干热条件下大豆分离蛋白—木糖美拉德反应研究

采用干热条件处理大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和木糖,使两者发生美拉德反应,研究反应温度、混合比例、相对湿度及反应时间对美拉德反应的影响,同时检测美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质。结果表明,在干热条件下SPI与木糖极易发生美拉德反应,且最适条件为反应温度80℃、SPI∶木糖混合比例4∶1、相对湿度26.10%、反应时间5 h,在此条件下所得产物在290 nm处有最大吸光值。示差扫描量热法表明美拉德反应产生了易分解的中间产物,流变学研究则表明SPI和木糖通过美拉德反应形成了大分子产物,使得产物溶液的弹性特征明显增强、粘度明显增加。综上所述,干热条件下的美拉德反应在SPI改性中具有较大的应用潜力。     

干热条件下壳聚糖-木糖的美拉德反应

以木糖为模式还原糖,研究干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖发生美拉德反应的可能性,探讨反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间和壳聚糖/木糖配比4 个因素对美拉德反应的影响,并对在最适条件下获得的美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质进行表征。结果表明,在干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖易于发生美拉德反应,且发生反应的最适条件为将两者按1∶1质量比例混合,在90 ℃及61.2%的相对湿度条件下反应4 h。在此条件下获得的壳聚糖-木糖美拉德反应产物的热分解温度与壳聚糖相比有所降低,流变学研究表明美拉德反应产物在溶液中的弹性明显增强。     

干热条件下壳聚糖-葡萄糖的美拉德反应

壳聚糖含有丰富的氨基,可与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应。本文就干热条件下壳聚糖与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应的可能性进行了初步研究,确定了两者发生美拉德反应的最佳反应条件,并对美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质进行了表征。结果显示,壳聚糖与葡萄糖在干热条件下易于发生美拉德反应,且最适的反应条件为反应温度90℃、相对湿度61.0%、反应时间6h、壳聚糖/葡萄糖混合比例1.5∶1。在此条件下制备的美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质均发生了明显改变,进一步证实了壳聚糖与葡萄糖之间发生了美拉德反应。     

湿热条件下大豆分离蛋白与葡萄糖、麦芽糖的美拉德反应

研究湿热条件下反应温度、反应时间及混合质量比对大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）与葡萄糖、麦芽糖之间美拉德反应的影响,并对所得美拉德反应产物的溶解性、乳化性、溶液pH值、电势、热性能、结构和分子质量的变化进行表征。结果表明,SPI与2?种还原糖发生美拉德反应的最适条件为按质量比4∶1混合后在80?℃条件下反应6?h。美拉德反应明显改善了SPI的溶解度,并且麦芽糖比葡萄糖对SPI的改性效果更佳;美拉德反应降低了SPI的乳化性,并对其ζ电势有一定影响,随着美拉德反应程度的增加,SPI的负电荷明显减少;美拉德反应会使SPI溶液的pH值降低;热稳定性分析表明美拉德反应降低了SPI的热稳定性;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明美拉德反应在SPI中引入了新的化学键;荧光分析表明美拉德反应增强了SPI的荧光强度;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定表明美拉德反应导致了大分子物质的形成。     

乳清分离蛋白与壳聚糖美拉德反应初级阶段产物乳化性研究

采用干热美拉德反应制备乳清分离蛋白(WPI)-壳聚糖复合物,通过对复合物的乳液粒径及稳定性分析,研究反应温度、WPI与壳聚糖质量比及反应时间对复合物乳化性的影响。荧光光谱分析表明：WPI和壳聚糖在干热反应后发生共价交联并且结构发生了变化。WPI与壳聚糖在50℃、相对湿度79%干热条件下,反应1～4d的产物为Maillard反应初级阶段产物,该产物的乳化性质得到改善。其中,WPI与壳聚糖以质量比1:4混合,50℃反应1d的产物乳化稳定性是反应前的10倍。     

干热条件下大豆分离蛋白-壳寡糖美拉德反应及产物表征

对不同质量比的大豆分离蛋白（SPI）与壳寡糖（COS）在干热条件下的美拉德反应及产物性质进行系统性研究,以420 nm和290 nm下的吸光值、游离氨基酸、糠氨酸和5-羟甲基糠醛等的变化来监测美拉德反应的进程,并对美拉德反应产物的Zeta-电位、溶解性、乳化性、热性能、荧光强度等进行表征。结果表明:SPI与COS之间的美拉德反应程度随体系中COS比例的增大而增大;与SPI-COS混合物相比,SPI与COS的美拉德反应产物的Zeta-电位、溶解性、热稳定性均降低,SPI:COS为8:1时Zeta-电位最低达到?33.8 mV;SPI与COS之间的美拉德反应提高了SPI的乳化能力,其中SPI:COS为8:1时乳化活力最强,较SPI-COS混合物提高了509.3%,4:1时乳化稳定性最好,较混合物提高了183.3%。因此,SPI与COS之间的美拉德反应有效的提高了SPI的乳化性能,有望作为一种新型的乳化剂在食品领域广泛应用。     

酪蛋白-羧甲基壳聚糖美拉德产物的制备及表征

以超声法制备的羧甲基壳聚糖(carboxymethyl chitocan,CAS)和酪蛋白(casein,CN)为原料,用干热法制备了美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)。研究了反应温度、反应时间和CN/CAS比例对Maillard反应的影响。对pH值、褐变指数、接枝度、自由氨基数和傅立叶红外光谱图进行表征。最终结果表明:最适宜反应条件是在60℃,相对湿度为79%,CN/CAS比例为5∶4,最终蛋白质浓度为10%的美拉德反应产物反应72h具有最高的反应程度。测得其褐变指数为0.697,接枝度为70.09%,自由氨基含量为28.83%。CN、CN/CAS和MRPs的红外光谱表明,酪蛋白与羧甲基壳聚糖发生美拉德反应。     

大豆分离蛋白-壳聚糖美拉德反应 产物的制备条件优化

利用大豆分离蛋白（SPI）与壳聚糖（CS）建立美拉德反应体系,以DPPH自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基（O-2·）清除率、对细菌（大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌）的抑菌性作为检测指标,经单因素实验和正交实验优化分别具有高接枝度、强抗氧化性、强抑菌性的美拉德反应产物（MRPs）的适宜反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间以及SPI与CS质量比。结果表明：当反应温度80 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间5 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1时,接枝度最高,为65.13％;当反应温度90 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间6 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对DPPH·清除率最高,为95.63%;当反应温度90 ℃、相对湿度61.0%、反应时间7 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对O-2·清除率最高,为91.93%;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间6 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对大肠杆菌抑菌性最强;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度73.9%、反应时间7 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 2时,MRPs对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌性最强;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度26.1%、反应时间3 h、SPI与CS质量比2∶ 1时,MRPs对沙门氏菌抑菌性最强。研究结果表明通过控制反应条件,可在一定范围内调节MRPs各个功能性质的强弱以满足不同的实际需要。     

均匀试验优化酪蛋白—木糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性

研究采用均匀试验优化酪蛋白—木糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性,并考察不同影响因素(反应温度、反应时间、反映初始pH和反应底物质量比)对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性的影响。以DPPH自由基清除率作为美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性指标,研究发现在温度120℃,反应时间44 min,反映初始pH为6,酪蛋白与木糖质量比1.5︰1条件下,美拉德反应产物对DPPH自由基的清除率由23.86%显著地增加到82.38%。均匀试验结果还表明模拟体系反应温度和反应底物质量比对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性具有显著影响(p<0.05),反应时间和反应初始pH之间的交互作用亦有显著影响。     

玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖美拉德反应产物制备姜黄素纳米颗粒

本文研究玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)和葡萄糖(Glu)在70%乙醇溶液中的美拉德反应,并对其反应产物(Zein/Glu MRP)在反溶剂法制备姜黄素纳米颗粒中的应用进行研究,结果表明,在70%乙醇溶液中,Zein和Glu发生美拉德反应。当以波长290 nm和420 nm处的吸光值为指标时,两者发生反应的最适条件为混合质量比3∶1、溶液pH 13、反应温度90℃、反应时间90 min。在此条件下的美拉德反应主要处于中间阶段,反应体系的pH值由13急剧降至7.85,可溶性蛋白质含量增加24.3%。以在上述最佳条件下制备的Zein/Glu MRP制备姜黄素纳米颗粒,与未改性的玉米醇溶蛋白相比,包埋效率提高22倍,且在乙醇溶液中具有较好的缓释性能;同时,其热稳定性和贮藏稳定性都得到显著提高。这表明:虽然玉米醇溶蛋白不溶于水,但是其在70%乙醇溶液中可与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应,且该反应对于玉米醇溶蛋白的功能性质及用反溶剂法制备的纳米颗粒的性能有显著的提高作用。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.