核桃油、紫苏油、α-亚麻酸、亚油酸对大鼠学习记忆的影响

研究了核桃油、紫苏油以及α-亚麻酸、亚油酸对断奶幼鼠学习记忆的影响及其机制.将78只幼鼠按随机数字表法分成13组,每组6只:阴性对照组,核桃油及紫苏油小(1.1g/(kg·d))、中(2.2 g/(kg·d))、大(11 g/(kg·d))剂量组,α-亚麻酸及亚油酸小(0.1 g/(kg·d))、中(0.2 g/(kg·d))、大(1.0 g/(kg · d))剂量组.喂养4周,然后进行Morris水迷宫行为学测试,并测定大鼠脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶( AChE)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明:与阴性对照组比较,核桃油中、大剂量组以及紫苏油小、中(P＜0.05)、大剂量组(P＜0.01)的逃避潜伏期时间明显缩短,在穿越平台次数上,核桃油中、大剂量组以及紫苏油中剂量组均显著增加(P＜0.05);核桃油中、大剂量组大鼠脑组织中AChE酶活增加(P＜0.05),紫苏油大剂量组、α-亚麻酸大剂量组的SOD的活性增强(P＜0.05),紫苏油中、高剂量组的MDA含量降低(P＜0.05).说明核桃油、紫苏油具有增强断奶幼鼠空间学习记忆的能力;单纯补充α-亚麻酸、亚油酸不能提高断奶幼鼠的空间学习记忆能力.     

强化DHA、牛磺酸的营养蛋白粉对发育期小鼠学习记忆能力的影响作用

探讨强化DHA和牛磺酸的营养蛋白粉对发育期小鼠学习记忆能力的影响作用.50只初断乳小鼠随机分为5组:酪蛋白对照组(G1),未强化DHA和牛磺酸的营养蛋白粉组(G2),低剂量组(G3),中剂量组(G4),高剂量组(G5).喂养30 d后,Morris水迷宫和小鼠跳台实验测定小鼠的学习记忆能力,并测定脑组织蛋白质含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.Morris水迷宫实验显示:不同剂量强化组动物的逃避潜伏期缩短,在目标象限的游泳时间和路程显著增加,穿越目标次数也增多.小鼠跳台实验结果显示:不同剂量强化组动物的错误次数减少,触电潜伏期增加.脑组织蛋白质含量和SOD的活性显著增加,MDA含量和TChE活性变化没有显著性差异.结论:强化DHA和牛磺酸的营养蛋白粉对发育期小鼠的学习记忆能力有促进作用.     

蜂王浆对D-半乳糖衰老模型大鼠学习记忆行为的影响

以成年SD大鼠为实验材料,采用D-半乳糖连续腹腔注射制作亚急性衰老的大鼠模型,造模成功后连续灌胃蜂王浆,运用Morris水迷宫观察各组大鼠的空间学习记忆行为;荧光分光光度法检测各组大鼠脑组织中单胺类神经递质去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)的含量;检测各组大鼠脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示：D-半乳糖衰老模型大鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降,与正常组大鼠相比,潜伏期由15.52s延长至21.62s,在探索实验中,穿过原站台的次数明显减少,由7.5次减少至4.25次(P＜0.05),游泳轨迹类型发生明显变化;与正常组相比模型大鼠脑组织中NE、DA含量显著降低,SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著升高(P＜0.05)。蜂王浆组大鼠空间学习记忆能力明显提高,与模型组相比,潜伏期由21.62s缩短至14.34s(P＜0.05);其中脑组织NE、DA含量提高,与模型组相比,低剂量组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),高剂量组有极显著性差异(P＜0.01);SOD活性显著增高,MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05)。结果表明：蜂王浆可提高模型大鼠的空间学习记忆能力及脑组织中单胺类神经递质的含量、SOD活性,降低MDA含量。由此推测,蜂王浆可调节神经递质的合成及提高学习记忆能力,具有良好的延缓衰老、提高记忆的保健作用。     

添加DHA的食用油对SD大鼠肝抗氧化活性的研究

为了研究添加DHA的食用油对肝抗氧化活性的影响,本文选取96只初断乳SD雄性大鼠(80±10)g,按照随机数字表法分为8组,阴性对照组(大豆油和花生油等比例混合)、阳性对照组(DHA藻油),以250、500、750 mg DHA分别调配入60 g大豆油、花生油中,作为DHA低、中、高剂量调配油的处理组。对各处理组按1 m L混合油/100 g体重·d喂养分别达到4周和8周时,对SD大鼠肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活性进行检测。结果表明:DHA中剂量组大鼠肝组织SOD活性极显著高于阴性对照组(p0.01),MDA含量极显著低于阴性对照组(p0.01),ACh E活性无显著性差异(p0.05);DHA高剂量组肝组织SOD活性显著低于阳性对照组(p0.05),MDA含量显著高于阳性对照组(p0.05),ACh E无显著性差异(p0.05);其余各组ACh E、SOD活性及MDA含量均无显著性差异(p0.05)。适量补充DHA,有增强大鼠机体抗氧化的能力,然而一旦DHA摄入过量,反而会对机体抗氧化能力产生消极作用。     

不同油脂对大鼠空间学习记忆的影响及与ASICs亚型受体的关系

研究了DHA油、核桃油、红花油、紫苏油以及亚油酸对初断乳大鼠空间学习记忆的影响,并探讨其与ASICs(酸敏感离子通道)基因表达的关系。将48只初断乳的SD大鼠随机分成6组:阴性对照组(基础饲料)、DHA油组(0.902 m L/(kg·d))、核桃油组(2.445 m L/(kg·d))、红花油组(1.792 m L/(kg·d))、紫苏油组(2.445 m L/(kg·d))与亚油酸组(1.464 m L/(kg·d))。油样经口灌胃,连续喂养8周,第8周进行Morris水迷宫行为学测试,并用RT-PCR检测大鼠海马组织中ASICs的mRNA表达情况。结果表明:与阴性对照组比较,DHA油组、核桃油组、红花油组、紫苏油组和亚油酸组的逃避潜伏期明显缩短(P0.05),而穿越平台次数均显著增加(P0.05);与阴性对照组相比,DHA油、核桃油、红花油、紫苏油和亚油酸能显著提高大鼠脑部海马组织中的ASIC4mRNA的表达量(P0.05),而使ASIC1a、ASIC1b mRNA的表达量显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)降低;DHA油能显著提高ASIC3 mRNA的表达量(P0.05);核桃油能显著提高ASIC2b mRNA的表达量(P0.05);红花油能极显著提高ASIC2b mRNA的表达量(P0.01);紫苏油能显著提高ASIC2b mRNA的表达量(P0.05),极显著提高ASIC2a mRNA的表达量(P0.01);亚油酸能极显著提高ASIC2a mRNA的表达量(P0.01)。因此,DHA油、核桃油、红花油、紫苏油和亚油酸能够提高大鼠的空间学习记忆能力;不同油脂提高大鼠空间学习记忆能力的过程与ASICs亚基mRNA的表达水平有关。     

马齿苋乙醇及其正乙醇提取物对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的学习记忆作用

目的：研究马齿苋不同提取物对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力及其作用机制。方法：取小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、马齿苋正丁醇提取物组(0.5、0.25g/(kg ·d),以体质量计)和马齿苋乙醇提取物组(1、0.5g/(kg ·d),以体质量计)。除正常组颈背部皮下注射生理盐水外,其他各组均皮下注射D-半乳糖(1g/(kg ·d),以体质量计),注射后每天下午灌胃给药,连续42d。采用避暗法和水迷宫法测定衰老小鼠学习记忆能力,同时测定衰老小鼠脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果：马齿苋正丁醇提取物(0.5、0.25g/(kg ·d))均可提高衰老小鼠学习记忆能力(P＜0.01),0.5g/(kg ·d)剂量组可显著提高衰老小鼠脑组织SOD和GSH-Px的活性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),0.25g/(kg ·d)剂量组马齿苋正丁醇提取物可显著降低MDA含量(P＜0.05);马齿苋乙醇提取物可极显著提高衰老小鼠学习记忆能力(P＜0.01),显著降低脑组织MDA含量(P＜0.05)。结论：马齿苋不同提取物能明显改善衰老小鼠学习记忆能力,其机制可能与提高SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量有关。马齿苋正丁醇提取物好于马齿苋乙醇提取物。     

紫苏油对衰老模型大鼠的抗衰老作用研究

目的:通过检测体能、学习记忆能力、抗氧化和脂质过氧化等指标,研究紫苏油对D-半乳糖亚急性衰老模型大鼠的抗衰老作用,初步探讨紫苏油抗衰老的可能机制。方法:将40只4周龄SD大鼠按照随机数字表法随机分为5组:阴性对照组、衰老模型组、紫苏油小剂量组(0.815mL/kg)、紫苏油中剂量组(2.445mL/kg)和紫苏油大剂量组(7.337mL/kg),每组8只。除阴性对照组注射生理盐水外,其余各组大鼠均在颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖(125mg/kg)。喂养8周后,进行负重游泳实验和Morris水迷宫实验,并测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)和脑组织中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和一氧化氮(NO)。结果:与模型组相比,紫苏油各剂量组大鼠负重游泳时间明显增加(P<0.05);与模型组相比,紫苏油各剂量组大鼠的逃避潜伏期也明显少于模型组(P<0.05),紫苏油小剂量组的有效时间比高于模型组(P<0.05),紫苏油小剂量组的穿越平台次数无明显差异,紫苏油中剂量组和紫苏油大剂量组有效时间比和穿越平台次数均明显高于模型组(P<0.05);与模型组相比,紫苏油所有剂量组的SOD活力明显高于模型组(P<0.05),MDA含量明显低于模型组。结论:成功复制D-半乳糖亚急性衰老大鼠模型;紫苏油对衰老大鼠的体能和学习记忆能力有促进作用,并提高机体SOD活力,降低MDA含量,提示紫苏油确有抗衰老功效;紫苏油的抗衰老功效可能是通过减少血液中的自由基来发挥作用。     

DHA藻油调和油对SD大鼠心肌组织的影响

探讨了DHA藻油调和油对SD大鼠心肌组织总蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的影响。将54只SD雄性大鼠随机分为9组:DHA藻油组,大豆调和油组,花生调和油组,含低、中、高剂量DHA藻油的大豆调和油组,含低、中、高剂量DHA藻油的花生调和油组。连续灌胃8周后,取大鼠心肌组织,测其总蛋白、MDA含量、ACh E和GSH-Px活性。结果表明:含DHA藻油的大豆调和油组大鼠心肌组织中MDA含量、ACh E活性均与大豆调和油组相比有显著性差异(P0.05);含DHA藻油的花生调和油组大鼠心肌组织中MDA含量、ACh E活性均与DHA藻油组有显著性差异(P0.05);含DHA藻油的两种调和油的GSH-Px活性与DHA藻油组、大豆调和油组、花生调和油组比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。含DHA藻油的大豆调和油、花生调和油灌胃SD大鼠后,对心肌组织有保护作用并增强了其抗氧化功能。     

北冬虫夏草对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

观察北冬虫夏草水提液对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。Wistar系雄性大鼠32只,随机分为阳性对照组、阴性对照组、北冬虫夏草小剂量组和北冬虫夏草大剂量组。北冬虫夏草水提液灌胃4周,取海马组织匀浆测定海马组织单胺类物质含量变化,并利用Y迷宫观察大鼠学习记忆能力。与阴性对照组相比北冬虫夏草小剂量组、北冬虫夏草大剂量组和阳性对照组海马组织内去甲肾上腺素含量显著增加(均为P0.05),与阴性对照组相比北冬虫夏草大剂量组和阳性对照组海马组织内多巴胺的含量显著增加(均为P0.05);在7天的Y迷宫训练过程中3组大鼠的逃避潜伏期均缩短,进入错误区域的次数明显减少,阳性对照组、北冬虫夏草大剂量组和北冬虫夏草小剂量组与阴性对照组相比有显著性差异(均为P0.05)。北冬虫夏草增强大鼠的学习记忆能力,可能是通过去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的增加完成的。     

乳清多肽对D - 半乳糖衰老模型大鼠血清和脏器组织抗氧化效果的影响

研究乳清蛋白的碱性蛋白酶水解产物对D- 半乳糖(D-gal)衰老模型大鼠抗氧化效果的影响。将大鼠分为7组,包括正常对照组、D-gal 模型阴性对照组、D-gal ＋未水解乳清蛋白组、D-gal ＋乳清蛋白肽低剂量组、D-gal＋乳清蛋白肽中剂量组、D-gal ＋乳清蛋白肽高剂量组和D-gal ＋抗坏血酸模型阳性对照组。各处理组灌胃45d 后,检测衰老大鼠血清、心脏和肾脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化及肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。抗坏血酸阳性对照组和低、中、高剂量乳清多肽组均可使大鼠血清、心脏和肾脏的SOD 、GSH-Px 及CAT 活性提高,MDA 含量降低,并且与阴性对照组相比差异显著 (P ＜0.05)。其中,高剂量乳清多肽组(200mg/kg bw)对SOD 酶活性作用最显著,使血清SOD 活性比阴性对照组提高了29.2%。高剂量乳清多肽组使肾脏GSH-Px 活性及肝脏中CAT 活性达到了阳性对照抗坏血酸的水平(P ＞ 0.05),同时,中剂量乳清多肽组(100mg/kg bw)使心脏中的MDA 含量与阴性对照组相比下降了38.6%。结果表明,乳清多肽能够通过提高生物体内抗氧化酶系的活力,减少自由基对组织器官的损害,发挥其抗氧化作用,这说明乳清多肽在延缓机体衰老方面具有一定的效果。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.