酸水解玉米芯制木糖醇

介绍了将玉米芯采用酸水解法生产木糖醇的生产工艺,研究了水解条件对木糖醇得率的影响,确定了最佳生产工艺条件。     

WO3/ZrO2固体酸预处理玉米芯制备木糖醇的效果研究

以玉米芯为原料,采用WO3/ZrO2固体酸进行预处理,然后发酵制备木糖醇。探讨了预处理温度、预处理时间、固体酸用量及液固比对木糖醇得率的影响。采用响应面法建立二次回归模型,并对预处理工艺进行了优化。研究结果表明固体酸预处理能有效的促进玉米芯降解,提高木糖醇的得率。当预处理温度为110.76℃、预处理时间为60.71 min、固体酸用量为4.14%时,木糖醇的得率比相同条件下未进行固体酸预处理的试样提高了25.21%。     

生物活性肽——酪蛋白磷酸肽(CPP)的研制

摸索了 2 70 9碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备CPP的最佳工艺条件 :底物浓度 1 0 %、用酶量 1 50 0U/g底物、反应温度 45℃、pH1 0 5、反应时间 1 50min。采用选择淀淀法分离CPP ,在pH 4 .5添加 1 1 ?Cl2 (w/v)和50 % (v/v)乙醇 ,室温沉淀 4h,得到CPP产品的N/P、得率分别为 6 39和 1 3 94%。     

棉秆皮微晶纤维素制备及得率分析

以棉秆皮为原料制备棉秆皮微晶纤维素。探究了水解温度、H_2SO_4质量分数、水解时间对棉秆皮微晶纤维素得率的影响,通过响应面优化分析确定最优酸水解工艺条件,在此基础上,进行超声波辅助酸水解单因素试验,确定了最优制备工艺条件。结果表明:当水解温度为45℃、H_2SO_4质量分数为49%、水解时间为2 h、超声功率为300 W、超声时间为10 min时,棉秆皮微晶纤维素结晶度为69.57%,粒径为6.58μm,得率高达79.86%。     

海带生物质酸水解条件优化及其乙醇发酵研究

采用稀硫酸对海带进行预处理,对酸浓度、水解时间、水解温度、底物浓度4个单因素进行单因素试验分析,再通过4因素3水平正交试验对预处理条件进行优化,最终确定最佳水解条件为:酸浓度2％(v/v)、水解时间60 min、水解温度121℃、底物浓度5％,还原糖得率为22.7％±0.27％.接入毕赤酵母(Pichia angophorae ATCC22304)发酵,乙醇的最大产量为1.58 g/L,乙醇得率为0.415 g乙醇/g还原糖,是理论得率的81.3％.试验结果表明,毕赤酵母可以有效水解海带液中的还原糖以进行细胞生长和乙醇发酵.     

羊肚菌的液体深层培养

对羊肚菌菌丝体进行液体深层培养 ,以菌丝干重和胞外多糖得率为指标 ,确定了羊肚菌最佳液体种子培养基为 :土豆 1 0 %、蔗糖 3 %、蛋白胨 0 .1 %、酵母膏 0 .5 %、KH2 PO40 0 5 %、MgSO4 0 0 5 % ;羊肚菌发酵的最优培养基为 :蔗糖 4%、麸皮 2 %、NH4 NO30 3 %、KH2 PO4 0 1 5 %、MgSO4 0 1 5 %和酵母膏 0 5 % ;最优培养条件为 :接种量 1 0 %、摇床转速 1 80r/min、温度 2 4℃、pH 5 5。培养 5d ,菌丝产量可达 7 0 0 5g/L ,胞外多糖产量达 1 2 45 g/L。     

酶解制备高得率大豆肽工艺条件优化

用Alcalage碱性蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白制备大豆肽.通过单因素实验研究了底物质量分数、酶解pH、酶解温度、加酶量对蛋白水解度和大豆肽得率的影响,并通过响应面分析法对酶解条件进行了优化,得出最佳条件为:底物质量分数5%,酶解pH9.5,酶解温度55℃,加酶量5 400 U/g蛋白.在此条件下,大豆分离蛋白水解度为20.16%,大豆肽得率为92.30%.     

花生蛋白发泡粉生产工艺的研究

采用低温水剂法 ,通过阳离子催化水解作用 ,生产花生蛋白发泡粉 ,以蛋白发泡粉得率及持泡性为目标 ,得阳离子强化水解条件为 :离子浓度 5 % ,pH值 7 5 ,温度 6 5℃ ,阳离子水解时间 6h ,蛋白发泡粉得率 6 4 6 % ,持泡性为 86 %。     

响应面法优化海参卵酶解工艺

以水解度和肽得率为评价指标,从4种酶中选择出木瓜蛋白酶为水解海参卵最佳用酶.利用二次回归旋转正交组合设计,建立关于木瓜蛋白酶水解海参卵过程中温度、pH值、底物浓度对水解度影响的三元二次方程.通过对方程的拟合分析得到木瓜蛋白酶的最佳工艺条件并修正为:温度52 ℃、 pH值5.5、底物浓度8.4%、加酶量2 500 U/g、反应时间4 h.在此条件下,水解度为20.51%.     

碱牲蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白的研究

采用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白,利用扫描电镜观察不同预热温度对大豆分离蛋白结构的影响.研究了温度、pH、底物浓度、酶与底物比和时间对水解度的影响.通过正交实验及验证实验确定了最佳水解条件为:预热温度90℃、pH8.5、温度55℃、底物浓度为5%、酶与底物比为15%、水解时间4h,水解度为25.12%,多肽得率78.85%.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.