纯净水中病毒三种富集方法的比较

目的 比较膜吸附法、膜吸附-PEG法和膜吸附-超滤法对纯净水中病毒的富集效果,并对优选的富集方法的实验条件进行比对,旨在寻找高效的方法,为其他水体中病毒富集检测提供技术借鉴。方法 本文以MS2噬菌体为目标病毒,制作高、低浓度水样,建立逆转录-荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)方法的标准曲线,进行定量检测。使用膜吸附法、膜吸附-PEG法和膜吸附-超滤法富集水样,并比较不同过滤膜、不同超滤管及两种核酸提取方法的回收率,选择最适方法。结果 膜吸附-超滤法、膜吸附-PEG法和膜吸附法回收率均值分别为19.80%±12.19%、12.71%±9.09%和9.05%±4.89%,各因素对回收率的影响顺序为:膜吸附-超滤法>膜吸附-PEG法>膜吸附法;高浓度>低浓度。混合纤维素酯膜的富集效果优于尼龙膜。100 K和50 K的超滤管富集效果无差异。硅胶离心柱法和磁珠法核酸提取效果无差异。结论 通过二次富集可提高富集效率,膜吸附-超滤法优于另两种方法,且其操作简单、耗时短、对设备依赖性低,易于推广。膜吸附-超滤法的实验条件仍可优化、完善,拓展其在不同水体和不同病毒富集中的应用。     

卷式膜超滤L-乳酸发酵液过程研究

比较截留分子量(MWCO)为1000D 和3000D 的卷式超滤膜在去除L- 乳酸发酵液中蛋白质等杂质过程中对蛋白质截留率和乳酸透过率的影响,研究超滤时间、操作压力、蛋白质质量浓度及操作温度等操作工艺参数对膜通量的影响,分析膜通量随时间的变化规律,建立描述膜通量与操作压力、蛋白质浓度关系的数学模型。结果表明：MWCO 为3000D 的膜更适合用于超滤L- 乳酸发酵液,其膜通量随着超滤时间的延长衰减;随着操作压力和温度的增加而升高,随着蛋白质质量浓度的增加而降低,所建立的数学模型与实验结果吻合良好。     

两步超滤法分离鸡蛋清中卵转铁蛋白的研究

以配有聚砜树脂衍生物膜的超滤装置为栽体,结合透析、冷冻干燥处理,发展一种从蛋清中分离提取卵转铁蛋白经济简单的方法,并研究操作压力、搅拌速度、溶液PH值、稀释倍数等操作参数对膜通量的影响,并优化工艺.结果表明,两步超滤法分离鸡蛋清中卵转铁蛋白的最佳条件是操作压力0.15 MPa,蛋清液和溶剂按体积比1:10进行稀释,搅拌速度125r/min,体系pH值为7.该条件下得到卵转铁蛋白纯度为29.6%.     

响应面法优化超滤提纯梅花鹿角盘多肽工艺

采用超滤法分离梅花鹿角盘多肽溶液,考察了超滤操作压力、操作时间和料液质量分数对膜渗透通量的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法对影响梅花鹿角盘多肽超滤效果的关键因素进行优化探讨,确定最佳分离工艺条件:料液质量分数1.44%、操作压力0.13 MPa、操作时间60 min。在此条件下,膜渗透通量为1.72 L/m2·h,分离后的样品中多肽含量为45.2%,达到了较好的提纯效果。     

中空纤维膜分离酵母提取液中活性成分的初步研究

以啤酒废酵母为原料,研究了中空纤维膜(微滤和超滤)分离酵母提取液中活性成分的工艺.基于超滤机理分析了操作压力、温度、pH值和料液浓度对膜通量的影响,得到超滤工艺最佳条件:压力为0.105MPa,温度、pH值和料液浓度分别为24℃、6.0、3.0%.在此条件下,膜通量为18.42 L/m2·h,海藻糖透过率为96.36%,蛋白质截留率为94.50%.经高效液相色谱(HPLC)验证,实现了酵母提取液中活性成分的分离.     

枯草芽孢杆菌氨肽酶超滤提取技术

采用Ultra-flo超滤系统对经离心除菌、质量分数18%的(NH4)2SO4澄清的发酵液进行超滤浓缩和脱盐,为获得该过程中的高酶活回收率和膜通量,对其工艺条件进行了研究和优化;选用截留分子量为30 kDa的聚醚砜(PES)膜,操作压力为0.2～0.25 MPa,澄清发酵液初始pH值在5.5～6.5,浓缩倍数3倍;采用定时流加水的方式超滤脱盐,流加水体积控制为浓缩发酵液体积的10倍。在此优化条件下,超滤浓缩过程的酶活回收率达85%,超滤脱盐过程酶活回收率达79%,该过程可除去90%以上的盐,终浓缩倍数可控制为8～10倍;整个超滤过程的酶活回收率为67.15%,并且整个过程中膜通量维持在16 L/(m2.h)以上。     

低聚木糖的超滤纯化生产工艺优化

以纯化分离秸秆酶解液中低聚木糖为目的,以蛋白、木质素去除率和低聚木糖的透过率为评价指标,采用工业化超滤膜分离装置,考察料液浓度、操作压力、温度、pH值对超滤除杂的影响。单因素实验确定初步的工艺条件后,Box-Behnken模型优化得最佳超滤纯化工艺条件为:料液浓度2.24°Bx,操作压力0.18 MPa,温度25℃,pH 7.0。在此条件下,低聚木糖的透过率为92.1%,蛋白去除率67.9%,木质素去除率67.8%,透过液澄清透亮。响应面法分析各因素对超滤提纯效果的影响,其强弱性依次为:料液浓度、pH值、操作压力、操作温度。     

甘薯淀粉生产废液中糖蛋白提取的超滤数学模型

在前期采用无机陶瓷膜从甘薯淀粉生产的废液中进行超滤浓缩糖蛋白研究的基础上,建立了一个超滤数学模型,并由实验获得模型参数,模型预算的理论曲线和实验曲线拟合良好.     

乳清中棉籽蛋白的超滤回收研究

采用超滤技术回收蛋白质沉淀后的乳清中的棉籽蛋白,考察了操作压力、超滤时间、温度、pH、蛋白质浓度等因素对超滤膜通量的影响。结果表明,在等电点处膜通量最低,故超滤操作应在偏离蛋白质等电点的条件下进行;在实验范围内膜通量随操作压力的升高而升高,呈线性关系;随着超滤时间的延长,膜通量逐渐减小,超滤进行至20~30 min后,膜通量趋于稳定;随着温度的升高,膜通量增加。     

超滤分离生姜多酚类物质的工艺研究

以生姜为原料,采用超滤技术分离生姜多酚。通过单因素实验分析了温度、压力、浓度对超滤过程膜通量的影响。并在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验优化了分离的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明:生姜中多酚类物质的超滤分离条件为使用50kD膜,温度为30℃,压力为0.15MPa,浓度为0.5mg/mL,膜通量为33.34mL/m2·s,在此条件下,生姜多酚的膜截留率为95.2%。该研究结果为生姜的开发利用提供了实验依据。     

A combined complete pore blocking and cake filtration model during ultrafiltration of polysaccharide in a batch cell

Ultrafiltration experiments of polysaccharide macromolecule have been performed in a batch, stirred as well as unstirred membrane cell using a fully retentive membrane over a wide range of operating conditions. A model based on Hermia’s approach for constant pressure dead-end filtration laws is proposed to analyze the flux decline behavior during ultrafiltration in a batch cell. Two model parameters, namely complete pore blocking coefficient and cake filtration coefficient are obtained by minimizing the error involved between calculated and experimental flux data. These parameters along with known operating conditions, membrane permeability and physical properties of feed enable one to predict the transient permeate flux decline. The effect of various operating conditions, such as feed solute concentration, stirrer speed and transmembrane pressure on the flux decline is studied. Experimental results show that operating conditions have significant effect on the onset of cake formation as well as on the flux decline behavior. Model predicted results are successfully compared with the experimental data.     

Ultrafiltration of Banana (Musa acuminata) Juice Using Hollow Fibers for Enhanced Shelf Life

Banana juice was clarified by cross flow ultrafiltration using a hollow fiber module under total recycle mode. Three surface-modified polysulfone-based membrane cartridges with molecular weight cut-offs 10, 27, and 44 kDa were used to identify the most suitable membrane. The effects of operating conditions—namely, transmembrane pressure drop and cross flow rate on the permeate flux and permeate quality, have been investigated. The quality of the clarified juice was evaluated in terms of viscosity, clarity, color, alcohol insoluble solids, total soluble sugar, pH, protein, and polyphenol content. The results showed that the membrane of molecular weight cut-off 27 kDa was suitable. The permeate flux depended strongly on the transmembrane pressure drop, but its variation on cross flow rate was insignificant. The clarified juice had high clarity and no pectineous materials (in terms of alcohol insoluble solids). It contained significant amount of polyphenol and protein. The storage study indicated that the juice could be successfully stored for 1 month without any additive and preservative, keeping its natural nutritional qualities, taste, and flavor intact.     

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of mass transfer for aroma compounds recovery from aqueous solutions by hydrophobic pervaporation

In this work, a mass transfer study on aroma compound recovery by pervaporation process was performed using a model based on solution–diffusion theory. CFD method was employed to solve the governing mass transfer equations by considering the flux coupling. Concentration profiles of penetrants inside the membrane as well as permeation flux and aroma permeate concentration through the membrane were determined. The modeling results were validated by the experimental data obtained for pervaporative recovery of isopentyl acetate and n-hexanol from their binary aqueous solutions with composite PDMS membrane. The influence of key operating parameters such as feed aroma concentration and temperature on the flux and permeate concentration was also investigated theoretically and experimentally. The results showed that the aroma permeate concentration as well as the total and partial fluxes increased with an increase in the feed aroma content and feed temperature. The predicted results were in good agreement with experimental data.     

Experimental study of water and salt fluxes through reverse osmosis membranes

Water flux and salt rejection rate, which are the two most important parameters in evaluating the performance of a reverse osmosis membrane process, are desirable to be directly related to the membrane properties and operating conditions. However, the membrane transport theories in their general forms are unable to describe the membrane performance satisfactorily. In this study, water and salt fluxes through reverse osmosis membranes were carefully examined with a cross-flow filtration cell under various operating conditions. Experimental results showed that a notable permeate flux was detected when the driving pressure was smaller than the feed osmotic pressure. Water flux increased with the driving pressure nonlinearly before approaching a linear relation with the pressure. In addition, salt transport was highly dependent on both operating pressure and feed salt concentration. A power relationship between salt flux and concentration was correlated well with the experimental data. The equations for water and salt fluxes obtained from this work would provide a facile and accurate means for predicting the membrane performance in design and optimization of reverse osmosis processes.     

用中空纤维超滤膜法澄清橙汁

对中空纤维超滤膜法澄清橙汁(Citrus sinensis)进行了研究。试验着重研究了操作压力、温度、物料浓度和进料流速对膜透过速率的影响,并测定了超滤(?)中的营养成分的保存率。还探讨了超滤作为膜蒸馏浓缩预处理的可能性。结果表明,超滤法澄清橙汁是可行的．对果汁营养成分及风味无显著影响。由于超滤除去了果胶等固形物,因此能提高膜蒸馏过程的蒸馏通量。     

酵母溶液超滤渗滤分离研究

采用MWCO为5000的超滤膜对酵母溶液进行超滤渗滤研究。结果表明，超滤通量随操作压力和温度的升高而增大，且在较高操作压力下的通量衰减较快，推导出超滤通量和料液溶质浓度的对数呈线性关系，可以对超滤通量变化情况作较好预测；随超滤和渗滤的进行，浓缩液中蛋白质主体浓度逐渐升高至20mg／mL，而超滤液和渗滤波中蛋白质最终浓度仅为0．3mg／mL，蛋白质被去除率达90％以上；浓缩液和渗滤液中海藻糖浓度几乎相同，最终浓度下降到0．9mg／mL左右，总回收率达到80％以上。     

减压膜蒸馏用于纤维素溶剂N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物浓缩回收研究

为解决纤维素绿色溶剂N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)传统浓缩回收工艺存在的能耗高、回收率低等不足,提出基于减压膜蒸馏(VMD)技术的NMMO浓缩回收方法。通过考察VMD过程中真空度、料液流速、料液温度、料液浓度对膜蒸馏过程的影响,并对深度浓缩的可行性和体系运行稳定性进行研究。结果表明:膜蒸馏通量随真空度、料液流速、料液温度的增大而增大,随料液浓度的增大而减小,产水浓度随真空度的增大而减小,而料液流速、料液温度、料液浓度对产水浓度影响不明显;采用VMD过程可成功将初始质量浓度为100 g/L的NMMO溶液浓缩至467.2 g/L,体系在连续5个浓缩周期共60 h的运行过程中,保持了较好的运行稳定性,对NMMO的截留率始终保持在99.88%以上。所提方法具有良好的技术可行性。     

马铃薯淀粉废液超滤传质过程的研究

采用超滤设备对马铃薯淀粉生产过程中的废液进行循环浓缩,研究在室温、操作压力为0.16 MPa循环浓缩时,膜通量与料液中蛋白质的质量浓度之间的变化规律,得到马铃薯淀粉废液超滤浓缩过程中的传质方程,依据传质方程求出形成凝胶层的马铃薯蛋白质质量浓度为71.582 g/L;依据阻力模型理论,建立操作压力与膜通量的模型,并探讨不同操作压力区域对膜通量的影响。     

Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Concentration of Lobster Extract

A membrane concentration system consisting of tubular polysulphone ultrafiltration (UF) and polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) was evaluated for concentrating key water soluble flavor compounds from lobster extracts. Major flavor-giving compounds in the extract were glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP), succninic acid and glucose. Factors affecting performance of the UF/RO systems, such as flow rate, feed solid level, temperature and pressure, on permeate flux and solids rejection were measured. The optimum UF conditions were 1.5% feed solid level, 15 L/min feed flow rate, 50°C feed temperature and 1 MPa log mean transmembrane pressure. The RO system retained all dissolved flavor components and its ideal operating conditions were 40°C, 2.8 MPa log mean transmembrane pressure and a flow rate of 15 L/min.     

Fouling Analysis and Performance of Tubular Ultrafiltration on Pretreated Olive Mill Waste Water

This study deals with the performance of a tubular ultrafiltration system on sieved and centrifuged olive mill waste water. A generalized statistical model was developed describing the impact and the relative importance of major experimental parameters (membrane pore size, transmembrane pressure, feed flow rate, and feed temperature) on permeate flux. According to this model, process pressure appeared to have the largest impact on permeate flux, followed by process temperature. As membrane treatment of such a difficult material largely depends on fouling, a systematic analysis of prevailing fouling mechanisms was also run. Despite sieving and centrifugation of the original waste, membrane fouling caused a flux decline of 60–65% within 15–20 min. Internal fouling, pore blocking, and cake layer formation were all responsible for membrane fouling during the first 40 min of operation. After that period, cake formation appeared to play a predominant role. Based on the proposed generalized model, the relative importance of process parameters can be evaluated and process performance can be improved by proper interventions. Independent of membrane size, fouling is a serious problem to be resolved. The qualitative performance of this process, including chemical oxygen demand distribution, polyphenol profile, and antioxidant capacity, is discussed in a separate paper.