稻米淀粉的理化特性研究Ⅰ.不同类型稻米淀粉的理化特性

以籼稻、粳稻和糯稻为原料,研究了稻米淀粉的理化特性及稻米类型对理化特性的影响.结果表明籼稻、粳稻和糯稻淀粉的颗粒特性相似,粒径1.90～2.53μm,粒形为多面体,酶解力(0.032OD/g淀粉)和结晶度(28%～40%)较接近.三种稻米在组成上以直链淀粉含量的差异较大,其他成分差异不明显.籼稻的糊化温度(68℃-77℃)最高,在自然水分下加热时晶体熔解所需热量(2.795J/g)最低,凝胶稠度(35.0mm)、特性粘度(132.38mL/g)最小,碘兰值(0.232 OD/0.1g淀粉)最大.糯稻的糊化温度(57℃～65℃)最低,在自然水分下加热时晶体熔解所需热量(28.276J/g)最高,凝胶稠度(91.5mm)、特性粘度(167.45mL/g)最大,碘兰值(0.059 OD/0.1g淀粉)最小.     

稻米淀粉的理化特性研究（注）I. 不同类型稻米淀粉的理化特性

以籼稻、粳稻和糯稻为原料，研究了稻米淀粉的理化特性及稻米类型对理化特性的影响。结果表明：籼稻、粳稻和糯稻淀粉的颗粒特性相似，粒径1.90-2.53μm，粒形为多面体，酶解力（0.0320D/g淀粉）和结晶度（28%-40%）较接近。三种稻米在组成上以直链淀粉含量的差异较大，其他成分差异不明显。籼稻的糊化温度（68℃-77℃）最高，在自然水分下加热时晶体所需热量（2.795j/G)最低，凝胶稠度（35.0mm)、特性粘度（132.38mL/g)最小，碘兰值（0.232OD/0.1g淀粉）最大。糯稻的糊化温度（57℃-65℃）最低，在自然水分下加热时晶体熔解所需热量（28.276J/g)最高，凝胶稠度（91.5mm）、特性粘度（167.45mL/g)最大，碘兰值（0.059OD/0.1g淀粉）最小。     

稻米淀粉及其级分的凝胶色谱分析

对糯稻，粳稻和籼稻的天然淀粉及其支链淀粉，直链淀粉进行凝胶色谱分析，以确定不同来源淀粉的组成，淀粉级分的特性。结果表明，籼稻淀粉和粳稻淀粉主要由支链淀粉，中间级分和直链淀粉组成，糯稻淀粉主要由支链淀粉和中间级分组成。采用正丁醇反复结晶法分离得到的直链淀粉和支链淀粉有较高的纯度。支链淀粉的分子量分布比直链淀粉的宽，粳米直链淀粉的分子量分布比籼米的宽，三种稻米支链淀粉的分子量分布差异不大。     

稻米淀粉及其级分的凝胶色谱分析

对糯稻、粳稻和籼稻的天然淀粉及其支链淀粉、直链淀粉进行凝胶色谱分析，以确定不同来源淀粉的组成、淀粉级分的特性。结果表明，籼稻淀粉和粳稻淀粉主要由支链淀粉、中间级分和直链淀粉组成，糯稻淀粉主要由支链淀粉和中间级分组成。采用正丁醇反复结晶法分离得到的直链淀粉和支链淀粉有较高的纯度。支链淀粉的分子量分布比直链淀粉的宽，粳米直链淀粉的分子量分布比籼米的宽，三种稻米支链淀粉的分子量分布差异不大。     

用Logistic方程模拟稻米淀粉组分的积累特性

选用直链淀粉含量不同等级的粳稻、籼稻、糯稻为材料,分析测定了不同灌浆期稻米总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累动态特性,并用Logistic方程进行了模拟分析.结果表明:灌浆过程中,6个品种淀粉含量变化趋势一致,均呈“S”型曲线变化;不同品种淀粉组分积累速率高峰出现的时间不同;稻米直链淀粉含量存在显著的品种间差异,且差异从灌浆之初就开始,其中七山占含量最高,沈农576含量最低;Logistic方程能很好地模拟淀粉组分的积累过程.     

稻米淀粉的糊化动力学研究

采用一级反应模型对不同类型稻米淀粉的糊化特性和糊化动力学进行了研究，结果表明：不同类型稻米淀粉的糊化特性有较大差异。淀粉的糊化能耗主要用于淀粉晶体的熔解，颗粒的膨胀和直链淀粉分子从淀粉颗粒中的脱离。其中以晶体崩解速度最大，所需能耗最小；其次为颗粒膨胀能，直链淀粉溶出的速度最小，所需能耗最大。不同来源淀粉的膨胀速度和直链淀粉溶解速度，糊化能及其分配也有所差异，以籼稻的润胀能较小，其次依次为粳稻和糯稻；籼稻直链淀粉脱离淀粉颗粒（淀粉糊上清液BV值）所需能耗最大，其次为粳稻。3种稻米淀粉的酶解能耗差异不大，以糯稻淀粉较难以水解。     

橡子淀粉基本理化特性和多酚类物质组成分析

探讨橡子淀粉基本理化特性和其多酚组成。进行橡子淀粉碘液鉴定,润胀能力、水解能力、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量测定,特征官能团傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,黏度变化流变仪分析,形貌显微镜观察,酚类物质组成HPLC和LC-MS分析。结果表明:橡子淀粉碘液生蓝紫色;润胀能力为(178. 00±13. 35) g/g;葡萄糖转化率为(0. 23±0. 025) g/g;直链淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数分别为19%和81%;橡子淀粉红外光谱峰型特征与马铃薯淀粉和糯米淀粉基本相似,黏度随温度变化类似马铃薯淀粉,形貌显微镜观察呈球形,多酚的质量百分数为(1. 60±0. 11)%,主要组分为鞣花酸(1. 54 g/100 g)和少量槲皮素(0. 064 g/100 g)。橡子淀粉具有一般淀粉的基本特性,其中酚类物质主要为鞣花酸。     

支链聚合度对菠萝蜜种子淀粉理化特性的影响

从菠萝蜜种子淀粉(jackfruit seed starch,JFSS)分离直链淀粉和支链淀粉,将相同直链淀粉(50%)混合5种不同支链淀粉,制备具有不同支链聚合度的JFSS(M1′、M5′、M6′、M11′和BD′),探究支链聚合度对JFSS理化特性的影响。结果显示:M1′具有最低的支链聚合度(189 506),BD′具有最高的支链聚合度(431 481)。随着支链聚合度增加,5种JFSS样品的脱水收缩、凝胶化焓、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值、相对结晶度和吸光度比分别从72.87%、15.59J/g、4 755cP、3 548cP、1 207cP、5 751cP、2 203cP、33.22%、1.56(M1′)降低至66.79%、13.84J/g、2 717cP、1 971cP、746cP、3 158cP、1 187cP、27.94%、1.45(BD′)。然而转变温度和糊化温度分别从48.19,60.39,75.32,77.55℃(M1′)升高到52.39,64.54,78.47,81.60℃(BD′)。冻融稳定性、热特性、结晶结构、短程分子序列的结果表明,支链聚合度是影响淀粉理化特性的重要结构因素。     

慈姑直链淀粉的分离与分子结构

利用正丁醇法分离慈姑直链淀粉与支链淀粉,并对慈姑直链淀粉进行了深入研究。试验结果表明:慈姑直链淀粉与碘的络合物最大吸收波长为620.5nm,其蓝值为0.844,特性黏度[η]为127mL/g。测得慈姑直链淀粉的分子结构参数为:聚合度DP=640,黏均分子质量η=3.11×105。     

双波长法测定小麦及小麦芽中直链、支链淀粉含量

采用双波长法对15种小麦品种的直、支链淀粉的含量进行了测定,并选择淀粉含量及支链/直链比有代表性的6个品种进行制麦试验,研究了小麦制麦芽期间淀粉含量的变化,以期探讨一种简便快捷的测定小麦及麦芽中淀粉含量的方法,并为筛选适合制麦芽小麦品种提供依据.根据碘-直链淀粉和碘-支链淀粉复合物的吸收光谱,选择直链淀粉的测定波长为631 nm和480 nm,支链淀粉的测定波长为554 nm和754 nm,依据回归方程可求出直链和支链淀粉的含量.直链淀粉的浓度在0～30μ/mL,支链淀粉在0～110μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律.制麦前后总淀粉降解程度与原小麦中支链/直链淀粉存在正相关性(P<0.1),相关系数r=0.802.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.