脱壳处理对火麻蛋白提取、功能特性和消化性的影响

以火麻仁粕和未脱壳火麻籽粕为原料,研究了脱壳处理对火麻蛋白回收率、色泽、溶解度、持水性、持油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性和消化性的影响.结果表明:从脱壳处理后的火麻仁粕中提取的火麻仁蛋白在蛋白质回收率(83.90％ ±0.69％)、蛋白质质量分数(88.56％ ±0.65％)和色泽上都显著(P<0.05)优于从未脱壳火麻籽粕中提取的火麻蛋白的蛋白质回收率(45.88％ ±0.51％)、蛋白质质量分数(81.97％ ±0.81％)和色泽.脱壳处理不改变火麻蛋白的溶解度曲线和氨基酸组成,但火麻仁蛋白的功能特性都优于未脱壳火麻蛋白.经过体外模拟消化后,火麻仁蛋白消化率达到92.66％ ±0.23％,显著(P<0.05)高于未脱壳火麻蛋白的消化率(78.93％ ±1.12％).研究表明,脱壳处理可作为从火麻籽粕中提取高品质火麻蛋白的一种必要手段.     

酶法制备火麻肽及其血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性研究

以火麻蛋白为原料,在碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味酶和木瓜蛋白酶4种单酶酶解火麻蛋白的基础上,再优选碱性+中性蛋白酶、碱性+风味酶、碱性+木瓜蛋白酶双酶分步对火麻蛋白进行酶解,酶解物(HPH)及其超滤组分的体外血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制活性采用高效液相检测法(HPLC)进行测定。结果得到火麻蛋白最佳酶解组合为碱性+中性蛋白酶,最佳工艺条件为:碱性蛋白酶加酶量8000 U/g,pH10.0,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间4 h;中性蛋白酶加酶量8000 U/g,pH7.0,酶解温度45℃,酶解时间4 h,分步酶解物水解度(DH)和ACE抑制活性分别达74.52%和82.14%,但其与超滤各组分对ACE抑制活性差异并不显著。该研究为产业化制备火麻降血压肽提供理论依据。     

火麻蛋白肽复合饮料研制

以火麻仁为原料制备火麻蛋白,通过复合酶酶解制备火麻蛋白肽,将其用于火麻蛋白肽复合饮料的制备,采用正交试验对复合饮料基础配方和稳定剂进行优化。确定火麻蛋白肽复合饮料最佳基础配方为纯净水70%、火麻蛋白肽液-苹果汁30%(火麻蛋白肽液与苹果汁体积比14∶16)、蔗糖添加量8%、D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量0. 03%;最佳复配稳定剂为黄原胶0. 03%、高酯果胶0. 01%、六偏磷酸钠0. 10%。据此生产的火麻蛋白肽复合饮料口感良好、香气自然、甜度适宜,流动性良好,在货架期内具有良好的产品稳定性。     

广西火麻膳食纤维提取及其特性研究

目的 为了揭示长寿地区膳食纤维与健康长寿的联系,本研究首先以火麻粕为切入点,优化火麻膳食纤维的提取工艺,并探索其益生特性。方法 以广西巴马特色食品—火麻为原料,以火麻膳食纤维提取率为指标,采用酶-碱法探索料液比、蛋白酶添加量、碱解时间、碱解温度,碱解pH对火麻膳食纤维提取率的影响,在此基础上进行响应面优化实验,再进一步对其有关特性进行研究。结果 在料液比1∶10(g∶mL),蛋白酶添加量为2.90%,碱解时间79 min,碱解温度58 ℃,碱解pH=10的条件下,火麻总膳食纤维的提取率达到73.98%。此时,火麻的SDF持水力、膨胀率、持油力、DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率分别为2.30±0.22 g/g、2.26±0.04 mL/g、4.04±0.20 g/g、54.29±4.80 %、34.69±4.65% 。火麻的IDF持水力、膨胀率、持油力、DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率分别为1.89±0.01 g/g、1.17±0.01 mL/g、4.12±0.24 g/g、97.25±2.13%、96.94±3.7%。结论 酶-碱法提取的火麻膳食纤维具有良好的持水力及膨胀率,较高的持油力及抗氧化活性。     

油茶籽粕分离蛋白及其超滤组分的功能特性研究

分析了油茶籽粕分离蛋白(茶籽蛋白)及其超滤组分(≥10 ku和10 ku)的化学组成与功能特性,探讨了p H和温度对其功能特性的影响。结果表明:茶籽蛋白及其超滤组分≥10 ku和10 ku的蛋白质量分数分别为85.7%、89.3%和84.2%,还含有少量的多糖、多酚及皂苷;超滤组分10 ku拥有良好的持油性,但持水性较差,而超滤组分≥10 ku则相反。超滤组分10 ku拥有良好的蛋白溶解性,泡沫稳定性较差;茶籽蛋白及其超滤组分≥10 ku显示出良好的泡沫稳定性和乳化性;p H和温度对其功能特性的影响因分子量差异而不同,超滤组分10 ku的温度耐性较强,80℃下依然拥有良好的乳化稳定性,但酸性环境中其乳化稳定性和泡沫稳定性较弱。茶籽蛋白及其超滤组分在60℃表现出最好的蛋白溶解性和乳化性。     

不同方法提取苜蓿叶蛋白效果的比较及表征

分别采用酸热法、碱化法和发酵法3种方法制备苜蓿叶蛋白,通过优化制备工艺并比较叶蛋白得率、氮含量、溶解性、起泡性与泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、持水性、吸油性等功能性质,并进行电镜观察表征。结果表明,发酵法制备苜蓿叶蛋白的得率和氮含量最高分别为14.9%和45.08%,明显高于酸化法和碱化法;比较其功能性质,碱化法制备的苜蓿叶蛋白在起泡性、持水性和吸油性上优于其他两种方法,分别为200.00%、5.40%和5.31%;发酵法制备的苜蓿叶蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性较好,分别为80.52%、78.60%和20.65%。扫描电镜观察3种方法所制备苜蓿叶蛋白的表面结构,碱化法制备的苜蓿叶蛋白结构疏松,且有一定程度的破坏,酸化法和发酵法的苜蓿叶蛋白表面结构紧密、连续完整,并发现发酵法还具有一定的降解效果。说明利用不同的方法制备苜蓿叶蛋白,其得率、氮含量、功能性质及表面结构有较大差异。     

火麻籽脱脂制取火麻粗蛋白的研究

为了获得高品质的火麻粗蛋白产品,将脱壳/带壳火麻籽进行低温压榨后,采用亚临界萃取工艺来进一步脱除压榨饼中油脂,研究了亚临界萃取温度、料液比、单次萃取时间和萃取温度对火麻低温压榨饼脱脂效果的影响。结果表明:在料液比为1∶10(g/m L),每次萃取时间为35 min,萃取次数为3次,萃取温度为32℃的条件下,制得的脱壳/带壳火麻籽粗蛋白粉的油脂含量分别为4.03%和1.43%,蛋白含量分别为75.31%和35.46%,蛋白溶解度分别为86.26%和71.52%。脱壳火麻蛋白的蛋氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸含量比带壳火麻蛋白高,胱氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸较带壳火麻蛋白略低,其它氨基酸差异不显著;脱壳火麻蛋白中的精氨酸含量高达133.84 mg/g蛋白,高于大豆蛋白和鸡蛋蛋白。研究结果为火麻蛋白的开发利用提供参考。     

超微粉碎冷榨火麻粕对法兰克福香肠品质特性的影响

研究不同添加量（0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%）的超微粉碎冷榨火麻粕（micronized cold pressed hemp meal,MCPHM）对法兰克福香肠品质特性的影响。结果表明：随着MCPHM添加量的增加,法兰克福香肠的蒸煮损失、乳化稳定性、硬度、弹性及咀嚼性呈现先增加后降低的趋势（P<0.05）;法兰克福香肠的水分活度随着MCPHM添加量的增加而显著降低,而pH值则显著增加（P<0.05）。因此,MCPHM能够有效改善法兰克福香肠的品质,并且在添加量为1.0%时具有最佳改善效果。     

复合酶解米渣制备蛋白肽的理化与功能性质研究

以米渣为原料,采用复合酶解法制备高水溶性米渣蛋白肽,并对其理化与功能性质进行了分析。结果表明:米渣蛋白肽中总肽含量为88.93%,短肽含量为13.05%,总糖含量为3.14%;氨基酸组成合理,能很好地满足体内营养需要;水中溶解度在pH9.0时最大,为99.15%;乳化性及乳化稳定性均呈现较好变化趋势,乳化性在pH9.0时最大,乳化稳定性在pH11.0时最大。     

不同工艺制备的大豆浓缩蛋白功能特性的比较

分别采用醇法、酸法和超滤的方法制备大豆浓缩蛋白,比较3种方法制备的浓缩蛋白在功能性质上的区别。结果表明:超滤法生产的浓缩蛋白其蛋白质含量、风味色泽、溶解性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均较突出,而泡沫稳定性则最差。     

蛋白含量对牦牛乳清蛋白浓缩物功能特性的影响

通过不同截留分子质量的再生纤维素膜过滤纯化牦牛原乳清液和牦牛甜乳清液,分别制取牦牛原乳清蛋白浓缩物（native whey protein concentrate,NWPC）和牦牛甜乳清蛋白浓缩物（sweet whey protein concentrate,SWPC）,研究蛋白含量不同的乳清蛋白浓缩物（whey protein concentrate,WPC）主要成分（乳糖含量、pH值和总蛋白质含量）和功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）的特征。结果表明：10 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得到的牦牛WPC中总蛋白含量达到80%以上,不含乳糖,功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）均显著高于经3 500 Da卷式膜、5 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得牦牛WPC,WPC蛋白含量越高,其功能特性越好;不同蛋白含量的牦牛SWPC起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均显著（P＜0.05）高于牦牛NWPC。牦牛乳WPC最不稳定温度为85 ℃,高于荷斯坦牛乳WPC的80 ℃,热处理会适当改善牦牛WPC的起泡性能、乳化性能和热稳定性。通过膜牦牛处理获取的高蛋白含量的WPC,功能特性较好,应用广泛,对解决牦牛乳清资源的利用问题、保护环境、提高企业的经济效益起到关键性作用。     

胶束化和碱溶酸沉提取羽扇豆蛋白的物化特性

利用胶束化和碱溶酸沉2 种提取方法从羽扇豆中提取羽扇豆蛋白,并对2 种方法提取羽扇豆蛋白的物化特性进行研究。结果表明：羽扇豆蛋白分子质量主要集中在18～90 kDa之间,是由多种分子质量的蛋白组成。碱溶酸沉提取羽扇豆蛋白的氨基酸总含量（66.2%）显著（P＜0.05）高于胶束化提取羽扇豆蛋白的氨基酸总含量（27.8%）。2 种提取方法提取羽扇豆蛋白的等电点pI接近5.0。胶束化提取羽扇豆蛋白的持水性显著（P＜0.05）高于碱溶液酸沉法提取的羽扇豆蛋白,而持油性无显著差异（P＞0.05）。碱溶酸沉法提取羽扇豆蛋白的起泡性在pH 2.0～6.0之间显著减小,在pH 6.0时起泡性最低,其泡沫稳定性的变化趋势与其起泡性类似。而胶束化提取羽扇豆蛋白的起泡性受pH值的影响不显著（P＞0.05）。胶束化提取的羽扇豆蛋白在pH 4.0时乳化性最小,然后随pH值的升高蛋白乳化活性也随之增加,2 种提取方法所提羽扇豆蛋白在pH 10.0时乳化活性最高。碱溶酸沉法提取的羽扇豆蛋白在pH 4.0时溶解度最小,而随着pH 4.0～10.0的增加,蛋白溶解度迅速增加。而胶束化提取羽扇豆蛋白的溶解度随pH 2.0～10.0的升高也逐渐增大。该研究为羽扇豆蛋白在食品工业中的开发与应用提供一定理论支持。     

Relationship between physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) protein isolates

Protein isolates from six amaranth lines/cultivars (APIs) were evaluated to study their physicochemical (hunter colour, protein content and zeta potential), structural (thermal and conformational) and functional (emulsification, foaming, water and fat absorption) properties. APIs had protein content, whiteness index and gel temperature in range of 79.4–85.4%, 41.17–54.26 and 87.8–91.8 °C, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectra of APIs revealed α‐helix, β‐sheets and random coil conformations in the secondary structure. APIs with higher relative proportion of β‐sheets had higher Differential Scanning Calorimeter denaturation temperature and gel temperature. Minimum protein solubility (PS) was observed at pH 5.0, indicating isoelectric point (pI) of amaranth proteins. The PS, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of APIs at neutral pH were related to their zeta potential (ζ). The emulsifying and foaming properties were also determined at different pHs (between 2.0 and 9.0). The EAI‐pH profile of APIs confirmed close relationship between the emulsifying ability and PS.     

Effects of limited enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin on the functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate

Effects of limited enzymatic hydrolysis induced by trypsin on the physicochemical and functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate (HPI) were investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysis was confirmed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses confirmed the presence of aggregates in the corresponding hydrolysates (with the degree of hydrolysis of 2.3–6.7%). Functional properties, including protein solubility (PS), thermal properties, emulsifying and foaming properties, and water holding and fat adsorption capacities (WHC and FAC) were evaluated. The PS was remarkably improved by the limited enzymatic hydrolysis at all tested pH values. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis led to the marked decreases in emulsifying activity index, foaming capacity and foam stability, WHC and FAC. These decreases were to a great extent related to the presence of aggregates in the hydrolysates.     

高固形物浓度对大豆分离蛋白酸性蛋白酶酶解产物功能特性的影响

本文系统研究了提高固形物浓度对酸性蛋白酶酶法改性大豆分离蛋白分子量分布、氮溶解指数、分散稳定性、持水力、乳化性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性的影响。结果表明:大豆分离蛋白经过酸性蛋白酶控制酶解制备的改性大豆分离蛋白,其产物氮溶解指数、起泡性均有明显提高,分散稳定性略有提高;但持水力、乳化性、泡沫稳定性有所降低。在相同水解度下,随着酶解体系中固形物浓度的提高,改性大豆分离蛋白的分散稳定性、持水力、乳化活性均呈上升趋势,酶解产物中分子量小于10 kDa的肽段以及氮溶解指数呈下降趋势。当水解度小于8%时,低浓度酶解产物起泡性高于高浓度酶解产物,而水解度超过8%时,高浓度酶解产物起泡性大体高于低浓度酶解产物。     

Modified Soy Proteins with Improved Foaming and Water Hydration Properties

Soy proteins were modified by alkali treatment at pH 10.0, followed by papain hydrolysis. Solubility, water hydration capacity (WHC), surface hydrophobicity, foaming and emulsifying properties of unmodified, alkali-treated, and papain-modified soy protein (PMSP) were compared. PMSP exhibited higher solubility (100% at pH > 7.0), WHC (3.13) and hydrophobicity (40.8) than unmodified soy protein which had solubility 68.5%, WHC 0.21, and hydrophobicity 8.1. The PMSP had foaming capacity (22.0 mL) similar to egg white (21.2 mL) at pH 7.0; and enhanced foam stability (36.4) compared to the unmodified control (32.9). In general, alkali-treated soy had lower functional properties. Emulsifying properties of PMSP and alkali treated soy were unchanged by the modification. PMSP could be used as an egg white substitute in foaming applications at neutral pH.     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

Enzymatic and extrusion pretreatments of defatted rice bran to improve functional properties of protein concentrates

This study evaluated effects of enzymatic, extrusion and combined pretreatments on functional and thermal properties of protein concentrates from defatted rice bran to improve their applicability to food formulations. After the pretreatments, protein concentrates were recovered by alkaline solubilisation and isoelectric point precipitation. Water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying and foaming properties, and thermal stability were determined in protein concentrates. Yields of each pretreatment were above 62% protein. Enzymatic hydrolysis increased all functional properties studied, mainly for emulsifying activity index (an increase of 71.1%) and foaming capacity (an increase of 60.3%). The extrusion affected positively the oil absorption capacity, emulsifying activity index and foaming capacity. The combined process was able to raise the functional properties. The principal component analysis confirmed that 95.5% improvement in functional properties of concentrates had a strong positive correlation with the pretreatments. However, the pretreatments affected thermal stability and the enthalpy of denaturation negatively.     

Enhancement of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity and improvement of the emulsifying and foaming properties of corn gluten hydrolysate using ultrafiltration membranes

In this study, we attempted to enhance angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity using an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of fractions. ACE inhibitory activities of the corn gluten hydrolysate prepared by Flavourzyme had the same trend as protein contents and the IC₅₀ value was 0.18 mg solid after 8 h hydrolysis. The hydrolysate was separated by using two kinds of UF membrane (10 and 5 kDa cut-off membranes) and three fractions, >10 kDa, 5–10 kDa, and <5 kDa, were obtained. The yields of these three fractions were 58.3%, 27.2% and 14.5% as dry matter, respectively. The IC₅₀ value (the concentration of ACE inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of the ACE activity under specific conditions) of the <5 kDa fraction was 0.05 mg solid and was approximately fourfold that of the original, 5–10, and >10 kDa fractions. The average hydrophobicity of the <5 kDa fraction was slightly lower than that of the others according to the hydrophobicity index of Nozaki and Tanford, but according to the Krigbaum and Meirovitch index, that of the <5 kDa fraction was slightly higher than those of the others, showing there might be no significant differences among the fractions. The emulsifying activity and emulsion stability in the <5 kDa fraction was higher than those in the other fractions. Two fractions, <5 kDa and >10 kDa, showed poor foaming capacity at below pH 6.0. The foam stabilities of two fractions (<5 kDa and >10 kDa) increased with increasing pH, but that of 5–10 kDa decreased with increasing pH. The UF treatment was an effective method for the enhancement of ACE inhibitory activity with improvement of functional properties.     

碱性蛋白酶限制性酶解对蓝圆鲹分离蛋白功能特性的影响

以蓝圆鲹（Decapterus maruadsi）分离蛋白为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶对其进行限制性酶解,研究水解度（degree of hydrolysis,DH）对分离蛋白酶解产物溶解性、持油力、乳化性与起泡性等功能特性的影响。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的相对分子质量显著下降。酶解可有效提高分离蛋白的溶解性,其溶解度随DH增加而增加。与对照组相比,分离蛋白经酶解后,产物乳化性与起泡性均显著提高,并呈现先升高后降低的趋势。不同DH酶解产物在pH值为4.0时的乳化性和起泡性最低;当pH值为10.0时,DH5（DH=5%）的乳化性最高（（100.9±0.7）m2/g）;当pH值为7.0时,DH5起泡性最高（（227.3±3.8）%）。除DH20外,其他组的持油力均有显著提高,其中DH5的持油力最高,达3.50 g/g（油/蛋白）。结果表明,一定程度的水解可以显著提高蓝圆鲹分离蛋白的功能特性。本研究为鱼蛋白在食品蛋白配料中的应用提供了一定理论参考。