糖基化反应改善水产蛋白功能特性的研究进展

糖基化反应是改善蛋白质功能特性的一种有效方法。本文主要介绍蛋白质糖基化反应的机理、糖基化反应对水产蛋白功能特性的影响以及国内外的研究进展。     

糖基化反应对乳清蛋白-乳糖复合物乳化性的影响

糖基化反应是改善蛋白质功能特性的一种有效方法.研究了糖基化反应对乳清蛋白-乳糖复合物乳化性的影响.结果表明,糖基化反应能够改善乳清蛋白-乳糖复合物的乳化性和乳化稳定性.     

糖基化反应对鸡蛋清蛋白与低聚麦芽糖交联物活性和功能性的影响

本文以鸡蛋清蛋白与低聚麦芽糖为原料,进行糖基化修饰反应,以接枝度和褐变程度等指标分析糖基化程度,并研究糖基化修饰反应对接枝产物生物活性和功能特性的影响。结果表明,湿热法加热2 h的反应产物接枝度最高,褐变程度较小,即反应产物大多是初级阶段末期或中间阶段产物。糖基化修饰反应提高了鸡蛋清蛋白的金属还原力和清除DPPH自由基的能力,同时还可增强其螯合亚铁离子的能力。功能特性分析表明,糖基化修饰反应可提高鸡蛋清蛋白的溶解度和热稳定性,而不影响其乳化稳定性和乳化活性。同时,体外模拟消化实验表明,糖基化修饰反应降低了鸡蛋清蛋白的消化性,这可能与其在大肠中被肠道微生物降解有一定的关联。上述分析表明,糖基化反应可作为一种有效的修饰方法提高蛋白质的功能特性和生物活性。     

微波-超声波协同影响菜籽蛋白糖基化改性

采用微波-超声波协同作用强化菜籽蛋白的糖基化改性,并对所得糖基化产物进行了功能性质和分子结构的对比分析。结果表明,当改性条件为微波功率500 W、超声波功率300 W、协同作用时间7 min时,菜籽蛋白的接枝度可达67.1%,显著高于湿热法和微波法制备的糖基化产物,有效提高了蛋白质糖基化反应的效率;协同作用可显著改善所得糖基化产物的溶解性、乳化活性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性,分别提高至55.7%、13.9 m~2/g、50.0%和80.0%;糖基化产物的表面疏水性和圆二色谱结果分析表明,微波和超声波处理使得菜籽蛋白的分子展开,表面疏水性和分子柔性增加,从而促进了糖基化反应的进行,改善了蛋白质糖基化产物的功能特性。     

蛋白质转谷氨酰胺酶途径糖基化研究进展

蛋白质的糖基化修饰可提高其功能性质,介绍了蛋白质通过转谷氨酰胺酶途径糖基化修饰的优点,综述了其反应机制、糖基化蛋白主要功能性质变化及结构变化,并讨论了转谷氨酰胺酶途径糖基化的发展前景。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶催化蛋白质糖基化的研究进展

谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)作为生物催化剂,催化蛋白质中γ-谷氨酰胺残基与带有伯氨的糖共价结合,从而改善蛋白的功能特性,减少美拉德反应中副产物的形成。综述了谷氨酰胺转氨酶酶促糖基化的反应机理、作用形式及其产物在食品中的应用,并对谷氨酰胺转氨酶催化蛋白质糖基化的发展前景进行了展望。     

外场辅助蛋白质糖基化改性技术研究

糖基化反应是目前蛋白改性中较为理想的方法。通过美拉德(Maillard)反应形成蛋白质和多糖的接枝偶联,在蛋白质增溶与功能特性改善方面,它是近10年来该技术研究领域新兴的一个分支。但是,蛋白质与还原糖通过美拉德反应进行接枝改性的方法有问题存在,此反应所需时间较长,因此不少学者开始致力于寻找加速糖基化反应速度的方法。文章综述了微波、超声波及超高压等外场辅助技术对糖基化反应速度的作用及研究进展。     

酪蛋白糖基化改性的研究进展

随着人们对食物的营养要求提高以及食品加工工业技术的发展，蛋白质的修饰加工已成为食品工业关注热点之一。相比于其它化学修饰，糖基化修饰产物的安全性更高，在改善食品感官特性方面应用潜力巨大。本文综述了酪蛋白糖基化反应的研究进展，包括共价连接糖基化反应和非共价连接糖基化反应，以及糖基化反应对酪蛋白功能特性的影响，综合分析影响酪蛋白糖基化改性的糖基化方法和糖基种类。糖基化改性是一种具有广阔应用前景及社会意义的蛋白质改性手段，可以从多个方面提高酪蛋白的功能特性，以期为乳制品加工产业乃至食品开发研究提供一定的帮助。     

糖基化反应改进肌原纤维蛋白质功能特性的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白是肌肉中具有重要功能性质的一类蛋白质,肌原纤维蛋白的功能性质对食品的保水性、质构特性及感官品质具有重要的影响。糖基化反应是蛋白质改性的一种有效方法,具有一定的应用前景。文章综述肌原纤维蛋白与还原糖进行糖基化反应的机理与方法,糖基化反应对肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、热稳定性等特性的改善效果,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

糖基化反应对蛋清蛋白质凝胶性的影响

为研究糖基化反应提高蛋清蛋白质凝胶性的机理,利用氨基酸分析仪、苯酚硫酸法、奥氏黏度计、静态激光散射仪对糖基化蛋清蛋白质氨基酸组成、总糖含量、特性黏度、粒径分布进行测定与分析。结果显示：糖基化反应可使蛋清蛋白质的凝胶强度和持水性分别提高91.7%和35.2%,且二者均在反应4d后达到最高值;糖基化处理5d后,蛋清蛋白质的赖氨酸含量相对降低28.42%,总糖含量增至2.18%;特性黏度随反应时间的延长增幅较小;糖基化蛋白粒径分布在0.1～50.0μm之间,糖基化2d内,粒径分布由小粒径峰向大粒径峰转变;糖基化2d后,粒径分布变化不明显。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the