竹笋壳水解液中生物转化木糖醇发酵条件优化

该研究以热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis）为出发菌株,以竹笋壳水解液为木糖来源,进行木糖醇生物转化。对木糖发酵工艺中的起始pH、发酵温度、装液量、接种量及转速进行优化,确定最佳条件。结果表明,在起始pH 6.0、发酵温度35 ℃、装液量60 mL/250 mL、接种量8%和转速160 r/min条件下,木糖醇质量浓度为（10.8±0.2） mg/mL,转化率达到（61.5±2.5）%。     

木糖发酵菌株生产乙醇工艺条件的研究

以从土壤中筛选得到利用木糖高产乙醇的菌株LJ-45为出发菌株,在不同的工艺条件下进行木糖发酵生产乙醇的研究.确定最佳优化发酵条件:发酵温度为30℃,pH值为5.0,转速为90r/min,接种量为8%,装液量为120mL/250mL.在此发酵最佳条件组合下进行木糖发酵试验,乙醇产量最大为15.17g/L,木糖醇含量为7.94g/L.     

热带假丝酵母发酵法生产木糖醇的研究

目的利用热带假丝酵母研究发酵木糖生产木糖醇的发酵条件。方法采用摇瓶发酵对发酵生产条件,如培养基中初始木糖浓度、接种量和通气量、氮源、pH等进行优化,通过测定发酵液中木糖的残留量、木糖醇的转化率来确定适合的发酵工艺。结果通过实验得到最佳培养基条件为:初始木糖50g/L,蛋白胨5g/L,酵母粉10g/L,硫酸镁0.5g/L、磷酸二氢钾5g/L,硫酸铵1g/L;最佳发酵条件为:pH 6.0,摇瓶发酵装液量50mL/250mL,转速200 r/min,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间28h。结论优化了木糖醇的发酵工艺。     

木糖发酵生产2,3-丁二醇条件的优化

利用一株肺炎克雷伯氏菌发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇,运用单因素试验和四因素三水平L9(34)正交试验设计的方法,探讨发酵pH、温度、装液量和转速对2,3-丁二醇产量的影响.结果表明:在木糖浓度80 g/L、接种量6%(体积分数)、初始pH值6.0、转速120 r/min、装液量80mL/250mL、35℃的条件下发酵84h,木糖利用率为90%,2,3-丁二醇的质量浓度为33.0g/L,得率为0.46g,g,达到理论值的92%.     

土壤中产木糖醇酵母菌株的筛选其发酵条件优化

本文以木糖为唯一碳源从土壤中筛选得到可以耐受高浓度木糖的菌株,再经过复筛选出一株高产木糖醇的酵母菌株Y-9。经高效液相色谱(HPLC)和红外扫描分析,确定菌株Y-9发酵利用木糖转化得到的主要产物为木糖醇。通过单因素实验、正交试验等手段,对菌株Y-9发酵产木糖醇的培养基组分和发酵条件进行了优化,进一步提高了目的菌株的木糖醇产率和转化率,确定了菌株Y-9摇瓶发酵木糖转化木糖醇的最优培养基和发酵条件。在木糖初始浓度为200 g/L,氮源为酵母膏3.0 g/L,硫酸铵2.0 g/L,玉米浆10.0 mL/L,硫酸镁0.1 g/L,初始pH为6.0,转速为180 r/min,接种量为4%的条件下,菌株Y-9的木糖醇产率为160 g/L左右,木糖醇生成速率为1.67 g/L.h,木糖/木糖醇转化率达到80%以上,是一株具有良好工业化研究开发价值的木糖醇生产菌株。     

热带假丝酵母利用酒糟水解液发酵生产木糖醇的初步研究

对热带假丝酵母(C.tropicalis)AY91009利用酒糟(丢糟)水解液发酵木糖醇进行了初步研究。结果表明:最佳发酵时间48h,最佳种子龄22h。摇瓶分批发酵工艺条件的最佳组合是:起始pH5.5,接种量15%(v/v),装液量135mL,氮源加入量为10mL含有10g/L酵母膏和20g/L蛋白胨的有机氮源。除水解液本身含有的木糖外,1/10的葡萄糖加入量(w/w)有利于菌体生长和木糖醇的转化,蔗糖则会抑制木糖醇的生成。培养基中添加6g/L的NaCl、3g/L的KH2PO4、0.2g/L的MgSO4.7H2O有利于木糖醇的积累。     

正交旋转试验优化产Ⅱa类细菌素乳酸菌的扩大发酵条件

利用前期实验数据,通过五因子二次正交旋转试验对扩大发酵条件进行优化,考察了转速、装液量、接种量、温度和不同初始pH值对产Ⅱ a类细菌素屎肠球菌发酵的影响.得到发酵培养基最佳条件:转速150 r/min.接种量2%,装液量450mL,温度30℃,初始pH值6.5.     

结冷胶发酵生产工艺研究

通过新型制备菌种等原料发酵制备结冷胶。研究通过单因素实验和正交试验,以发酵所得结冷胶的黏度和产胶率为指标,对发酵时间、接种时间、装液量、接种量、温度、pH、摇床转速等条件进行优化。结果表明:优发酵时间为60h,接种时间为20h,装液量为10%,接种量为10%,温度为30℃,pH为7.2,摇床转速为220rpm时产胶率达到1.41%。为工业化发酵制备结冷胶,提高产胶率提供参考。     

紫色红曲霉液态发酵产糖化酶的工艺研究

通过培养基和发酵条件的优化提高紫色红曲霉G6液态发酵产糖化酶活力。研究接种菌龄、碳源、氮源、金属离子、培养基初始pH、接种量、装液量、摇床转速以及温度等对产酶的影响。结果表明,最佳培养基配方(w/v)为大米粉8%,蛋白胨1%,KCl0.1%,ZnSO_40.01%,FeSO_40.005%,MnSO40.015%,培养基初始pH为4.0;最适发酵条件:装液量50mL/250mL,转速150r/min,温度32℃,接种量12%(v/v);在此条件下发酵10d,糖化酶活力为1652.36U/mL比优化前(109.54U/mL)提高了14.08倍。     

黑曲霉发酵产木糖苷酶工艺优化

为充分再利用玉米芯粉这种农副产品资源,以黑曲霉为菌种,进行黑曲霉液态发酵玉米芯粉产木糖苷酶的研究。首先采用单因素试验,以黑曲霉发酵过程中产生的木糖苷酶活力为响应值,考察发酵周期、发酵温度、接种量、初始发酵pH值、装液量和摇瓶转速对木糖苷酶活力的影响。结果表明:发酵时间144 h、发酵温度34℃、接种量7%、初始发酵pH 3.0、摇瓶转速180 r/min、装液量110 mL/300 mL为该菌产木糖苷酶的最佳发酵条件。然后在上述最佳发酵条件的基础上,结合Plackett-Burman试验、最低添加量试验、最陡爬坡试验和响应面中心组合试验确定了最佳产酶培养基组分为:玉米芯粉31.55 g/L,酵母粉8.00 g/L,蛋白胨5.48 g/L,硫酸镁0.70 g/L,氯化钠1.00 g/L,氯化钙1.50 g/L。利用软件构建二次式模型,模型决定系数R2为0.991 0,调整决定系数R2为0.982 9。回归方程的方差分析结果表明,模型显著有效,失拟项P值大于0.05,适用于产酶的理论预测。经过上述优化后菌株产木糖苷酶活力是优化前的8.89倍。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.