乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染、毒性及转化研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）俗称呕吐毒素，是禾谷镰刀菌等真菌产生的次级代谢产物，是谷物原料及其制品中最常见的污染物之一。DON的产生往往伴随其主要乙酰化衍生物3-乙酰基-DON和15-乙酰基-DON的产生，这些衍生物表现出与DON相似甚至更强的毒性，因而增加了谷物及其制品的食用安全风险。本文简述了DON乙酰化衍生物的产生、检测技术及污染现状，重点分析了DON乙酰化衍生物的毒性及转化研究进展，以期为粮食中DON乙酰化衍生物的降解和防控研究提供理论参考。     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品加工工艺对其脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及衍生物影响

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦和玉米等谷物。DON在植物和微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及其相关制品的安全风险。谷类辅食是婴幼儿膳食中的重要组成部分,且婴幼儿对毒素的敏感性更强,应严格限制DON及其衍生物在谷类辅食中被检出。已有研究表明谷物类食品的制作加工方式会对DON及其衍生物的含量水平产生影响,但专门针对婴幼儿消费人群的谷类辅助食品的加工过程如何影响DON及其衍生物水平还鲜有报道。目前婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中DON及其衍生物含量存在超标问题,严重影响婴幼儿这类特殊人群的生长发育和健康。本文从婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON及其衍生物的污染状况及其在加工过程中的含量变化等方面进行较为详细的阐述,以期为婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物检测方法的研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）属B型单端孢霉烯族毒素,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物的过程中产生。DON是目前谷物及其制品中污染最为普遍的一种真菌毒素,具有明显的毒性,食用被其污染的饲料和食物会对动物和人类产生急性或慢性毒性作用。因此,为了保护消费者健康并最大限度减少经济损失,迫切需要建立高效、简单、快速的检测技术以实现对DON及其衍生物的有效监测。本文对DON及其衍生物常见的定性定量检测方法进行了系统阐述,并对新兴检测技术的创新点及其潜在应用价值进行了讨论分析,以期为DON及其衍生物检测方法的科学选择提供参考。     

小麦中呕吐毒素研究进展

小麦是全球三大谷物之一。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,能造成小麦严重减产、品质下降,而且镰刀菌还能产生多种真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,其中,呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)是小麦中检出率最高、危害最严重的真菌毒素之一,已成为关系小麦及其制品食用安全的重要问题。DON在小麦等谷物及其制品中的污染和防控是全球面临的严峻挑战,对DON进行定期检测和污染分析,研究高效、安全的降解技术,确保消费者安全,已成为目前世界各国政府和公众广泛关注和高度重视的热点问题。本文综述了DON的理化性质及毒性、影响产生的因素、污染现状及防控与脱毒方面的研究进展情况,以期为小麦中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

河北地区谷物及谷物制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染水平调查与分析

目的为了解河北地区谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及其衍生物污染状况,对河北地区31份婴幼儿谷类辅食、112份燕麦及其制品和293份小麦粉中DON及其衍生物污染状况进行研究。方法采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果婴幼儿谷类辅食检出率为93.5%(29/31),燕麦及其制品检出率为8.9%(10/112),小麦粉样品检出率为99.7%(292/293)。结论检测数据表明,含有小麦粉的婴幼儿谷物辅食及燕麦制品污染较为严重,且小麦粉样品中DON的阳性检出率为99.7%,由此可见,小麦粉很容易受DON污染。在此次检测的436份样品中,阳性样品最大值为878.4μg/kg,所有样品DON含量均低于我国谷物食品中的限量标准,由于我国缺乏婴幼儿辅食中DON的限量规定,其污染状况值得引起关注。     

谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物的检测及污染规律分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术建立测定小麦粉、挂面、玉米糁、大米等谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷(deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,D3G)、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol,3ADON)及15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol,15ADON)的检测方法,并对各种粮食中的污染情况进行调查。样品采用乙腈提取,正己烷除脂和固相萃取柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测,外标法定量。方法均经过优化和验证,满足谷物及其制品的检测要求。分析96份谷物及其制品中4种真菌毒素的污染规律,结果表明,15ADON无检出,只有1个样品检出3ADON,DON和D3G均有不同程度的检出,DON检出率大于D3G,其中在挂面中的含量最高。D3G与DON的含量呈正相关,D3G/DON在30%左右,且不同谷物种类主要污染的毒素种类均以DON为主,其中挂面的污染最为严重。     

呕吐毒素生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）又名呕吐毒素（VT）,是镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的最常见的真菌毒素之一,广泛存在于谷物及其相关制品中,给世界粮食生产造成巨大经济损失,也给人类和动物健康带来重大威胁。目前,利用微生物和酶对DON进行生物脱毒的方法展现出良好的应用前景。很多真菌和细菌能够通过自身吸附或降解的方式在DON的脱毒过程中发挥作用。本文概述了食物中DON的发生、毒性作用及DON生物转化机制,对近年来利用真菌、细菌和植物进行DON脱毒以及脱毒材料的应用进行了较为详细的阐述,以期为食品和饲料中DON的生物防控提供参考。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON,也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol,DON）是由产毒真菌产生的一种次级代谢产物,     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的前处理及检测方法研究进展

小麦和谷物制品作为我国餐桌上的主要饮食,常受到各种真菌的污染并产生毒素.尤其是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),属B型单端孢霉烯族化合物,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物或者贮存的过程中产生,温润的环境更促使DON的产生,具有细胞毒性和致癌性,影响人和动物的健康.目前从国家市场监督管理网站等...     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON。也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在。     

Determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat-based breakfast cereals marketed in Portugal.

Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is one of a group of closely related secondary fungal metabolites--the trichothecenes--and is produced predominantly by several species of the genus Fusarium, especially Fusarium graminearum. The present study was carried out to evaluate the natural occurrence of DON in different kinds of wheat-based breakfast cereals widely consumed by the population. A total of 88 commercially available samples of wheat-based breakfast cereals were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Lisbon, Portugal. The samples were analyzed using immunoaffinity column, and DON was quantified by liquid chromatography. Detection limit was 100 microg/kg. Average recovery of DON was 80%. Of 88 analyzed samples, 72.8% contained levels of DON between 103 and 6,040 microg/kg, with mean level of 754 microg/kg, and 24 samples (27.2%) were not contaminated (< 100 microg/kg). These results indicate an incidence of this mycotoxin in these products, and the authors suggest a monitoring for the prevention of molds and mycotoxins. This is the first report in Portugal on natural contamination with DON in wheat-based breakfast cereals.     

Quantitation of type B-trichothecene mycotoxins in foods and feeds by a multiple stable isotope dilution assay

For quantitation of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 4-acetylnivalenol (Fusarenon X), stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) were developed by using analogues labelled with carbon-13 as the internal standards. The SIDAs presented here are the first ones reported for type B-trichothecenes. The synthesis of labelled acetyl derivatives was accomplished by [¹³C₂]-acetylation of unlabelled trichothecenes and subsequent hydrolysis of the products. The mycotoxins were quantified in foods by LC tandem MS after cleanup on multifunctional columns. The method revealed an excellent sensitivity with low detection and quantification limits for all mycotoxins in the low μg/kg range, and good precision in inter-assay stu- dies. The analysis of a certified reference material (maize flour) resulted in a low bias of 2.1% from the certified value for DON and verified excellent trueness of the new method. To prove the suitability of SIDA, a number of cereals and cereal products were analysed and revealed DON contents ranging from 2 to 300 μg/kg. Acetylated derivatives occurred in lower contents and mainly in corn products.     

Occurrence of total aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and their impact on dietary exposure of children and teenagers in Beirut

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly present in food and constituting a potential threat to food safety. Total aflatoxins (AFT), ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are among the most widespread mycotoxins. We assessed the occurrence of AFT, OTA and DON in some foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and evaluated the potential risk to the health of children and teenagers in Beirut from dietary exposure to these mycotoxins. Analytical data on the contamination of raw and processed cereals and cereal-based products, pulses and nuts were collected. The mean levels of AFT, OTA and DON were calculated for each food items. Levels of dietary exposure were obtained by combining food consumption data with the mean mycotoxin levels, adopting a deterministic approach. Intakes were calculated for average and high consumers (75th and 95th percentile) among children and teenagers, and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) or provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of the respective mycotoxin. The results showed that mycotoxin levels in the food samples were generally below national/European maximum limits. However, high levels of AFT, OTA and DON were found in some samples of nuts, biscuits and bread. The calculated intake for AFT exceeded its respective PTDI in all groups by a factor ranging from 3 to 7. The intakes of OTA and DON were found to be below the threshold of toxicological concern established for these mycotoxins by international expert groups, although the intake of DON in children at the highest percentile (P95) was close to its PTDI. Our study highlights the need to reconsider the maximum permissible levels of total aflatoxins in some foodstuffs and to establish regulatory guidelines regarding OTA and DON. The results also emphasise the need for routine monitoring of the levels of mycotoxin contamination in foodstuffs that are highly consumed by Lebanese children and teenagers, i.e. cereals and cereal-based products.     

国内外主要粮油产品中真菌毒素限量、检测标准及风险评估现状分析

粮油食品以及动物源食品(奶、蛋、肉)在生产和储藏过程中易被真菌毒素污染,主要涉及毒素为黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素和T2毒素等,这些毒素经食品流入食物链,会造成人体脏器损伤、生殖异常、免疫抑制、畸变和癌变等不良影响。因此,国内外针对性开展了风险评估工作,并建立了相关限量及检测技术标准。本文对主要粮油产品中常见真菌毒素的毒性进行了综述,比较分析了近年来国内外相关限量及检测标准的制定修订现状与进展,并对世界范围内相关风险评估工作进展进行了总结,以期为粮油产品的质量安全风险评估工作及有效应对国外贸易壁垒提供综合性的参考。     

The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption

Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat‐based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat‐based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law—including modified and emerging mycotoxins—and which cover DON derivatives (DON‐3‐glucoside, mono‐acetyl‐DONs, norDONs, deepoxy‐DON), nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran‐enriched products, or high‐cereal low‐moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high‐quality raw materials would be required.     

Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation

Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecenes in food and feed, and is a significant contaminants due to its frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations worldwide. Since toxin production depends strongly on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, Fusarium toxin contamination can not be avoided completely. Therefore, exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals. As cereal crops are commonly contaminated with DON and animal diets consist mainly of cereals, it can be assumed that animals are frequently exposed to DON-contaminated feeds. Many strategies can be undertaken to reduce the toxic effect of DON. In addition to the general necessity for minimizing all risk factors that might influence the contamination of cereals with DON, such as the so-called field toxins before harvest, several post-harvest strategies can be applied to counteract possible deleterious effects of this mycotoxin in farm animals. Another approach for decontamination in feedstuffs is the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials may bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce absorption and systemic toxicity. It has been shown that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins, but its efficacy against trichothecenes is practically zero. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce animal and human health risk are needed. The use of microbial additives is a method which uses microorganisms having the capability to detoxify mycotoxins by metabolism or degradation prior to their resorption in the gastrointestinal tract. DON has been reported to be completely transformed to de-epoxy-DON by ruminal and intestinal microflora. Eubacterium BBSH 797 was capable of DON degradation and counteracted the toxic effects of DON in animals. This review focuses on the efficacy of microbial feed additives in ameliorating the toxic effects of DON. According to the results of experiments to date, it appears that microorganisms are the main living organisms suitable for this mycotoxin biodegradation. However, the use of this approach depends on its effectiveness from both a practical and economic perspective.     

Germination induces the glucosylation of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in various grains

In food, the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) often occurs in conjunction with its 3-β-d-glucopyranoside (D3G). The transformation of DON to D3G through glucosylation is catalysed by plant enzymes, however, the exact circumstances are not well understood. In order to investigate the role of enzymatic glucosylation in germinating grains, DON treated kernels were steeped and germinated under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the effect of malting on the DON content of the contaminated barley was investigated. In all cases, DON and its derivatives were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS before, during and after the experiments. Amongst the six tested cereals; wheat, rye, barley, spelt, and millet transformed DON to D3G during germination whilst the oats were inactive. For wheat, barley, and spelt the initial DON content was reduced by 50%, with the loss being almost entirely accounted for by D3G formation. As D3G might be cleaved during digestion, the elevated D3G concentration may obscure the toxicologically relevant DON content in processed food and beer. The germination process has a major influence on the “masking” of DON, leading to high quantities of D3G that may be missed in common mycotoxin analyses.