虾夷扇贝肌肉丝氨酸蛋白酶的研究

为了探究虾夷扇贝肌肉冷藏过程中内源蛋白酶对其质构的影响,本文对虾夷扇贝肌肉在4 ℃下冷藏7 d过程中肌肉质构及蛋白变化进行测定,结果表明,整个冷藏过程中扇贝肌肉硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和粘性整体呈下降趋势。SDS-PAGE分析显示肌肉蛋白在第3 d开始出现明显降解。在内源酶活力方面,丝氨酸蛋白酶（Serine proteinase,SP）活力在冷藏2 d后开始急剧下降。通过硫酸铵盐析、离子交换、凝胶过滤和疏水柱层析等从虾夷扇贝肌肉中获得高度纯化的丝氨酸蛋白酶并对其酶学性质进行研究。SDS-PAGE和明胶酶谱结果表明,SP在天然状态下主要以分子量约为52 kDa的二聚体形式存在。SP的最适pH为9.0,最适温度为37 ℃。SP特异性水解羧基侧P₁位含有精氨酸或赖氨酸残基的底物。丝氨酸蛋白酶特异性抑制剂PMSF、Leupeptin、Pefabloc SC、Benzamidine分别能抑制其97%、98%、90%和85%的酶活力;金属离子Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+也能明显抑制SP的酶活力。37 ℃下SP可有效降解扇贝肌原纤维蛋白,为揭示SP对扇贝肌肉蛋白的品质影响提供参考。     

凡纳滨对虾组织蛋白酶L性质分析及其对肌肉蛋白的降解

本研究从凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中纯化获得一种组织蛋白酶L,其分子质量约为31 k D,肽质量指纹图谱分析得到8个片段共112个氨基酸残基,与报道的凡纳滨对虾组织蛋白酶L序列完全一致。该酶的最适温度和最适pH值分别为35℃和5.5,且在0~40℃以及pH 5.5~6.5之间酶活力稳定。该酶仅对底物Z-Phe-Arg-MCA特异分解。半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂E-64和Leupeptin对其有明显的抑制作用,而金属蛋白酶抑制剂乙二胺四乙酸和乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸对其有少量的激活作用。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,随着低温贮藏时间的延长,对虾肌肉纤维的断裂程度不断增加。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示,组织蛋白酶L可使肌肉蛋白发生分解,推测其可能参与对虾低温贮藏过程中肌肉的降解。     

鲢鱼肌原纤维结合型丝氨酸蛋白酶的研究

本文研究了白鲢鱼肌肉中肌原纤维结合型丝氨酸蛋白酶(myofibril-bound serine proteinase，MBSP)的作用。SDS-PAGE结果显示肌原纤维在55～60℃下加热后肌球蛋白重链有明显的分解现象。长时间加热也导敛α-辅肌动蛋白，肌动蛋白和原肌球蛋白的分解。此结果表明鲢鱼肌肉中存在肌原纤维结合型蛋白酶。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(Pefabloc SC和利马豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂)及金属蛋白酶抑制剂EDTA有效抑制了肌球蛋白重链的分解，而其它酶类的抑制剂小产生任何作用，提示该酶为需金属离子激活的肌原纤维结合型丝氨酸蛋白酶。     

嗜热芽孢杆菌高温蛋白酶HS08的化学修饰研究

分离纯化了嗜热芽孢杆菌产生的耐高温蛋白酶HS08,以SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和Superdax75预装柱凝胶过滤,测定蛋白酶HS08的分子质量为30.6ku,同时研究了酶专一性抑制剂对酶活性的影响。结果表明,蛋白酶HS08的活性被酶活性中心丝氨酸残基专一性抑制剂PMSF以及金属离子螯合剂EDTA强烈抑制,而NBS、WRK、TNBS、Phenylgloxalhydrate等修饰剂对酶活性无明显抑制作用。K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+等金属离子对酶活性影响实验结果表明,Zn2+可使该酶活性明显提高,Cu2+对该酶活性有抑制作用。因此,该酶属于金属离子激活的丝氨酸族蛋白酶。蛋白酶HS08的酶动力学实验表明,以BSA为底物,PMSF可使蛋白酶HS08最大反应速率Vmax下降50%,而对其米氏常数Km影响不大。     

枯草芽孢杆菌HS18碱性蛋白酶分离纯化及其性质研究

从合浦珠母贝肠道中分离鉴定到酶菌株枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）HS18,将枯草芽孢杆菌HS18的发酵液,经过硫酸铵盐析、DEAE-Sephadex A-50柱层析、Sephadex G-100柱层析3步纯化后得到了单一的酶蛋白,回收率为11.4%;经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得酶蛋白分子量约为31ku;该蛋白酶最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH10.0;K＋及Na＋对酶有明显激活作用;丝氨酸蛋白酶特异性抑制剂（PMSF）能强烈抑制酶活性。表明所纯化到的蛋白酶为丝氨酸碱性蛋白酶。     

芽孢杆菌NCB-01胞外蛋白酶酶学特性的初步研究

该实验对来自于渤海海域沉积物的芽孢杆菌NCB-01分泌的胞外蛋白酶的酶学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,该蛋白酶的最适作用温度为60 ℃,最适pH值为8.0,在50 ℃以下及pH值7.0～9.0的范围内酶稳定性良好。该酶具有较好的金属离子耐受能力,Fe2+、K+、Na+、Mn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+对酶活均有不同程度的激活作用。丝氨酸蛋白酶特异性抑制剂（PMSF）能强烈抑制该酶的酶活性,表明该蛋白酶为丝氨酸碱性蛋白酶。非离子型表面活性剂Tween-20、Tween-80及Triton X-100和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对酶活均有较强的抑制作用。该酶具有良好的耐盐性。其米氏常数（Km）为1.11 mg/mL,最大反应速率（Vmax）为91.74 μg/（min·mL）,说明该碱性蛋白酶与酪蛋白的亲和力好,特异性强。     

蓝圆鲹肌肉组织蛋白酶B的纯化与性质分析

在鱼糜制品生产过程中,凝胶劣化现象是引起鱼糜品质下降的重要原因。研究表明,溶酶体中的内源性组织蛋白酶B会促进肌原纤维蛋白的降解,进而导致鱼糜凝胶劣化。迄今为止,多种鱼体肌肉中的组织蛋白酶B已有研究,但海水经济低值鱼蓝圆鲹中该酶的情况却尚未报道。本研究采用硫酸铵沉淀和柱层析相结合的方法,从蓝圆鲹肌肉中分离纯化得到分子量约为27ku的组织蛋白酶B。酶学性质结果显示,该酶最适温度和最适pH分别为55℃和5.5,半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂E-64能有效抑制其活性。对肌原纤维蛋白的降解实验表明,在最适条件下,蓝圆鲹组织蛋白酶B对肌原纤维蛋白有一定的降解作用。因此,组织蛋白酶B参与肌原纤维蛋白的降解,更可能参与在低pH条件下鱼糜凝胶劣化。     

不同PH值条件下166蛋白酶对胶原蛋白的影响

前言 pH值对酶法脱毛及软化是一个比较重要的因素,它常与脱毛后裸皮毛孔模糊、皮空松等现象有关。就酶的性质而言,每一种酶均有它最适的pH值,但往往与该酶用来脱毛、软化时的最适pH值差异较大。例如,166蛋白酶的最适pH值为7～8的范围。而以166蛋白酶脱毛时,使用者多数采用pH8.0以上,也有采用pH7—8的。酶本身的最适pH值,一般是指对某种底物水解能力最强的pH值范围。如166蛋白酶是针对底物酪蛋     

刺参体壁胰/类胰丝氨酸蛋白酶的性质及其在自溶中的作用

以刺参体壁中丝氨酸蛋白酶为研究对象,对其部分酶学性质及其与刺参自溶的关系进行研究。采用Tris-HCl缓冲溶液提取、硫酸铵盐析、透析及超滤获得刺参体壁粗酶液。结果显示,以Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-MCA为底物时,粗酶液的丝氨酸蛋白酶活力最高;以其为底物,测得该类蛋白酶在pH值为6.2和8.5时呈现较强酶活力峰值,两者最适温度范围均为50～55?℃;Cu2＋、Fe3＋、Pb2＋、Zn2＋强烈抑制该酶的活性,Ca2＋可提高该酶活力;邻菲咯啉、乙二胺四乙酸以及半胱氨酸修饰剂均能够部分抑制该酶活力。4-(2-氨乙基)苯磺酰氟盐酸盐、苯甲基磺酰氟、Na-对甲苯磺酰-L-苯丙氨酸氯甲基酮、(3S)-7-氨基-1-氯-3-磺酰氨基-2-庚酮盐酸盐、大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂能够显著抑制蛋白酶的活力以及自溶过程中可溶性蛋白、三氯乙酸可溶性多肽的生成。上述结果表明,刺参体壁中存在至少2?种具有一定的金属离子依赖性的胰/类胰丝氨酸蛋白酶,其活性中心或底物识别位点可能有半胱氨酸的参与,该类蛋白酶很可能参与刺参自溶过程中蛋白质的降解。     

嗜热芽孢杆菌HSO8耐热中性蛋白酶的分离纯化及部分特性研究

从高温土壤中分离出1株产耐热中性蛋白酶的嗜热芽孢杆菌,研究了该酶的分离纯化与生化特性.蛋白酶经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-100HR凝胶层析分离纯化后,纯化倍数提高4.25倍,产率5.1%;经SDS-PAGE电泳测得其分子质量为30.9 kDa.酶的最适温度与pH试验表明,其最适温度为65 ℃,最适pH为7.5,并在50 ℃时保持1 h以上的稳定.该蛋白酶活性受到EDTA的抑制,Zn2+能提高酶活性,该酶为金属蛋白酶.改性酪蛋白(Azocasein)、酪蛋白、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)等3种底物专一性试验表明,改性酪蛋白是其最适底物.     

Degradation of myofibrillar proteins by a myofibril-bound serine proteinase in the skeletal muscle of crucian carp (Carasius auratus)

A myofibril-bound serine proteinase (MBSP) in the skeletal muscle of crucian carp (Carasius auratus) was identified. Hydrolysis of myofibrillar proteins by the endogenous MBSP was studied. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) was degraded markedly when crucian carp myofibril was incubated at 55 °C, as shown by SDS-PAGE. Prolonged incubation of myofibril at 55 °C also caused the obvious degradation of tropomyosin, while the decomposition of other myofibrillar proteins, such as α-actinin and actin, was slight, as detected by Western blotting. The results suggest the existence of an endogenous myofibril-associated proteinase in crucian carp myofibril, which efficiently cleaves MHC and tropomyosin. Serine proteinase inhibitors (Lima bean trypsin inhibitor, PMSF and benzamidine) greatly suppressed the degradation of MHC, caused by the enzyme, while inhibitors for cysteine, metallo-, and aspartic proteinases showed only partial or incomplete inhibitory effects, indicating that the endogenous proteinase is a serine proteinase. Substrate specificity analysis, using partially purified crucian carp MBSP, suggested that the enzyme is a trypsin-like serine proteinase.     

Proteinase inhibition of fish muscle enzymes using legume seed extracts.

Seed extracts from indigenous and introduced legumes were prepared and used to search for inhibitors of fish muscle proteinases. Fish flesh extracts were prepared from samples of Merluccius productus (Pacific whiting or merluza) obtained off the Oregon coast and in the Gulf of California, respectively. The proteinase activity in the fish muscle for the Pacific whiting was the highest, followed by parasitized merluza. The lowest proteinase activity was for the nonparasitized merluza. Six out of 12 seed extracts reduced the proteinase activity from the fish flesh by more than 50%. The reduction of enzyme activity was higher for samples of fish flesh extracts from the Gulf of California than for the Oregon samples. Seed extracts also reduced the proteinase activity of commercial serine and cysteine proteinases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain. This inhibitory capacity was maintained even after heating the seed extracts to 90 degrees C for 15 min. Several seed extracts show promise for use as proteinase inhibitors during production of surimi, the intended commercial product of massive fisheries such as Pacific whiting or merluza.     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MYOFIBRIL-BOUND SERINE PROTEINASE FROM THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF SILVER CARP

Recently, a myofibril‐bound serine proteinase (MBSP) in the skeletal muscle of silver carp was identified. MBSP could be dissociated from myofibrils by treatment at pH 4.0. Following ultrafiltration concentration and chromatography on Sephacryl S‐200, High Q ion‐exchange and affinity column of Arginine Sepharose‐4B, MBSP was partially purified. The enzyme with an estimated molecular weight of 28 kDa cleaves synthetic fluorogenic substrates specifically at the carboxyl sites of arginine and lysine residues. MBSP activity is suppressed by serine proteinase inhibitors such as Pefabloc SC, lima bean trypsin inhibitor and benzamidine; it is insensitive to Pepstatin, l ‐3‐carboxy‐trans‐2, 3‐epoxypropionyl‐l ‐leucine‐4‐guanidinobutylamide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, suggesting MBSP is a trypsin‐like serine proteinase. Optimal profiles of pH and temperature of the enzyme are 8.5 and 55C, respectively. Hydrolysis of myofibrillar proteins such as myosin heavy chain, actin and tropomyosin by purified MBSP occurred especially at around 55C, consistent with our proposal that MBSP plays a significant role in the Modori phenomenon.     

Characteristics of an alkaline proteinase and exopeptidase from shrimp (Penaeus indicus) muscle

Activities of an alkaline proteinase and an exopeptidase were detected in the muscle of shrimp. Both enzymes could be extracted with unbuffered 0.5% KCI. The shrimp muscle alkaline proteinase, optimally active at pH 8.0 and 60°C, was partially purified and characterized. The heat stable enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 250 KDa. Protein substrates such as casein, azocasein, azocoll and hemoglobin were hydrolyzed by the enzyme while it showed no action on bovine serum albumin and the synthetic substrates of proteinases. Active site directed inhibition experiments suggested that the enzyme was a metal-dependent serine proteinase. The shrimp exopeptidase cleaving amino acid naphthylamides at pH 6.8 and 40°C exhibited the characteristics of an aminopeptidase because of its susceptibility to bestatin, puromycin and a metal chelator.     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SERINE PROTEINASE FROM THE TUNA PYLORIC CAECA

A 15.0 kDa serine proteinase with collagenase activity from pyloric caeca of tuna, Thunnus thynnus, was purified in four steps; acetone precipitation, gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G‐100, ion‐exchange chromatography on a DEAE‐Sephadex α‐50 and gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G‐75 column. The purification and yield were 30.5‐fold and 0.023%, respectively, as compared with those in the starting crude extract. The optimum pH and temperature for the purified collagenolytic enzyme were around pH 7.5 and 55C, respectively. The purified proteinase was strongly inhibited by metal ions (Hg²⁺ and Zn²⁺) and serine proteinase inhibitors (PMSF, TLCK and soybean trypsin inhibitor) suggesting it is a serine protease. The K_m and V_max of the purified enzyme for collagen type I were approximately 3.82 mM and 851.5 U, respectively.     

NEUTRAL AND ALKALINE MUSCLE PROTEASES OF MARINE FISH AND INVERTEBRATES A REVIEW

Muscle proteases active at neutral and alkaline pH's include calcium-activated neutral proteases, heat-activated thiol proteases, serine proteases, and metallo-proteases. They participate to different extents in postmortem degradation of fish muscle myofibrillar and scaffold proteins. Their activity in fish, the presence of endogenous activators and inhibitors, pH, and temperature. Recent studies indicate that neutral and alkaline proteases have more impact on the postmortem deterioration in quality of fish muscles than the cathepsins active at acid pH. Significant quality losses are caused by enzymatic collagen degradation in raw tissues and by heat-activated enzymes in fish gels.     

IDENTIFICATION OF A MYOFIBRIL-BOUND SERINE PROTEINASE IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF SILVER CARP

Myofibril‐bound serine proteinase (MBSP) in the skeletal muscle of silver carp was characterized. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) degraded markedly when silver carp myofibril was incubated at 55–60C as shown by SDS‐PAGE. Prolonged incubation of myofibrils also caused the degradation of other myofibrillar proteins such as α‐actinin, actin and tropomyosin to some degree. The results suggest the existence of an endogenous myofibril associated proteinase. Serine proteinase inhibitors (Pefabloc SC and Lima bean trypsin inhibitor) greatly suppressed the degradation of myosin heavy chain, while inhibitors for cysteine, metallo, and aspartic proteinases did not show any effect, indicating that the endogeneous proteinase is a myofibril‐bound serine proteinase.     

Identification of a cysteine proteinase from Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) hepatopancreas as cathepsin L

A cysteine proteinase from Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) hepatopancreas was partially purified by a two step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography and further by SDS–PAGE. The molecular weight of the proteinase was 24 kDa determined by SDS–PAGE and 23.7 kDa with mass spectrometry. The activity had an optimum pH of 4.5 and optimum temperature of 55 °C under the assay for cathepsin L specific synthetic substrate Z-PAAFC. The cathepsin B and H specific synthetic substrates Z-AAAFC and H-AMC did not show any hydrolysis with the partially purified enzyme. Peptide mapping of trypsin digests of the 24 kDa band from SDS–PAGE showed the squid cysteine proteinase was homologous to cathepsin L from different animal sources. The activity of the partially purified fraction with the cathepsin L specific substrate Z-PAAFC was inhibited 75–89% by enzyme inhibitors specific for cysteine proteinases but was also significantly inhibited by serine and aspartate proteinase inhibitors.     

PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TROPOMYOSIN-BOUND SERINE PROTEINASE FROM THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF YELLOW CROAKER (PSEUDOSCIAENA CROCEA)

A myofibril‐bound serine proteinase (MBSP) in the skeletal muscle of yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) was isolated from myofibril by heat treatment and chromatographies on Sephacryl S‐200, fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) on Mono Q column and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Bio‐Sil SEC‐125 column. A single protein band with a molecular weight of 34 kDa was observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Optimum temperature and pH of the purified protein was 55C and 8.0. Inhibitor susceptibility analysis indicated that the enzymatic activity was effectively suppressed by serine proteinase inhibitors such as Pefabloc 4‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride and aprotinin, while inhibitors for other proteinases (namely cysteine, asparatic and metallo) did not show any inhibitory effect. At the last purification stage, the electrophoretic study revealed that the proteinase associated with tropomyosin, as the N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the 34 kDa main band protein, exhibited high sequence homology (90%) to α‐tropomyosin from white croaker, human and rat. This result suggested that yellow croaker MBSP is an α‐tropomyosin‐binding proteinase.     

Purification and characterization of intracellular proteinase from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei LLG

The intracellular proteinase of Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei LLG was isolated in the cytoplasmic fraction with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5). The enzyme was purified by the fast protein liquid chromatography system equipped with ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. This proteinase comprised a single monomeric form and had a molecular weight of about 55 kDa and an isoelectric point near pH 4.9. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were determined to be pH 6.5 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was inactivated by metal-chelating compounds (EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline) and less affected by serine proteinase inhibitors (diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Proteinase activity was increased by Ca++, Mn++, and Co++, and inhibited by Cu++, Mg++, and Zn++. The activity of this enzyme to hydrolyze casein appeared to be more active on beta-casein than alphas1-casein and kappa-casein as monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.