乳酸菌抗真菌生物防腐剂作用机理和前景展望

食品在储藏过程中易受霉菌及其产生的毒素的污染,严重危害人类健康。许多研究发现有些乳酸菌能够通过产生的有机酸、短肽、过氧化氢、以及其自身的吸附能力等抑制霉菌生长,吸附真菌毒素,以降低食品中霉菌及其毒素的含量,延长食品货架期。对乳酸菌的代谢产物及其抗真菌活性的深入研究表明,乳酸菌作为生物防腐剂具有良好的应用前景,有望成为安全的食品添加剂。     

乳酸菌拮抗食源性致病菌研究进展

食品中致病菌是引起人类食源性疾病等食品安全问题主要因素之一。乳酸菌通过生态位竞争、形成酸性环境和产生各种代谢产物对食品中致病菌具有较强的拮抗作用。本文对乳酸菌生物保护剂的拮抗机制、作用的特点和优势,乳酸菌对各类食源性致病菌的拮抗作用研究以及在乳制品、肉制品、海产品和果蔬制品中的应用进行综述,为充分挖掘乳酸菌资源,利用乳酸菌生物保护剂控制食品中致病菌提供借鉴与参考。     

乳酸菌生物保鲜在水产品中的应用研究进展

腐败和致病微生物是导致水产品腐败和食用安全的主要因素,由于物理化学微生物控制技术在鲜活和微加工水产品应用受到限制,致使生物保鲜技术在食品领域悄然兴起。本文对水产品中的细菌菌相构成,生物保鲜技术和乳酸菌生物保护剂在水产品中的应用等方面进行综述,重点阐述冷冻和鲜活水产品中的乳酸菌来源、控制目标微生物和乳酸菌抑菌机制以及在水产品中的应用前景,旨在进一步开发乳酸菌生物保护剂在水产品中的潜在应用价值。     

乳酸菌及其代谢产物在乳制品保鲜中的应用

乳酸菌及其某些代谢产物,以其天然、强抗菌性及安全可靠等优势,已逐步应用于食品保鲜中。对乳酸菌用于乳制品保鲜的类型、代谢产物抗菌机制以及应用进行了综述,为研究开发新型食品保鲜剂提供依据。     

乳酸菌发酵在谷物产品中的应用及研究进展

谷物食品是人类能量摄入的主要来源之一，随着人们生活水平的提高，谷物食品的营养价值和食用品质受到了广泛关注。发酵是改善食品性质、功能及营养缺陷的重要方法，也是谷物加工的重要手段。乳酸菌能够利用碳水化合物进行生长代谢，在食品工业中被广泛应用于各种发酵制品，其发酵产生的代谢产物有许多重要的生理功能，包括调节肠道菌群平衡、提高免疫力、抗菌和抗肿瘤等。因此，乳酸菌发酵在谷物食品中的研究与应用，对提升食品品质具有重要意义。本文综述了乳酸菌发酵对谷物营养成分、生物功能和结构、理化性质的影响，总结了乳酸菌发酵谷物产品的优势以及乳酸菌发酵在多种谷物产品中的应用，分析了乳酸菌发酵谷物食品目前研究的不足及可能的发展方向, 拟为乳酸菌发酵在谷物中的研究与开发提供参考。     

乳酸菌抗真菌活性及其抑制真菌毒素的效果

讨论了乳酸菌抗真菌的活性及其清除真菌毒素的3种可能机制，即①乳酸菌通过对霉菌生长的直接抑制，从而抑制真菌毒素的形成；②通过产生代谢产物抑制真菌菌株或降解真菌毒素到无毒或毒性较低的化合物，以此降低真菌毒素的危害；③借助乳酸菌细胞壁与真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮)的物理结合来清除介质中的毒素危害。乳酸菌的抗真菌活性和清除霉菌毒素的能力显然受到菌株、细胞浓度、细胞处理方式和环境条件的影响。新型发酵乳菌株筛选过程中应该考虑乳酸菌菌株的抗真菌活性及其清除真菌毒素的能力。     

乳酸菌素分离纯化和特性及在食品领域的应用研究进展

乳酸菌素是由某些乳酸菌核糖体合成的对相同或相近生境微生物具有拮抗作用的一类多肽、蛋白质类次级代谢产物,作为天然生物防腐剂已用于食品防腐保鲜领域。经过硫酸铵沉淀、凝胶层析和高效液相色谱等分离纯化流程获取乳酸菌素,进而对其热稳定性、p H适应性和分子量等进行分析,其中,乳酸菌素纯化技术是限制其研究和应用的技术瓶颈。本文对近几年乳酸菌素分离纯化如硫酸铵沉淀(ASP)、细胞吸附和解吸(ADPC)、甲醇丙酮萃取(MAE)、凝胶过滤层析(GFC)、阳离子交换色谱(CEC)、琼脂糖凝胶电泳(SP-SFF)和反向液相色谱(RP-HPLC)等技术及其综合运用进行比较分析,并对乳酸菌素性质研究和在食品领域的应用进展进行综述,为开发高效乳酸菌生物保护剂提供借鉴与参考。     

乳酸菌抗真菌活性及应用研究新进展

对近年来国内外在乳酸菌抗真菌方面的研究进行了综述,阐述了具有抗真菌活性的乳酸菌种类及其产生的抗真菌物质,并对其在焙烤食品、奶酪、果蔬等产品中的应用探索进行了总结和展望,揭示其作为新一代生物防腐剂的开发潜力和应用前景。     

乳酸菌细菌素抗菌潜力挖掘研究进展

乳酸菌产生的主要抗菌防腐物质是有机酸,但在乳酸菌代谢产物中发现了细菌素等其它抗菌物质,其中有的细菌素甚至具有强烈的抗真菌能力。世界范围内启动的乳酸菌基因组计划创造了巨大的生物信息流。乳酸菌基因组蕴含的生物信息将对研究乳酸菌细菌素的合成代谢途径,功能基因挖掘以及新型抗菌剂的开发搭建信息平台。结合乳酸菌细菌素的最新研究进展,讨论利用乳酸菌基因组探索乳酸菌的抗菌潜力及其作为生物防腐剂在食品保藏中的应用前景。     

乳酸菌细菌素的作用机制及在肉制品中的应用

乳酸菌细菌素是乳酸菌在代谢过程产生的一类具有抗菌活性的多肽或蛋白质,在各类食品中均有广泛应用。作为一种生物防腐剂,肉制品中添加乳酸菌细菌素可以抑制腐败菌和致病菌生长,从而提高产品的安全性和延长保质期。综述乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成、作用机制及在肉制品中的应用,为建立乳酸菌细菌素防腐体系提供理论依据。     

Prevention of fungal spoilage in food products using natural compounds: A review

The kingdom Fungi is the most important group of microorganism contaminating food commodities, and chemical additives are commonly used in the food industry to prevent fungal spoilage. However, the increasing consumer concern about synthetic additives has led to their substitution by natural compounds in foods. The current review provides an overview of using natural agents isolated from different sources (plants, animals, and microorganisms) as promising antifungal compounds, including information about their mechanism of action and their use in foods to preserve and prolong shelf life. Compounds derived from plants, chitosan, lactoferrin, and biocontrol agents (lactic acid bacteria, antagonistic yeast, and their metabolites) are able to control the decay caused by fungi in a wide variety of foods. Several strategies are employed to reduce the drawbacks of some antifungal agents, like their incorporation into oil-in-water emulsions and nanoemulsions, edible films and active packaging, and their combination with other natural preservatives. These strategies facilitate the addition of volatile agents into food products and, improve their antifungal effectiveness. Moreover, biological agents have been investigated as one of the most promising options in the control of postharvest decay. Numerous mechanisms of action have been elucidated and different approaches have been studied to enhance their antifungal effectiveness.     

乳酸菌的分类鉴定及在食品工业中的应用

乳酸菌是一类革兰氏阳性杆菌或球菌、可収酵乳糖或葡萄糖产生大量乳酸的细菌的通称,将乳酸菌应用到食品中具有提高其营养价值,改善食品风味,抑制食品中腐败菌的生长,延长食品保质期等作用。因其独特的生理特性,近年来国内外学者对乳酸菌的研究逐渐增多。本文主要论述了乳酸菌的分类和鉴定技术,介绍了传统鉴定斱法和分子生物学鉴定斱法的优缺点以及乳酸菌在食品工业(乳制品、肉制品、果蔬制品、食品保鲜)中的应用,为提高乳酸菌的鉴定效率以及乳酸菌在食品工业、饲料生产和临床医疗上的迚一步应用提供参考。     

乳酸菌合成共轭亚油酸及其应用研究进展

共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)是一种具有多种生理活性的功能性脂肪酸,在食品、保健品中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,天然来源的CLA含量很低,不能满足人类需求。乳酸菌可以合成CLA,且广泛用于食品加工领域,利用乳酸菌开发富含CLA的功能食品是当今的研究热点。为推动CLA功能食品的研究开发,该文对合成共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的研究进展、合成共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的益生性研究以及将产CLA乳酸菌应用到食品和饲料中的研究现状进行综述,并对利用乳酸菌合成CLA进而应用于功能食品进行展望。     

乳酸菌作为生物保护菌的抑菌机理及其在食品中应用的研究进展

食品在加工和贮藏过程中易受到有害微生物污染,导致食品腐败变质,造成食用安全隐患。而现在常用的物理或化学保鲜方法虽然可以有效延长食品货架期,但应用范围有限、存在安全隐患且容易造成资源浪费。乳酸菌因其天然、安全、高效的抑菌活性被作为生物保护菌应用于食品中。本文主要从乳酸菌产生的抑菌活性物质、微生物群体感应以及竞争作用等角度综述了乳酸菌的抑菌机制;同时介绍了近年来乳酸菌作为生物保护菌在乳制品、肉制品、水产品和果蔬产品中的最新应用进展,为今后食品高效保鲜提供新思路。     

Bioprotective potential of lactic acid bacteria in malting and brewing

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are naturally associated with many foods or their raw ingredients and are popularly used in food fermentation to enhance the sensory, aromatic, and textural properties of food. These microorganisms are well recognized for their biopreservative properties, which are achieved through the production of antimicrobial compounds such as lactic acid, diacetyl, bacteriocins, and other metabolites. The antifungal activity of certain LAB is less well characterized, but organic acids, as yet uncharacterized proteinaceous compounds, and cyclic dipeptides can inhibit the growth of some fungi. A variety of microbes are carried on raw materials used in beer brewing, rendering the process susceptible to contamination and often resulting in spoilage or inferior quality of the finished product. The application of antimicrobial-producing LAB at various points in the malting and brewing process could help to negate this problem, providing an added hurdle for spoilage organisms to overcome and leading to the production of a higher quality beer. This review outlines the bioprotective potential of LAB and its application with specific reference to the brewing industry.     

乳酸菌在食用农产品安全生产中的应用研究进展

食用农产品作为食品加工的源头,对食品的质量安全和品质起关键性的作用。作为食品安全的首要环节,食用农产品的安全生产问题已成为近年来各国学者研究的热点。随着对乳酸菌生物特性和安全性能研究的深入,利用乳酸菌减少生产中农药和化学肥料使用过程中带来的危害从而获得绿色食用农产品受到众多消费者的关注。当前,乳酸菌在保障食用农产品质量安全领域发挥了越来越大的作用。本文综述了国内外有关乳酸菌在食用农产品拮抗致病微生物和腐败微生物、重金属和农药残留的去除、真菌毒素降解及果树病虫害防控等领域的最新研究进展,旨在为促进乳酸菌在食用农产品中的应用发展和食用农产品加工质量控制提供新思路,同时提出了乳酸菌未来研究的方向和可能面临的挑战。     

产细菌素乳酸菌在食品中的应用

食品在加工贮藏过程中容易被有害微生物侵染,从而导致其腐败变质。现常用的物理化学防腐保鲜方法虽然可以延长产品的货架期但却存在一定的安全隐患,而且目前消费者更倾向于选择绿色、天然的产品,因此生物抑菌剂的开发显得尤为重要。乳酸菌是公认的食品安全级微生物,是一种天然的防腐剂,安全、无毒、开发性能稳定,被广泛应用于食品中。乳酸菌细菌素是由乳酸菌在生长代谢过程中通过核糖体合成的一类具有抗菌活性的多肽或蛋白质,对一些有害微生物的生长繁殖有明显抑制作用。本文主要介绍了乳酸菌细菌素的分类、抑菌机制及乳酸菌作为天然抑菌剂在乳及乳制品、肉及肉制品、水产品、果蔬类产品及蛋制品中的应用,以期为产抑菌素乳酸菌的综合利用与进一步的研究提供一定的理论依据。     

市场上发酵蔬菜中乳酸菌数量的调查研究

乳酸菌（Lactic Acid Bacteria）是一类能发酵碳水化合物产生乳酸的细菌,广泛应用于发酵食品中,是发酵蔬菜中的有益菌群。泡菜主要是由乳酸菌发酵形成的发酵蔬菜。从食品安全的角度出发,研究市售的20种发酵菜样品（白菜类、黄瓜类、萝卜、类、辣椒类）中乳酸菌的数量多少,得出其与蔬菜种类、加工和包装方法的关系。不同类别中,黄瓜类的乳酸菌数量较多,萝卜、类的乳酸菌数量较少;同一类别中,散装的较袋装的乳酸菌数量多。     

Microbial community analysis of food-spoilage bacteria in commercial custard creams using culture-dependent and independent methods

Custard cream is made from highly nutritive raw materials such as milk and sugar and is easily spoiled by the multiplication of specific microbial contaminants or residents. However, this spoilage microbial community has not been studied. We determined the spoilage microbiota in commercial custard creams using culture-dependent and independent methods. Using the culture-dependent analysis with various agar media, 185 bacterial colonies and 43 eukaryal colonies were isolated from 7 commercial custard cream products. All bacterial isolates were morphologically, physiologically, and genetically identified as bacilli, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, and psychrotrophic gram-negative rods. Using culture-independent molecular analysis, the PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique, spoilage of the commercial custard creams was found to be caused by bacilli, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic gram-negative rods, Anoxybacillus sp., Caurobacter sp., and Streptococcus sp. bacteria. The detected spoilage bacteria were the same species as previously detected in spoiled milk products and shown in other reports, suggesting that spoilage bacteria in a raw material easily grow in processed foods made from milk. We determined the spoilage microbial communities in commercial custard creams, and these are the first data concerning spoilage microbiota in nonfermented processed foods using a culture-independent analysis. Our study will be useful for the manufacture and safe preservation of dairy products because the first step toward safe food preservation by food manufacturers is to understand the spoilage microbiota in a target food to select optimal preservatives and to reduce the use of food additives.     

Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria: Their potentials as food biopreservative

Abstract

Numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria used in the fermentation of foods are known to produce bacteriocins. In general, bacteriocins are a group of proteinaceous antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria. However, some bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exhibit a relatively broad antimicrobial spectrum and are active against several food‐spoilage and health‐threatening microorganisms. Many investigators have reported on the use of bacteriocins as food preservative to extend the shelflife of various foods. This review decribes the research that has been conducted on bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria— isolated from a wide variety of foods and in some instances of animal origin—and the characteristics of bacteriocins. Special emphasis is placed on their potentials for use as food preservative and on their physicochemical nature, antibacterial spectrum, and genetic behavior.