主栽大豆营养品质及加工特性初探

为考察我国主栽大豆的营养品质和初步探究其相应加工特性,本研究收集主栽大豆品种8种,通过测定其营养成分、活性物质含量及分离蛋白组成,结果显示我国主栽大豆品种具有高蛋白、高脂肪、低碳水化合物、高膳食纤维的营养特点和较广泛加工特性。吉科鲜豆、吉科育种08、690属于高蛋白质大豆,吉科鲜豆、吉科密豆、黑农51号、东升7号、农垦9号为1级高油大豆。大豆样品维生素E、钙、铁含量丰富,分别为11.0~21.8 mg/100 g、560.0~1270.0 mg/kg、66.20~83.40 mg/kg。维生素B₂含量在各品种间差异较小,而异黄酮含量差异较大。8个主栽大豆品种中7S、11S蛋白含量以及分离蛋白聚集体粒径的变异系数均在30%以上,不同品种间大豆加工特性具有较大差异。     

中国大豆异黄酮含量的初步分析

大豆种子含有异黄酮，使大豆食品产生不愉快的后味，苦味和干涩味，但它又具有一定的生理生化活性，如：抗真菌活性，抗氧化活性等。今对５０份中国大豆品种进行异黄酮含量的分析，从中发现了３个异黄酮含量低的和３个异黄酮含量高的大豆品种。     

不同光照条件下大豆发芽过程中异黄酮含量比较与抗氧化活性研究

比较了小黄豆和小黑豆在光照和避光下发芽后大豆异黄酮的含量和分布,并对其抗氧化活性进行测定分析。小黄豆和小黑豆发芽后,子叶中大豆异黄酮含量均有所降低,芽茎中的大豆异黄酮含量有所增高。两种大豆在避光下发芽,芽茎和子叶中大豆异黄酮的含量均高于在光照条件下发芽。两种光照条件下发芽小黑豆中大豆异黄酮含量均高于小黄豆中大豆异黄酮的含量。小黄豆的抗氧化活性与其中的大豆异黄酮含量具有相同的变化趋势,但是小黑豆的抗氧化活性与其大豆异黄酮含量的变化趋势不同,小黑豆原豆和子叶的抗氧化活性均高于芽茎,这可能与小黑豆的表皮中含有花青素有关。     

微量元素对籽粒中大豆异黄酮积累的影响

对两个大豆品种（高异黄酮品种中豆27和普通品种九农20）进行盆栽试验,施用七种微量元素（镁、硼、锰、锌、铜、铁和钼）,利用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）检测大豆籽粒的异黄酮含量。结果显示,不同微量元素对大豆籽粒的异黄酮含量影响差异显著,其中五种微量元素（镁、硼、锰、铜和铁）使大豆异黄酮含量增高,但到一定浓度时,则含量下降;锌元素对大豆异黄酮含量的影响随着微量元素含量提高呈下降趋势;钼元素对大豆异黄酮含量的影响随着微量元素含量提高呈增高趋势。微量元素的含量对异黄酮含量的积累影响很大,镁、硼、锰、铜和铁五种微量元素的含量在0.5mmol/L～1.0mmol/L之间异黄酮含量最高。     

不同光照条件下大豆发芽过程中异黄酮含量的比较与抗氧化活性研究

比较了小黄豆和小黑豆在光照和避光条件下发茅后大豆异黄酮的含量和分布,并对其抗氧化活性进行测定分析。小黄豆和小黑豆发茅后,子叶中大豆异黄酮含量均有所降低,芽茎中有所增高。2种大豆在避光条件下发茅,茅茎和子叶中大豆异黄酮的含量均高于在光照条件下发芽。2种光照条件下发芽小黑豆中大豆异黄酮含量均高于小黄豆。小黄豆的抗氧化活性与其大豆异黄酮含量具有相同的变化趋势,而小黑豆的变化趋势不同,小黑豆原豆的抗氧化活性均高于芽茎和子叶。     

3种大豆的品质特性及其加工适宜性研究

以阜豆17、皖豆15、早熟1号大豆为原料,分别制备豆浆、豆腐以及酸豆乳,分析3种大豆品种的营养及功能特性指标,同时探究不同大豆品种对其加工制品的营养及品质特性的影响。结果表明：3种大豆品种中蛋白质、脂肪以及水分含量存在显著差异,而胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量无显著差异;早熟1号中低聚糖、大豆异黄酮、大豆皂苷和凝集素含量最高,皖豆15的植酸含量最高。阜豆17、皖豆15适合制备高蛋白质的豆浆,早熟1号制备的酸豆乳硬度较高,阜豆17制备的豆腐出品率最高。     

不同品种大豆异黄酮组分及体外抗氧化活性分析

为研究不同品种大豆异黄酮组分和含量以及抗氧化活性,测定了50个特色大豆品种的百粒重、色泽（L*、a*、b*）,通过高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定异黄酮组分,评估不同品种大豆甲醇提取物的DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力,并用相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析法对样品进行分析。结果表明:大豆的百粒重范围为7.05~47.46 g。不同种皮色大豆L*、a*和b*呈现显著差异（P<0.05）。HPLC分析结果发现糖苷型异黄酮含量是大豆中主要的异黄酮组分,占总异黄酮含量的90%以上。其中染料木苷含量最高。安豆115品种的大豆异黄酮的总含量最高,为2500.78 μg/g;靖江丝瓜青品种的大豆异黄酮含量最低,为888.86 μg/g。安豆115品种的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力较强,分别为（16.11±0.25）和（8.12±0.04）μmol V_C/g。糖苷型异黄酮含量与DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力有较高的线性相关性（R2分别为0.903和0.867）。主成分分析表明6项指标可用2个主成分来表示（累计贡献率达66.3%）。聚类分析将50个品种的大豆分为4类:第一类中黄豆黄素和黄豆黄苷含量较高;第二类中大豆苷、大豆苷元、染料木苷和染料木素含量较高;第三类和第四类中其大豆异黄酮含量基本处于中等水平和较低含量。综上所述,不同大豆品种的异黄酮组成、含量和抗氧化能力存在较大差异,可为其进一步综合开发利用提供一定理论基础。     

大豆异黄酮的研究近况与展望

本文综述了近年大豆异黄酮的研究进展。对一些研究报告分析表明：加工方法影响大豆制品中异黄酮的存在形式和生理活性，大豆制品中的异黄酮甙元具有重要的生理功能，发酵及酶工程的应用有利于提高豆制品中大豆异黄酮的生理活性；基因型和环境的差异可以引起不同大豆品种中异黄酮含量的变化等；新型大豆异黄酮产品的开发大有潜力。     

不同生态型高蛋白大豆的品质比较

试验利用国家标准方法对不同生态型高蛋白非转基因品种大豆的蛋白质和脂肪含量进行了比较分析,利用三波长紫外分光光度法比较测定了异黄酮含量。结果表明不同生态条件下的大豆品质差异明显,其中"南豆12号"的蛋白质含量最高而异黄酮含量最低,"东农42"和"郑92116"的蛋白质含量和异黄酮含量较高。     

中国大豆核心种质异黄酮含量的分析

应用大豆核心种质库中的部分夏秋种质,分析了不同品种、省份和生态类型之间,总异黄酮含量和12种异黄酮组分含量的差异。结果表明:不同品种间总异黄酮含量差异较大,参试所有品种总异黄酮含量集中分布在1 000～4 000μg/g之间;发现了5个总异黄酮含量大于5 000μg/g的品种。将12种不同的异黄酮组分划分为4大类进行比较分析,发现不同品种间异黄酮组分含量差异显著;大豆异黄酮主成分与总异黄酮含量具有良好的正相关。比较不同省份和生态地区的总异黄酮含量和组分含量,发现不同省份之间总异黄酮含量存在显著的差异。总体来说,黄淮海区域省份内大豆的异黄酮总含量显著高于南方省份内大豆的异黄酮总含量;夏大豆类型品种的总异黄酮含量显著高于秋大豆类型品种。大豆异黄酮的主要组成成分黄豆黄素苷和染料木苷的含量在不同省份之间差异显著;黄豆黄素苷和黄豆苷在不同生态类型之间具有较为显著的差异。     

Functional attributes of soybean seeds and products,with reference to isoflavone content and antioxidant activity

The concentrations of isoflavones, especially daidzein and genistein, were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in 4 soybean cultivars and 26 soybean products. The total isoflavone content of the soybean cultivars was in the range of 525–986 mg per kg, and for soy products it was 32.9–795 mg per kg. Amongst the soybean products, the isoflavone content decreased in the order: soy sprouts, soy seeds, soy flour, soy milk, soy meals and soy sauce. Significant differences in the concentration of genistein and daidzein were observed between the commercial soy products and also within the soybean cultivars. The antioxidant activity of soybean and soy products correlated well with total phenolic content (TPC) and total isoflavones (TI), whereas TPC showed higher correlation with TI.     

Isoflavone profiles,phenol content,and antioxidant activity of soybean seeds as influenced by cultivar and growing location in Ohio

Isoflavone levels and isoflavone chemical composition in soybeans vary between planting locations although the exact factors which control isoflavone biosynthesis are unclear. We compared levels of 12 isoflavones in soybean seeds of six cultivars grown in four different locations in Ohio in 2002 as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity contained in plant‐based foods can improve food oxidative stability and phenolics and isoflavones have proven active in food systems. Radical scavenging activity was assessed using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Total phenolics (TPCs) were determined by using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Total isoflavones (TIs) varied five‐fold (1573–7710 nmol g^?1) between seeds from the various location–cultivar combinations. One location (Wooster, Ohio) produced seeds containing half the isoflavones as the other locations tested apparently due to poor growing conditions. The cultivars could be divided into two groups based on TI, one having approximately 50% more isoflavones. Surprisingly, across the entire data set, with increasing TI, the proportion of isoflavones accounted for by the daidzein family increased due primarily to malonyl daidzin. DPPH scavenging did not differ significantly by location or cultivar (P > 0.05) and did not correlate with TPC or TI. Profiling soybean isoflavones could help elucidate how isoflavone biosynthesis is regulated and lead to better disease resistance of soybean crops and soy foods with greater health benefits. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

净作和套作条件下大豆籽粒异黄酮积累规律比较

以我国西南地区3个常用大豆品种为材料,比较净作和套作条件对大豆籽粒发育及后熟过程中异黄酮积累规律的影响。结果表明：籽粒成熟期按总异黄酮积累速率可分为初始积累期和快速积累期;受田间小气候影响,套作条件下大豆较晚进入快速积累期;田间采收时,贡选1号品种净作总异黄酮含量极显著高于套作,南豆16和贡秋豆3号净作与套作之间差异不显著。3个品种籽粒后熟期套作条件下总异黄酮的积累量均极显著高于净作,总异黄酮含量套作均显著高于净作;后熟期不同品种异黄酮各组分及总异黄酮的积累量均存在显著差异。本研究发现净套作对3个大豆品种的异黄酮积累动态及总含量均有显著影响,品种间籽粒异黄酮的积累对种植条件的反应不同。相对净作而言,后熟过程更利于套作大豆籽粒异黄酮的进一步积累。     

三波长比色法测定大豆异黄酮的研究

大豆胚芽的乙醇提取液，颜色较深，背景吸收较大，以一般常用的单波长比色法测定大豆异黄酮的含量时，色素和醇溶性蛋白等杂质干扰严重。研究建立了三波长比色法，能有效地扣除色素和醇溶性蛋白等杂质的干扰，精密度试验的相对标准偏差为2.14%，平均加样回收率为104.3%，加样回收率的相对标准偏差为3.70%，并用此方法测定6个品种大豆全豆及其胚芽中异黄酮的含量，其异黄酮的含量分别为0.308%-0.447%和1.23%-2.49%。     

A comparative assessment of total phenolic content,ferric reducing-anti-oxidative power,free radical-scavenging activity,vitamin C and isoflavones content in soybean with varying seed coat colour

Reports concerning anti-oxidative properties of yellow, green and black soybean seeds available in the literature are insufficient and limiting. In the present investigation, mature seeds of 18 genotypes, 6 from each type of soybean i.e. yellow, green and black, were assessed for total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing-anti-oxidative power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activities (FRSA). Isoflavones and vitamin C, the antioxidants, were also determined in all the soybean genotypes. Significant genotypic variation was observed for TPC, FRAP, FRSA, isoflavones and vitamin C within each type of soybean. Maximum genotypic variation (7.27-fold) was observed for TPC in black soybean. Average FRAP value of yellow soybean was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than black and green soybeans. Average FRSA in black soybean was significantly higher than yellow and green soybean group. Average total phenolic content and isoflavones levels were not significant across different types of soybean. Correlation studies indicated significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between FRSA and TPC in black soybean. Our results suggest that antioxidant constituents other than isoflavones contribute significantly to the FRSA in black soybean genotypes.     

Analysis of phenolic compounds and isoflavones in soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merill) and sprouts grown under different conditions

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merill) are popularly known as a healthy food in many Asian countries and are mostly consumed as soymilk, tofu, and fermented products such as miso, temph, and sufu. The objective of this study was to determine the variation and composition of phenolic compounds and isoflavone contents in soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merill] and sprouts [Kongnamul] grown under dark conditions (producing yellow soybean sprouts) and in green and yellow boxes (producing green soybean sprouts). In seven soybean cultivars, the total phenolic content ranged from 6.67 μg⁻¹ in Pureunkong to 72.33 μg⁻¹ in Poongsannamulkong. The average total phenolic content in the green soybean sprouts (48.33 μg⁻¹) was higher than in the yellow soybean sprouts (29.75 μg⁻¹). The total phenolic content in the yellow soybean sprouts varied from 9.88 μg⁻¹ to 47.71 μg⁻¹, and the total phenolic content in the green soybean sprouts varied from 29.21 μg⁻¹ to 79.70 μg⁻¹. Only four phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, were detected in all soybean cultivars. Syringic acid was not detected in yellow soybean sprouts, and myricetin was only detected in yellow soybean sprouts (4.65 μg⁻¹) from the Pureunkong cultivar grown under dark conditions. The total isoflavone content in soybean seeds ranged from 2.1 μg⁻¹ in Sowonkong to 33.0 μg⁻¹ in Pureunkong, and the mean total isoflavones was 10.61 μg⁻¹. Green soybean sprouts had higher average total isoflavones (1389.4 μg⁻¹) than yellow soybean sprouts (559.2 μg⁻¹), and the total isoflavone content was highest in the Pureunkong yellow soybean sprouts (756.3 μg⁻¹) and the Sowonkong green soybean sprouts (2791.6 μg⁻¹). In soybean sprouts, the higher the (malonyl)-daidzin or (malonyl)-genistein content, the higher the total isoflavone level. Our study suggests that producing soybean sprouts enriched in isoflavones under coloured-light sources is feasible.     

偏钒酸钠促进大豆芽异黄酮类物质黄豆苷元和染料木黄酮合成的研究

目的:分析比较偏钒酸钠对大豆芽合成异黄酮类物质-黄豆苷元和染料木黄酮的影响;方法:将大豆种子在不同浓度的偏钒酸钠水溶液(0、200、400、600、800、1000、1200、1400、1600mg/LNaVO3)于28℃萌发6d,第6d收获富钒大豆芽,洗净烘干至恒重,用95%乙醇提取大豆芽中的异黄酮类物质-黄豆苷元和染料木黄素,黄豆苷元和染料木黄素含量由高效液相色谱法测定;结果:分析测定结果表明,当大豆种子在浓度为200～600mg/L偏钒酸钠溶液中于28℃萌发6d,收获的大豆芽中的异黄酮类物质黄豆苷元和染料木黄酮的含量高于同等条件下其他浓度偏钒酸钠萌发液中萌发的大豆芽;结论:综合大豆芽的生长情况及大豆芽中异黄酮类物质-黄豆苷元和染料木黄酮含量等因素,在本实验条件下,萌发富钒大豆芽的适宜偏钒酸钠酸浓度为200～600mg/L,适宜的培育时间为96～120h,适宜温度为28℃。     

Evaluation of Vegetable-Type Soybean for Sucrose,Taste-Related Amino Acids,and Isoflavones Contents

Vegetable soybean differs from the conventional soybean in its distinct taste. Genetic variability has been scarcely investigated in vegetable soybean for taste-related compounds viz. sucrose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and isoflavones. In the present study, analysis of green seeds of 12 vegetable-type genotypes, between reproductive stages of R₆ and R₇ (i.e., when the pods were completely filled but the seeds and pods shell not yet turned yellow), revealed ranges of 1.28–7.12, 0.37–1.51, 0.64–2.82, 0.17–0.72, 0.11–0.51 g/100 g for sucrose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine content, respectively, while a range of 8.64–33.19 mg/100 g was observed for total isoflavones content. Genotypes with high levels of sucrose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine scored high for taste. Results did not indicate any significant relationship between isoflavones content and the taste score.     

大豆异黄酮糖苷及其苷元调节免疫功能的比较研究

目的:比较大豆异黄酮糖苷及游离型大豆苷元对小鼠免疫功能能力的影响。方法:将实验室提取大豆异黄酮糖苷和苷元(纯度为41%左右)的产品按照40～100mg/kg,连续灌胃21d后,与对照组相比能显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力及小鼠脾重。结果:大豆异黄酮糖苷和苷元具有较强的调节小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,能刺激小鼠脾脏和胸腺器官的发育;同一剂量的大豆异黄酮糖苷和苷元雌鼠的效果要好于雄鼠,游离型大豆苷元的吸收效果明显好于糖苷。