食品中大肠埃希氏菌O121荧光PCR检测方法的研究

针对大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)O121的O抗原基因簇的vio A基因的特异性序列设计引物和探针,通过对荧光聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)扩增条件的优化,建立检测E.coli O121的血清型特异性荧光PCR方法。E.coli O121标准菌株呈现扩增曲线,其它22株非O121 E.coli和19株非E.coli细菌的菌株均无扩增,检测的灵敏度可达155拷贝/反应。339份食品样品用EC肉汤增菌后用本荧光PCR法进行检测,检出E.coli O121阳性9份,阳性率为2.7%,其中市场上采购获得的生猪肉和生牛肉阳性率达4.1%。上述试验结果表明,本方法特异性强、操作简便,食品中E.coli O121检测全过程可在1.5 d内完成,适用于食品中E.coli O121的快速检测。     

荧光型重组酶聚合酶扩增技术检测食品中大肠埃希氏菌O157

研究基于荧光型重组酶聚合酶扩增(exo-RPA)技术原理,建立了一种大肠埃希氏菌O157的快速检测方法。应用该方法对多种大肠埃希氏菌O157菌株和非大肠埃希氏菌O157菌株的检测结果表明,该方法的荧光探针和引物具有良好的特异性。对于梯度稀释的插入靶基因序列的质粒pUC57-rfbE和大肠埃希氏菌0157的检测,大肠埃希氏菌O157 exo-RPA检测灵敏度分别可以达到10~2 copies/μL和2.1×10~4 cfu/mL。对食品样品中大肠埃希氏菌0157的检测,exo-RPA方法显示出了良好的稳定性。并且食品样品中目标菌经4 h增菌后,该方法的灵敏性可以满足对食品样品中初始浓度为2.1×10~1 cfu/mL的目标菌的检测。因为大肠埃希氏菌exo-RPA方法配套设备简便、廉价,所以该方法可以在各级检测机构中推广,并适用于食品生产到消费各环节中大肠埃希氏菌0157的即时检测。     

三重荧光PCR检测沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7

目的 建立一种检验沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7的Taqman探针三重荧光PCR方法。方法 针对沙门氏菌属特异性invA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌rpoB基因、大肠埃希氏菌O157：H7 的rfbE基因设计引物与探针,建立三重荧光PCR体系,对引物与探针浓度及退火温度优化,并进行特异性和敏感性研究。结果 引物与探针的最优浓度组合为：invA 0.2μL、ropB 0.4μL、rfbE 0.5μL;最优退火温度为60℃。16株非目标菌株扩增结果为阴性;目标菌株均出现显著扩增。敏感性试验显示,三种微生物对应的能检出的最低菌体数量依次为：460CFU、76CFU、660CFU。结论 该方法特异性好、灵敏度高,能够快速检测沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7     

侧向流动型重组酶聚合酶扩增技术检测食品中大肠埃希氏菌O157

研究内容基于侧向流动型重组酶聚合酶扩增(Lateral flow-based recombinase polymerase amplification,LF-RPA)技术原理,建立大肠埃希氏菌O157(Escherichia coli O157)的LF-RPA快速检测方法。应用该方法对3株大肠埃希氏菌O157和27株非大肠埃希氏菌O157进行检测,结果表明该方法具有良好的特异性。分别以10倍浓度梯度稀释插入靶基因序列的质粒pUC57-rfbE和大肠埃希氏菌O157菌液DNA作为模板进行LF-RPA检测。结果表明LF-RPA方法可检出1.0×10²拷贝/μL的pUC57-rfbE质粒和1.2×10⁴ cfu/mL的大肠埃希氏菌O157菌液。以大肠埃希氏菌O157污染食品样品,增菌4 h后,大肠埃希氏菌O157初始浓度为1.2×10¹ cfu/mL的食品增菌液可以被LF-RPA检出阳性信号。该研究建立的方法可快速、准确、灵敏地检测食品中大肠埃希氏菌O157,无需专业设备,在食品生产企业和基层检测机构具有一定的应用前景。     

实时荧光定量PCR法快速检测食品中大肠埃希菌

目的应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,结合3~5 h的前增菌处理,建立食品中大肠埃希菌的快速、灵敏、定量的检测方法。方法以大肠埃希菌(ATCC 25922)为参考菌株,对培养基和培养温度进行优化,选择最佳的前增菌培养条件。将不同浓度的参考菌株和样品分别接种前增菌液中培养3~5 h。采用Triton-X 100提取增菌后的DNA,实时荧光定量PCR扩增大肠埃希菌特异性片段。所得Ct与对应的原始(增菌前)参考菌株的浓度,建立标准曲线,计算样品中大肠埃希菌的数量。结果纯培养模式下,经过3、4和5 h的前增菌后,标准曲线具有很好的线性,r2分别为0.996、0.992和0.991,对应的检测限为136、14和1.4 cfu/100 ml;含杂菌培养模式下,NB和EC肉汤42.0℃增菌4 h后,建立的标准曲线r2分别为0.972和0.978。在不同食品中该方法的加标回收率为74.0%~174.0%。结论 3~5 h的前增菌实时荧光定量PCR方法可以快速、灵敏、定量地检测食品中活的大肠埃希菌。     

实时荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增检测大肠埃希氏菌O157

目的建立实时荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增(real-time recombinase polymerase amplification,real-time RPA)检测大肠埃希氏菌O157的分析方法。方法根据大肠埃希氏菌O157的rfbE基因(S83460.1),设计特异性引物和exo探针,分别进行引物探针筛选和特异性、灵敏度以及稳定性探究,并对人工污染样品和实际样品进行检测,验证本研究方法的实用性。结果本方法在37℃恒温20 min内可完成对大肠埃希氏菌O157的定性检测,目的 DNA的检测限为0.01ng/μL,目的菌的检测限为10~3CFU/mL。在稳定性实验中,选择从100～0.001 ng/μL的10倍梯度稀释的目的 DNA进行每个浓度8个平行的测试, 0.01 ng/μL及以上浓度的DNA的8个平行均可稳定检出。对于大肠埃希氏菌O157的初始污染量为4 CFU/25 g的牛奶和鸡肉人工污染样品,增菌9 h后,可检出其中的目的菌。用本方法和国标方法 GB 4789.36-2016同时检测20份实际样品,结果一致。结论该方法快速、简便,可作为一种常温下大肠埃希氏菌O157的快速检测手段,应用于基层实验室或现场检测。     

Taqman荧光实时PCR快速检测原料乳中EPEC

建立可对原料乳中肠致病性大肠埃希氏菌(enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,EPEC)进行快速检测的Taqman光实时PCR方法.以eae致病基因为靶基因,用特异性引物和Taqman探针进行实时PCR扩增,研究反应的特异性和检测限,并用所建立的方法对16份市售原料乳进行EPEC检测.结果表明,所用引物和探针可高效扩增出目的片段,与原料乳中其他常见致病菌无交叉反应,经2 h增菌后检测限为8.8 mL-1.对16份市售原料乳样品,检出2份含有EPEC,血清型分别为O111:K58(B4)和O127a:K63(B18).全部检测过程只需5h,可用于原料乳中EPEC的快速检测和污染调查.     

基于实时荧光聚合酶链式反应快速检测食源性大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7

目的 建立一种快速、灵敏、特异、高效的食源性大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7型实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)检测方法。方法 针对大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7型的O抗原特异基因rfbE保守区域设计特异性引物和探针, 合成基因片段绘制标准曲线, 在菌液基因组DNA和质粒双层面调试优化以完成方法的初步建立。其后, 对该方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性等进行全面的质量评估验证。结果 该方法特异性100%; 基因组DNA检测敏感性为7.11×102 fg/μL; 纯培养物水平检测敏感性为1.0×102 CFU/mL; 重复性变异系数在0.10%~1.00%之间; 标准曲线相关系数r2为0.9994。结论 成功建立了一种性能良好的大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7型实时荧光探针PCR快速检测方法, 该方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、扩增时间短, 仅为35 min的特点, 可用于疑似大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7型污染样品的快速诊断检测。     

荧光PCR法检测原料乳中大肠埃希氏菌喹诺酮类的耐药基因

目的 建立喹诺酮类抗生素主要耐药基因的TaqMan荧光PCR检测方法,为原料乳中耐药大肠埃希氏菌的监测提供技术方案。方法 利用Chelex 100法快速获取细菌基因组DNA,通过对aac(6’)-Ib-cr和qepA基因的序列分析,利用Primer Express 3.0软件设计特异性引物和探针,建立单重和双重TaqMan荧光PCR方法。通过耐药基因阳性菌株和原料乳中分离大肠埃希氏菌菌株,对方法进行评估。结果 以Chelex 100法快速提取耐药基因阳性菌株细菌基因组DNA为模板,建立的aac(6’)-Ib-cr和qepA基因的单重和双重荧光PCR反应均有特异性曲线扩增,方法灵敏度为菌液浓度10_^-4 CFU/mL。北京地区52份原料乳中共分离出32株大肠埃希氏菌,利用建立的双重荧光PCR方法检测aac(6’)-Ib-cr和qepA基因结果为阴性,和环丙沙星肉汤稀释法药敏结果一致。结论 本方法的建立为原料乳中大肠埃希氏菌常见喹诺酮类耐药基因的快速检测提供了新的技术手段。     

干燥型荧光PCR试剂盒检测食源性致病菌研究

目的研究干燥型荧光PCR试剂盒检测副溶血性弧菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7和单增李斯特菌3种食源性致病菌的灵敏度、特异性和检测人工污染样品情况。方法目标菌和非目标菌接种至血平板, 36℃培养过夜,目标菌比浊至0.5 McF(麦氏单位), 10倍连续稀释后提取DNA,进行灵敏度研究;非目标菌直接提取DNA后检测,进行特异性研究;用高、中、低3个浓度目标菌液人工污染食品样品,按国标方法培养后用干燥型荧光PCR试剂盒检测。结果副溶血性弧菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7和单增李斯特菌的最低检测浓度分别为140、380和7900 CFU/mL。3种目标菌人工污染食品样品的最低检测浓度分别为1.2 CFU/25 g、5.1CFU/25 g、10 CFU/25 g。每种试剂盒仅对目标菌株的检测结果呈阳性,非目标菌株均呈阴性。结论新型干燥型荧光PCR检测试剂盒具有较好的灵敏度和良好的特异性,适用于食品中副溶血性弧菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7和单增李斯特菌的检测。     

Rapid and simultaneous quantitation of Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella in ground beef by multiplex real-time PCR and immunomagnetic separation

The objective of this study was to establish a multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous quantitation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella. Genomic DNA for the real-time PCR was extracted by the boiling method. Three sets of primers and corresponding TaqMan probes were designed to target these three pathogenic bacteria. Multiplex real-time PCR was performed with TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix in an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. Final standard curves were calculated for each pathogen by plotting the threshold cycle value against the bacterial number (log CFU per milliliter) via linear regression. With optimized conditions, the quantitative detection range of the real-time multiplex PCR for pure cultures was 10(2) to 10(9) CFU/ml for E. coli O157:H7, 10(3) to 10(9) CFU/ml for Salmonella, and 10(1) to 10(8) CFU/ml for Shigella. When the established multiplex real-time PCR system was applied to artificially contaminated ground beef, the detection limit was 10(5) CFU/g for E. coli O157:H7, 10(3) CFU/g for Salmonella, and 10(4) CFU/g for Shigella. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was further used to separate E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from the beef samples. With the additional use of IMS, the detection limit was 10(3) CFU/g for both pathogens. Results from this study showed that TaqMan real-time PCR, combined with IMS, is potentially an effective method for the rapid and reliable quantitation of E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella in food.     

Novel Real-Time PCR Method To Detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw Milk Cheese and Raw Ground Meat

Raw milk, raw milk cheeses, and raw ground meat have been implicated in Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Developing methods to detect these bacteria in raw milk and meat products is a major challenge for food safety. The aim of our study was to develop a real-time PCR assay to detect E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk cheeses and raw ground meat. Well-known primers targeting a mutation at position +93 of the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7 were chosen, and a specific TaqMan-minor groove binder probe was designed. This probe targets another mutation, at position +191 of the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7. The first step in the study was to evaluate the specificity of this probe with 156 different O157:H7/NM strains and 48 non-O157:H7/NM strains of E. coli. The sensitivity of the method was evaluated by pre- and postinoculation of cheeses and meat enrichments with different E. coli O157:H7 strains. All the E. coli O157:H7 isolates tested were positive, and none of the other bacteria were detected. Our results indicate that this method is sensitive enough to detect 10(2) E. coli O157:H7 isolates per ml of cheese or meat enrichment broth (24 h at 41.5° C) and is more sensitive than the International Organization for Standardization reference method. We can conclude that this new real-time PCR protocol is a useful tool for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk and raw ground meat products.     

Detection of freeze-injured Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells from foods by resuscitation prior to selective enrichment

We tried to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples artificially contaminated with freeze-injured E. coli O157:H7 using an enrichment method with modified EC broth supplemented with novobiocin (mEC + n). When the samples were cultured for enrichment immediately after inoculation of freeze-injured cells, E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in 13 out of 18 samples. However, allowing the food samples to stand for 3 h at room temperature prior to enrichment in mEC + n remarkably improved recovery of E. coli O157:H7 except for some acidic foods. E. coli O157:H7 was detected in the acidic foods by introducing a resuscitation step of 3-h of incubation in a non-selective broth at room temperature prior to enrichment with mEC + n.     

Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR

A method combining immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and real-time (5'-nuclease) PCR was developed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7. Monoclonal antibody specific for the E. coli O157 antigen was added to protein A-coated magnetic particles to create antibody-coated beads. The beads specifically captured E. coli O157:H7 from bacterial suspensions. The cells were eluted from the beads and lysed by heating; the eluate was then assayed by real-time PCR, using primers and probe specifically targeting the eaeA gene of E. coli O157:H7. Approximately 50% of the cells in suspension were captured by the beads and detected by real-time PCR. No cross-reactivity was detected when other strains of E. coli were tested. This method was applied to detect E. coli O157:H7 from ground beef. Both cell capture efficiency and real-time PCR efficiency were reduced by meat-associated inhibitors. However, we were still able to detect up to 8% of E. coli O157:H7 from inoculated ground beef samples. The detection sensitivity varied among ground beef samples. The minimum detection limit was <5x10(2) cells ml(-1) for suspensions of E. coli O157:H7 in buffer and 1.3x10(4) cells g(-1) for E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. The combination of IMS and real-time PCR results in rapid, specific and quantitative detection of E. coli O157:H7 without the need for an enrichment culture step.     

Detection method of injured Escherichia coli O157 in noodles and vegetables

An enrichment procedure and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of injured Escherichia coli O157 in foods were examined. Freeze-injured E. coli O157 inoculated in boiled spaghetti could be detected in 6-h culture within 12 h by the PCR method. Cells injured by heating in boiled spaghetti and cells injured by chlorine treatment in raw lettuce and carrot did not grow sufficiently to be detected in 6-h culture but were detected in 18-h culture using selective agar media. The injured cells could be also detected in 18-h culture within 24 h by the PCR method. Enrichment at 42 degrees C in trypticase soy broth (TSB) was more effective than that at 42 degrees C in modified EC broth with novobiocin. These results indicated that the usage of enrichment in TSB for 18 h at 42 degrees C in combination with the PCR method is suitable for screening for E. coli O157 in boiled or chlorinated foods, even if the O157 cells are injured.     

Detection and isolation of Escherichia coli with a coding gene for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 from food and comparison with fecal isolates

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) was originally regarded as a putative enterotoxin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Although its etiological role has not yet been elucidated, it has been epidemiologically suggested that some strains of E. coli possessing EAST1-coding gene (astA) but no other identifiable pathogenic properties comprise a new group of diarrhea-associated E. coli (EAST1EC). However, the source of the organisms and their prevalence in foods are still obscure. In this study, methods for detection of the organisms in foods heavily contaminated with coliforms were evaluated and properties of the isolated strains were compared with those of fecal strains. Four enrichment methods (brilliant green lactose bile broth, E. coli, lauryl tryptose broth, and a combination of brain heart infusion broth and tryptone phosphate broth) were evaluated through inspection of 115 samples. PCR showed positive results in 26 samples after enrichment with a combination of brain heart infusion broth and tryptone phosphate broth, and EAST1EC was successfully isolated from 18 samples. Fifteen samples showed a positive reaction in the PCR test after enrichment by the other methods, and the organisms were isolated from only 10 specimens. The highest prevalence of EAST1EC was found in animal products (16 of 54, 29.6%); the organism was rarely found in foods of plant origin (2 of 45, 4.4%) or fishery products (1 of 16, 6.3%). Although EAST1EC is unexpectedly common in animal products, its potential as a human pathogen remains uncertain because the possession of some virulence properties differs significantly between strains from fecal specimens and those from foods. Some food isolates, however, possess the same characteristics as diarrheal isolates do. It is necessary to clarify the pathogenicity of EAST1EC and the significance of food as a source of infection.     

Influence of growth in a food medium on the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by polymerase chain reaction

The effects of storage time and growth in broth culture and in a food medium on the efficiency of Escherichia coli O157: H7 DNA extraction and on the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of E. coli O157:H7 were investigated. Detection limits were evaluated with dilution series PCR targeting the slt-II gene. The relationship between cell density and DNA yield was generally log-linear for pure cultures of E coli O157:H7. When the bacteria were suspended in skim milk at a density of 10(6) CFU/ml. held at 4 degrees C, and sampled at 24-h intervals, cell density, total DNA yield, and PCR detection limits remained stable throughout the 96-h storage period. However, when E coli O157:H7 was grown in skim milk to a final cell density of 10(6) CFU/ml, PCR amplification efficiency was drastically reduced, although overall DNA yields from these samples were consistent with those for the samples in which E. coli O157:H7 growth was static over 96 h of storage at 4 degrees C. This result is most likely due to poor DNA purity, which was consistently observed when DNA was extracted from food matrices in which the pathogen was grown rather than stored. The results of this investigation underscore the likelihood that multiple components may drastically affect DNA extraction and PCR amplification efficiency in the detection of pathogens in the food matrix. It is clear that before nucleic acid amplification technologies are widely applied to food systems, it would be prudent to test their efficacy in multiple food matrices and under conditions in which the bacterial population is both static and actively growing.     

Rapid and reliable detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli by real-time multiplex PCR

Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 are the predominant Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serogroups implicated in outbreaks of human foodborne illness worldwide. The increasing prevalence of these pathogens has important public health implications. Beef products have been considered a main source of foodborne human STEC infections. Robust and sensitive methods for the detection and characterization of these pathogens are needed to determine prevalence and incidence of STEC in beef processing facilities and to improve food safety interventions aimed at eliminating STEC from the food supply. This study was conducted to develop Taqman real-time multiplex PCR assays for the screening and rapid detection of the predominant STEC serogroups associated with human illness. Three serogroup-specific assays targeted the O-antigen gene clusters of E. coli O26 (wzy), O103 (wzx), and O145 (wzx) in assay 1, O45 (wzy), O111 (manC), and O121 (wzx) in assay 2, and O157 (rfbE) in assay 3. The uidA gene also was included in the serogroup-specific assays as an E. coli internal amplification control. A fourth assay was developed to target selected virulence genes for Shiga toxin (stx(1) and stx(2)), intimin (eae), and enterohemolysin (ehxA). The specificity of the serogroup and virulence gene assays was assessed by testing 100 and 62 E. coli strains and non-E. coli control strains, respectively. The assays correctly detected the genes in all strains examined, and no cross-reactions were observed, representing 100 % specificity. The detection limits of the assays were 10(3) or 10(4) CFU/ml for pure cultures and artificially contaminated fecal samples, and after a 6-h enrichment period, the detection limit of the assays was 10(0) CFU/ml. These results indicate that the four real-time multiplex PCR assays are robust and effective for the rapid and reliable detection of the seven predominant STEC serogroups of major public health concern and the detection of their virulence genes.