无溶剂法开环合成1-月桂酸-3-氯丙醇酯及其条件优化

目的本研究旨在建立一种选择性合成1-月桂酸-3氯丙醇酯(即sn-1月桂酸氯丙醇酯)的有效途径与方法。方法在无溶剂体系中,以硫酸铁催化月桂酸对环氧氯丙烷进行开环反应,高选择性合成1-月桂酸-3-氯丙醇酯。产物采用高效液相色谱、红外光谱、质谱进行表征。结果在优化条件下(反应温度50℃,催化剂硫酸铁用量为3%,反应时间为48 h)反应转化率可达75.9%,选择性高达90.0%。结论该方法为无溶剂反应体系,成本低廉,环境污染小,催化剂价廉易得,操作方便且产物选择性好,催化剂在后处理过程中极易脱除,是一种高效、绿色、方便、实用的选择性合成sn-1氯丙醇单酯的有效途径与方法。     

环氧氯丙烷开环合成1-棕榈酸-3-氯丙醇酯的研究

以棕榈酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,使用醋酸铬为催化剂开环合成得到1-棕榈酸-3-氯丙醇酯,该方法成本低廉、产率高、选择性好。所得产物使用红外光谱及液相色谱、电喷雾离子质谱等手段进行表征,并对合成反应条件进行了优化,最佳条件为反应温度80℃,反应时间30h,催化剂用量8 mmol/L,棕榈酸/环氧氯丙烷物质的量比1∶1.2,该条件下其产率可达92%。     

非水相介质酶法转化制备乙酸3- 甲硫基丙醇酯工艺

研究脂肪酶催化合成天然乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯的关键因素及条件。结果表明：固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435是无溶剂体系和正己烷体系中最佳催化剂,加酶量、分子筛用量、乙酸加入次数、反应温度、反应时间等因素对乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯合成有重要影响。在无溶剂体系体系,加有1.06g 3-甲硫基丙醇、0.6g乙酸的反应中正交试验设计优化的条件为：加酶量50mg、分子筛加入量2g、反应温度42℃、反应总时间30h,乙酸分3次加入,间隔时间为2h,摇床转速为150r/min,乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯产率达42.4%。     

无溶剂体系固定化脂肪酶催化合成1(2)-丙二醇月桂酸单酯

在无溶剂体系中,以固定化脂肪酶Novozyme 435催化1,2-丙二醇和月桂酸合成1(2)-丙二醇月桂酸单酯,对反应条件进行了优化。确定最优反应条件为:月桂酸和1,2-丙二醇摩尔比1∶1,温度60℃,摇床转速150 r/min,加酶量2%(以底物总质量计),反应时间8 h。在最优反应条件下,体系反应酯化率达到91.89%,1(2)-丙二醇月桂酸单酯纯度达到79.22%。     

酶法催化酸解合成富含OPO的人乳替代脂

在无溶剂体系下,以棕榈硬脂和油酸为原料,sn-1,3位特异性脂肪酶为催化剂,合成富含OPO的人乳替代脂。采用单因素实验对反应条件进行优化,并采用高效液相色谱与气相色谱对反应产物的甘油三酯和sn-2位脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:酶法催化酸解反应的优化条件为反应时间4 h、底物摩尔比1∶10、反应温度60℃、脂肪酶NS40086用量12%;在优化条件下,所得产品的OPO含量可达72.53%,sn-2位棕榈酸含量为87.03%。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定食用油脂中3-氯丙醇酯

目的建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定食品中18种3-氯丙醇酯的方法,并对部分市售含油脂食品中氯丙醇酯的含量进行调查。方法样品用叔丁基甲醚-乙酸乙酯(8∶2,V/V)超声提取;经Sep-Pak Silica硅胶萃取小柱、OASIS HLB固相萃取小柱(预先用甲醇活化)二次净化,以Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.7μm)分离,以多反应监测模式(MRM)进行监测,内标法定量。结果18种氯丙醇酯在1.0~200.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r为0.999 1~0.999 8)。食用油在0.10、1.0和10.0 mg/kg3个添加水平范围内的平均回收率为80.2%~98.5%,RSD8.1%。食用油中18种氯丙醇酯的检出限在1.17~30.1μg/kg之间,92.0%(46/50)的食用油中检出多种3-氯丙醇酯,含量分别在7.55~5 360μg/kg之间;75.0%(9/12)的含油脂食品中检出多种3-氯丙醇酯,含量在6.62~1 569.8μg/kg之间。结论建立的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱联用法同时测定食品中18种3-氯丙醇酯的方法快速简单、准确有效,可以满足各种食用油和含油脂食品中3-氯丙醇酯的检测要求。     

固体超强酸催化合成月桂酸单甘酯的研究

以固体超强酸Nafion-H为催化剂,研究无溶剂条件下月桂酸和甘油直接酯化合成月桂酸单甘酯。考察了影响合成月桂酸单甘酯的因素,实验结果表明反应最适宜工艺条件为:月桂酸/甘油物质的量比为1∶2.5,反应温度为190℃,反应时间为2 h,催化剂为月桂酸和甘油总质量的1.5%,月桂酸单甘酯含量达到64.1%。催化剂无须任何处理即可重复使用,有好的工业应用前景。     

食用香料乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯的合成研究

以乙酸钠为催化剂,3-甲硫基丙醇和乙酸酐为原料,合成 了食用香料乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯。采用正交实验对工艺 条件进行了优化,乙酸酐与3-甲硫基丙醇的摩尔比为 1.1:1,在85-95℃下反应2h,产率为97.7％,采用红外光谱 和气-质联用等分析手段对产物进行了结构确定。     

脂肪酶催化月桂酸淀粉酯的合成

在无溶剂体系中,用脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成月桂酸玉米淀粉酯。考察时间、底物配比、酶添加量、水活度等因素对淀粉酯合成的影响。确定最适反应条件为反应时间24h、温度60℃、月桂酸与淀粉质量比4:1、酶添加量3%,取代度可达到0.1339。并使用FT-IR谱图对产物结构进行表征,说明月桂酸玉米淀粉酯合成成功。     

固定化脂肪酶催化醇解天然奶油合成含硫风味酯的研究

以无水奶油为脂肪酸来源,固定化脂肪酶TL IM为催化剂,无溶剂体系下催化3-甲硫基丙醇与无水奶油反应制备3-甲硫基丙酯。采用十七酸甲酯为内标,GC-FID监测反应过程中转化率的变化,并分析脂肪酶对不同碳链脂肪酸的选择性。结果显示:酶解前8h,脂肪酶对C4-C14脂肪酸选择性优势明显,随着反应的进行,对短链脂肪酸选择性逐渐变小,而对C16-C18脂肪酸选择性增加;当反应温度为50℃,脂肪酶添加量为5wt%,3-甲硫基丙醇与无水奶油的摩尔比3∶1,反应时间为8h时,产物中3-甲硫基丙酯的浓度分别为:丁酸3-甲硫基丙酯29.75mg/m L、己酸3-甲硫基丙酯15.32mg/m L、辛酸3-甲硫基丙酯7.22mg/m L、癸酸3-甲硫基丙酯21.32mg/m L、十二酸3-甲硫基丙酯26.64 mg/m L、十四酸3-甲硫基丙酯77.62mg/m L,C4-C14总转化率为71.16%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.