中草药醇提物抑制柑橘意大利青霉的抑菌效果进行筛选,选用抑菌效果最佳的桂枝提取物从其对病原菌的孢子萌发率、细胞膜渗透性、菌丝形态及菌体内含物含量的影响来进行抑菌机理的研究。结果表明:桂枝、桂皮和黄柏提取液的抑制圈直径均大于30 mm,具有较好的抑菌效果。其中桂枝的抑菌活性最佳,对意大利青霉的抑制圈直径为(34.57±0.78)mm,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)分别为3.125和6.25 mg/mL,且抑菌效果显著优于化学杀菌剂百可得。在抑菌机理方面,桂枝提取物可以抑制意大利青霉菌孢子萌发,影响菌丝的生长发育,其抑菌作用主要是通过破坏细胞膜结构,增加菌体细胞膜通透性,使菌体内容物外渗从而影响菌丝正常生长代谢来实现的。桂枝提取物对柑橘青霉菌有较好的抑菌活性,可作为天然杀菌剂的来源。     

响应面法优化肉桂抑菌物质超声波提取工艺及其抑菌活性研究

许多天然药用植物对果蔬采后病原真菌具有很好的抑菌效果,意大利青霉和指状青霉是引起柑橘采后青霉病和绿霉病的病原菌。前期针对这2种病原菌筛选抑菌药用植物,发现肉桂具有明显的抑菌效果。实验以意大利青霉和指状青霉为供试菌,采用超声波法提取肉桂中抑菌物质,通过单因素实验和响应面分析法研究了超声提取时间、提取温度和料液比对肉桂抑菌活性的影响。采用牛津杯法测定抑菌活性,并进一步测定其对病原菌孢子萌发抑制率和病原菌菌丝形态的影响。结果表明:肉桂抑菌物质最佳提取条件为:乙醇浓度90%、提取温度30℃、提取时间0.5 h、料液比为1:26。在此提取条件下的肉桂提取物对意大利青霉和指状青霉的综合抑菌效果最好,其抑菌圈直径分别为20.64、23.96 mm。肉桂提取物可以抑制2种青霉菌的孢子萌发,影响菌丝的生长发育,并且其对2种病原菌孢子萌发抑制率及抑菌效果随肉桂提取物浓度的升高而升高。     

桉叶精油包埋前后抑菌性能及成分比较研究

以包埋前后的桉叶精油为研究对象,采用平板打孔法和气相扩散法分别测定其对供试菌的抑菌活性和气相最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)、气相最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),探讨桉叶精油包埋前后抑菌性能差异。并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对比分析桉叶精油包埋前后的化学成分。结果表明:桉叶精油包埋前后对供试细菌、酵母菌和霉菌均有一定的抑制作用。对酵母菌的抑制作用最强,其次为细菌,对霉菌的抑制效果稍差。桉叶精油包埋前后对供试菌的气相MIC和MBC未有太大差异。桉叶精油包埋前后主要成分大体相同,均以萜烯类和醇类化合物为主。包埋后桉叶精油中部分萜烯类化合物的消失或相对含量的减少导致抑菌性能稍有下降,但气相MIC不变,仅对酿酒酵母和桔青霉的气相MBC稍有上升。     

柑橘绿霉病中草药高效抑菌剂的筛选及抑菌机理研究

利用牛津杯法筛选出对柑橘绿霉病菌(指状青霉)有最佳抑制作用的中草药提取物,并通过测定培养液电导率变化等对其抑菌机理作进一步研究。结果表明:桂枝、桂皮、香薷等乙醇提取物对指状青霉均有较好的抑制效果,抑制圈均在20 mm以上,其中以桂枝的抑菌活性最佳,对指状青霉的抑制圈大小达31.56±0.66 mm,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)分别为6.25mg/mL、12.5 mg/mL,且其抑菌效果显著优于化学杀菌剂百可得。同时桂枝提取物对指状青霉菌的孢子萌发及菌丝生长发育也有较强的抑制作用,在提取液处理浓度为50 mg/mL时,孢子萌发抑制率高达99.007%,菌丝体细胞膜通透性增强,菌丝体可溶性蛋白及总糖含量分别只有1187.18μg/g及0.307%,菌丝形态呈现畸形甚至断裂,因而桂枝提取物对柑橘绿霉病菌有明显的抑菌活性,其抑菌作用主要是通过破坏细胞膜结构,扰乱菌丝物质代谢活动来实现的。     

江香薷活性成分香芹酚对指状青霉的抑菌作用

以指状青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)为供试菌,研究江香薷活性成分香芹酚的抑菌活性及其抑菌机理。本文采用二倍稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC),以此评价香芹酚对指状青霉菌的抑菌效果;并通过研究香芹酚对指状青霉的菌丝形态变化、孢子萌发率、细胞膜渗透性和菌体内可溶性糖含量,阐述香芹酚对指状青霉菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:香芹酚对指状青霉菌的MIC、MFC分别为0.125 mg/mL和0.25 mg/mL;经不同浓度香芹酚处理后的指状青霉,菌丝形态发生明显改变,孢子萌发率显著降低,细胞膜渗透性增强,菌体内可溶性糖含量降低。说明香芹酚能有效抑制指状青霉菌的孢子萌发,破坏细胞膜结构完整性,内含物外渗,降低营养物质含量,影响病原菌正常生长发育,从而发挥抑菌效果。     

荔枝木质精油体外抑菌活性及稳定性研究

采用牛津杯法测定荔枝木质精油抑菌活性,以气体扩散法测定荔枝木质精油对7种常见食源性致病菌（大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、枯草芽孢杆菌）、3种常见霉菌（黑曲霉、桔青霉、黄曲霉）的最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC）。同时进行荔枝木质精油抑菌活性的酸碱稳定性、热稳定性、紫外稳定性研究。结果表明：荔枝木质精油对受试细菌和霉菌均有抑制效果,其中对受试的革兰氏阳性菌抑制效果优于革兰氏阴性菌;对大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、黄曲霉和桔青霉的 MIC 分别为 20、5、10、40、5、5、2.5、40、80、40 μL/mL;荔枝木质精油具有良好的紫外稳定性;加热处理并未对其抑菌效果产生显著影响;酸性条件下精油抑菌效果优于中性条件。     

柠檬皮中的柠檬苦素对青霉的抑菌活性和机理研究

通过测定最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimum fungicidal concentration,MFC)、孢子萌发抑制率、菌丝生长抑制率确定柠檬皮中柠檬苦素对青霉的抑菌活性;结合总糖含量和蛋白质含量、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活力等的变化,以及扫描电镜观察对抑菌机理进行研究。结果表明:柠檬皮中柠檬苦素对青霉有很强的抑菌活性,对青霉的MIC和MFC分别为625和2 500μg/mL,对青霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制的EC_(50)值分别为85.618和246.755μg/mL。柠檬苦素能在短时间内对青霉的细胞壁和细胞膜造成破坏,使胞内物质大量渗出;且柠檬苦素浓度越高,胞内物质渗出越多。扫描电镜观察也发现经柠檬苦素处理的青霉外附着渗出物;产孢数量变少,孢子变形;小梗破损、凹裂;菌丝变细,变形。     

相同加工原料下六大茶类抑菌效果比较

为探讨相同加工原料下六大茶类的抑菌效果,以春季碧香早的1芽2叶茶鲜叶为原料,将其固定及分别加工成绿、黄、黑、白、青、红六大茶类,采用牛津杯法比较研究7个样品对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)3种细菌以及黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)2种真菌的抑菌活性,并利用96孔细胞板及二倍稀释法检测7个样品的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)与最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:7个样品对3种细菌均有抑制作用,对2种真菌的抑制效果不明显;7个样品对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌圈大小均呈现出固定样绿茶黄茶黑茶青茶白茶红茶的特性,最低抑菌浓度呈现出红茶青茶、白茶黑茶、黄茶、固定样、绿茶的特性,最低杀菌浓度均呈现出红茶青茶、白茶、黑茶、黄茶固定样、绿茶的特性;绿茶和其他茶类之间、红茶和其他茶类之间的抑菌效果有显著性差异(P0.05)。     

三种植物提取液的抑菌作用研究

以苦瓜、大蒜、辣椒的提取液对几种常见的食品微生物进行抑茵活性测定,结果表明,辣椒的乙醇提取液抑茵效果最好,最低抑茵浓度(MIC)为金黄色葡萄球菌1.0％,大肠杆茵1.0％,大蒜的乙醇提取液MIC值金黄色葡萄萄球茵2.1％,大肠杆茵4.2％,提取剂对苦瓜的抑茵成分的提取影响小。三者都具有热稳定性。     

枯草芽孢杆菌抗菌脂肽对嗜水气单胞菌抑菌效果

为了研究Bacillus subtilis fmbJ 产生的抗菌脂肽对嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌效果,采用抑菌圈法测定抗菌脂肽对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌质量浓度(MBC),并从其对嗜水气单胞菌形态结构、膜通透性来探讨其抗菌作用。结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌对枯草芽孢杆菌抗菌脂肽具有较高的敏感性,最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为20μg/mL,最小杀菌质量浓度(MBC)为32μg/mL;该抗菌脂肽导致嗜水气单胞菌细胞膜通透性增加,使细胞内一些离子以及大分子的蛋白质和核酸泄漏到细胞外,从而引起细胞的死亡;显微结构影响的研究表明,该抗菌脂肽还可以造成嗜水气单胞菌细胞壁缺失、鞭毛散失、胞内物质模糊不清等现象,抑菌效果较明显,可用于嗜水气单胞菌感染引起的水生动物疾病预防和控制。     

Staphylococcus aureus related to bovine mastitis in Switzerland: Clonal diversity,virulence gene profiles,and antimicrobial resistance of isolates collected throughout 2017

Staphylococcus aureus can be associated with subclinical, acute, chronic, and toxic cases of bovine intramammary infections, leading to considerable financial losses for the dairy industry in Switzerland and worldwide. In addition, milk products are one of the most common food categories implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning in humans. Detailed information on the population structure, as well as the virulence and resistance characteristics of Staph. aureus originating from bovine mastitis milk is needed to allow for source attribution and risk assessment of Staph. aureus in a food poisoning context and to improve therapeutic approaches in cattle. Our objective was to assess the population structure, phenotypic resistance patterns, and virulence and resistance gene profiles of Staph. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis milk in Switzerland. To this end, 58 Staph. aureus strains were characterized. The DNA microarray was used to test for the presence or absence of virulence and resistance genes. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentrations of various antimicrobial agents were determined by microdilution. To assess the population structure of the isolates, we determined clonal complexes (CC) using DNA microarray hybridization profiles and performed multilocus sequence typing and spa typing. The strains were assigned to 7 clonal complexes, 10 sequence types, and 11 spa types, with CC705 (43%), CC97 (33%), and CC20 (12%) representing the most common lineages and t529 (43%) and t267 (21%) representing the most common spa types. Only 1 isolate was assigned to CC8, a clonal lineage linked to high within-herd prevalence of mastitis. A total of 14% (n = 8) of strains were classified as resistant to penicillin, and 1 strain each was classified as oxacillin and pirlimycin resistant. Although no clinical breakpoints are available for the combination of kanamycin/cefalexin, growth of all strains was inhibited by the lowest combination of kanamycin/cefalexin concentrations tested (4 µg/mL of kanamycin and 0.4 µg/mL of cefalexin). One strain assigned to CC20, ST389, and t2094 exhibited resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, and pirlimycin as well as intermediate susceptibility to erythromycin and high minimum inhibitory concentration for several antimicrobial agents, for which no breakpoints were available.     

乳球菌属对抗生素最小抑菌浓度的分析

抗生素与乳酸菌一直被人们所关注,乳酸菌作为功能性发酵剂以及益生菌应用于发酵食品和饲料中并且安全性使用史的时间很自中国不同地区不同乳源的明串珠球菌属、乳球菌属、肠球菌属及嗜热链球菌属等4个种属的26株乳球菌为研究对象,采用16S rRNA对其进行基因序列的分析鉴定;用最小抑菌浓度(MIC,Minimum Inhibitory Concentration)法对其进行10种分别属于氨基糖苷类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、糖肽类、大环内酯类、苯丙醇类和安莎霉素类7类常见抗生素耐药性以及敏感性的解析,探讨不同抗生素对不同乳酸菌菌株的耐药性。结果表明,属于4个种属的26株乳球菌菌株对属于7类的10种常见抗生素的耐药性均有不同。本实验结果可以为人们在使用抗生素与乳酸菌时提供一定的参考,并在其共同应用过程中更合理化和安全化。     

鱿鱼鱼精蛋白的抑菌作用及在保鲜中的应用

以鱿鱼精巢组织为原料,从中分离提取鱼精蛋白。确定其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)后,将其添加到新鲜的鱼糜制品中,研究了pH值、无机成分、有机成分和其他化学物质对鱼精蛋白抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,鱼精蛋白是一种有效的天然食品防腐剂。     

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of frequently used antibiotics against Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes isolated from uteri of postpartum dairy cows

The objective of this study was to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of frequently used antimicrobials for Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes isolated from postpartum bovine uteri of cows with acute puerperal metritis (APM, n = 67), cows suspected to have APM (n = 37), and healthy cows (n = 37) and to evaluate possible differences in MIC according to clinical signs. Cows with APM had reddish-brown, fetid vaginal discharge and rectal temperature (RT) ≥39.5°C within 21 d in milk; cows suspected to have APM had either reddish-brown, fetid vaginal discharge or RT ≥39.5°C within 21 d in milk; and healthy cows had neither fetid discharge nor RT ≥39.5°C. Samples were collected from cows on commercial dairy herds (n = 7) using the cytobrush technique. A total of 37 T. pyogenes isolates and 85 E. coli isolates were tested. Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin that is often used to treat APM, was the focus of analysis. Trueperella pyogenes and E. coli were isolated more often from samples of cows with APM (46 and 90%, respectively) compared with samples from healthy cows (19 and 54%, respectively). Regarding cows suspected to have APM, T. pyogenes and E. coli were numerically more often isolated (30 and 70%, respectively) than in healthy cows (19 and 54%, respectively). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ceftiofur were low. For T. pyogenes and E. coli, MIC₅₀ (concentration that inhibited growth of 50% of isolates) were 0.25 and 0.5 µg/mL and MIC₉₀ (concentration that inhibited growth of 90% of isolates) were 0.5 and 1 µg/mL, respectively. Although ceftiofur inhibited all T. pyogenes at the highest concentration tested (64 µg/mL), the growth of 5.9% of E. coli was not impaired. Recently, ampicillin has been suggested as an alternative treatment for APM. Although the T. pyogenes isolates exhibited low MIC in general (MIC₅₀ ≤0.015 µg/mL and MIC₉₀ = 0.06 µg/mL) and 81.1% of all T. pyogenes could be inhibited at the lowest ampicillin concentration tested, 11.8% of the E. coli isolates were not impaired at the highest concentration (64 µg/mL) tested in this study. The MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of E. coli were 4 and ≥128 µg/mL, respectively. We detected no difference in the MIC distributions of ceftiofur or ampicillin among isolates from the 3 APM groups. In summary, E. coli with high MIC against ceftiofur as well as against ampicillin were found in this study.     

高良姜提取物抑菌活性及稳定性研究

采用牛津杯法与二倍梯度稀释法对高良姜提取液抑菌广谱性、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)进行研究,同时与食品常用的防腐剂山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠的最小抑菌浓度进行比较,并考查高良姜提取液的稳定性。结果表明,提取物对8种菌的抑菌活性依次为:金黄色葡萄球菌蜡样芽孢杆菌副溶血性弧菌苏云金芽孢杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌沙门氏菌希瓦氏菌大肠杆菌。对蜡样芽孢杆菌的MIC为0.012 5mg/mL,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0.098mg/mL,对大肠杆菌的MIC为1.56 mg/mL,山梨酸钾MIC为2.5mg/mL,苯甲酸钠MIC为25.0 mg/mL。在一定范围内高良姜提取液对pH、盐浓度、糖浓度稳定,对温度、紫外光照不稳定。高良姜提取物具有广泛的抑菌谱,抑菌效果强于山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠,有望成为新一代绿色防腐剂。     

黄芪提取物对细菌抑制作用的研究

本文以黄芪作为研究对象,利用制得的黄芪提取物对多种细菌进行了抑菌活性实验,结果表明:黄芪提取物抑菌作用因菌种不同而最低抑菌浓度有所不同,大肠杆菌为7.5%、产气杆菌为8%、变形杆菌为4.5%、金黄色葡萄球菌为9.5%、沙门氏菌10%,其抑菌直径分别为:大肠杆菌8.6mm、产气杆菌8.1mm、变形杆菌8.2mm、金黄色葡萄球菌7.7mm、沙门氏菌8.4mm,表明对常见细菌有较好的抑制作用,其抑菌效果与时间有一定关系,在121℃湿热条件下20min后黄芪提取物抑菌效果基本不变,说明制得的黄芪提取物具有良好的热稳定性。此外,黄芪提取物抑菌浓度与时间有关。     

Cefquinome sulfate behavior after intramammary administration in healthy and infected cows

Maintenance of adequate drug concentration at the site of infection is an important problem in mastitis antibiotic therapy, and the efficacy of intramammary β-lactams can be optimized by maintaining the drug concentration at the site of infection above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as long as possible. The most important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameter for efficacy evaluation is time during which drug concentrations exceed the MIC (t > MIC). In this study, we assessed the pharmacokinetic profile of cefquinome (CFQ) after repeated intramammary administration in healthy cows and cows subclinically infected with Staphylococcus aureus as well as the MIC of Staph. aureus field strains. In addition, the degree of drug passage was investigated from udder to bloodstream by measuring systemic drug absorption in healthy and infected animals. Cefquinome concentrations were quantified by HPLC (UV-visible detection) in milk samples collected from quarters and from blood serum samples. The systemic drug absorption was negligible in healthy and subclinically infected animals (maximum concentration 0.09 ± 0.02 and 0.1 ± 0.01 μg/mL in healthy and subclinically infected animals, respectively). The MIC₉₀ value for CFQ in Staph. aureus field strains (n = 20) was 0.24 μg/mL. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation, determined by t > MIC, showed an equal persistence of CFQ in all quarters, indicating an equivalent activity of the drug regardless of the pathological status of the udder. Moreover, with literature data regarding CFQ MIC, the t > MIC has been calculated for other bacterial species.