响应面法优化冷鲜肉复合保鲜剂的研究

冷鲜肉中原始菌落总数对其储藏过程中品质的变化有显著影响。根据栅栏因子理论选取了4种栅栏因子温度、pH值、抗菌成分与保水因子研究冷鲜肉的保鲜,研究了乳酸、二氧化氯、多聚磷酸盐复配的保鲜剂。单因素试验表明乳酸浓度在1.5%、二氧化氯在40 mg/kg时抑菌效果显著。采用响应面法,通过中心组合设计试验,以菌落总数的降低率为评价指标,筛选了最佳组合为乳酸为1.4%、二氧化氯为18.7 mg/kg、多聚磷酸盐为4%,且降菌率为90.25%。由此可见,上述4种栅栏因子能很好地起到降低冷鲜肉的菌落总数,起到防腐保鲜的作用。     

肉桂精油复配香芹酚和百里香酚对食用畜禽有害微生物熏蒸的抗菌活性

通过测定抑菌圈直径确定肉桂精油及单离香料香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物的敏感性,同时采用气相熏蒸法测定最低抑菌浓度（Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（Minimum Bacterial Concentration,MBC）。结果表明：肉桂精油及香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物都具有一定的抑杀能力。肉桂精油对黑曲霉的抗菌效果优于百里香酚和香芹酚,肉桂精油对黑曲霉的MIC和MBC为62.5 μL/L,而百里香酚和香芹酚的MIC和MBC均为125 μL/L;将肉桂精油与香芹酚进行复配,复配精油对白色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉均表现出相加作用（FICI≤1）,而对白色念珠菌则表现为无关作用。通过GC-MS分析,肉桂精油的主要挥发性化学成分中相对含量较高的为肉桂醛（78.19%）、2-甲氧基肉桂醛（8.70%）。采用电子鼻分析溶剂稀释后对复配精油抑菌活性的影响,抑菌能力大小为：丙二醇稀释≈无水乙醇稀释＞未稀释＞甘油稀释＞食用油稀释。实验表明：香芹酚与肉桂精油复配可以提高肉桂精油的抗菌活性,溶剂挥发性的差异会对复配精油的抑菌活性造成不同影响,稀释复配精油时溶剂的较优选择为丙二醇。     

丁香和肉桂挥发油的提取、主要成分测定及其抗菌活性研究

本文采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取丁香和肉桂的挥发油,并对所得挥发油主要成分进行气相测定,通过体外抗菌试验,比较了这两种挥发油及其主要成分和目前常用化学防腐剂苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌等5株食品中常见污染菌的抗菌作用。结果表明丁香油中丁香酚含量为78.1%,肉桂油中肉桂醛含量为86.8%;这两种挥发油及其主要成分丁香酚和肉桂醛的抗菌作用均强于两种化学防腐剂,其中肉桂油与其主要成分肉桂醛表现出的抗菌活性最强,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为200～1600mg/L;仅为苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾MIC(6400～25600mg/L)的1/64～1/16;丁香油及其主要成分丁香酚的抗菌活性次之,MIC为800～1600mg/L,相当于苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾MIC的1/16～1/8。     

罗勒精油和Nisin复配抑菌剂抑菌效果的研究

以肉制品中的致腐微生物大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌株,采用滤纸片扩散法研究罗勒精油及乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)的抑菌效果,并探索二者的联合抑菌性能,采用三因子二次正交旋转设计确定天然抑菌剂的最佳配比。结果表明:罗勒精油及Nisin对大肠杆菌的MIC分别为3.75μL/mL和7.5mg/mL,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为1.875μL/mL和0.9375mg/mL,复配后二者联合抗菌指数FIC为0.75,表现为强烈相加作用,优于罗勒精油与Nisin的单独抑菌效果,且罗勒精油(μL)与Nisin(mg)的最佳配比为3∶1。     

进口葡萄酒中有机酸含量的研究

通过离子色谱法对赤霞珠、梅洛和西拉葡萄酒进行9种有机酸含量的测定(分别是乳酸、乙酸、丙烯酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、富马酸和柠檬酸),共挑选100个来自法国、意大利、澳大利亚、智利和美国的葡萄酒样品进行测定.结果表明,所测定的葡萄酒有机酸含量分别为:乳酸541～3071mg/L,乙酸25～1822mg/L,丙烯酸0 mg/L,山梨酸0～241mg/L,苯甲酸0～39mg/L,苹果酸148～4890mg/L,酒石酸137～5032mg/L,富马酸14～2148mg/L,柠檬酸4～421 mg/L.以地域、主成分和年份等影响因素分析葡萄酒中各种有机酸含量的差异.     

天然保鲜剂复配工艺优化及其对水晶肴肉中特定腐败菌的抑制效果

通过二倍稀释法测定ε-聚赖氨酸（ε-poly-L-lysine,ε-PL）、乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）、肉桂醛、茶多酚（tea polyphenols,TP）、甘氨酸（glycine,Gly）以及复配单、双硬脂酸甘油酯（mono-and diglycerides monostearate,GMS）对水晶肴肉特定腐败菌的抑菌效果,其对嗜冷杆菌属、肠球菌属等的最低抑菌浓度分别为19.53、156.25、156.25、312.5、625、5 000 mg/kg。通过棋盘稀释法测定两两之间的协同效应指数,明确了ε-PL、Nisin、TP、肉桂醛具有协同效应。通过正交试验对其进行复配,得出最优配方为ε-PL 39 mg/kg、Nisin 468 mg/kg、TP 312.5 mg/kg、肉桂醛234.25 mg/kg。将研究结果应用于肴肉,在保质期内可明显控制细菌总数和大肠菌群的增长,尤以7 d和15 d最为显著,细菌总数抑制率分别达到86%、74%。     

不同防腐剂对3 种模式腐败菌抑菌效果的比较

目的：研究食品防腐剂对腐败菌的抑菌效果。方法：采用微量稀释法测定不同防腐剂对藤黄微球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)。结果：对于藤黄微球菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)与ε- 聚赖氨酸,MIC 均为12.5μg/mL;对于枯草芽孢杆菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是丙酸钙、丁二酮、柠檬酸、柠檬醛和D- 异抗坏血酸钠,MIC 均为6.25μg/mL;对于大肠杆菌(G －),抑菌效果最好的是过氧化氢和丁二酮,MIC 均为25μg/mL。结论：不同防腐剂对3 种模式腐败菌的抑制效果有所差异,应复配使用。     

基于离子交换色谱法同时测定果酒中8种有机酸

该研究通过对样品前处理和仪器条件的优化,建立同时测定果酒中8种有机酸的离子交换色谱分析方法。结果表明,样品经稀释和RP柱净化后,经Dionex IonPac AS19色谱柱（4 mm×250 mm）分离,4 mmol/L(0～13 min)和16 mmol/L(14～33 min)氢氧化钾梯度洗脱,采用抑制型电导检测器进行检测,可同时对果酒中奎宁酸、乳酸、乙酸、甲酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸8种有机酸进行定性和定量分析,8种有机酸标准曲线的相关系数R2在0.996 5～0.998 7之间,检出限为0.82～4.05 mg/L,定量限为2.74～13.5 mg/L,精密度试验结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）均<3%,稳定性试验结果的RSD≤3.65%,加标回收率为82%～125%,加标回收率试验结果的RSD为0.21%～5.13%。该方法操作简便、性能稳定、安全环保,适用于各类果酒的测定。采用该方法对5类市售果酒样品中的8种有机酸进行检测,发现葡萄酒样品主要有机酸成分为乳酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸和乙酸,这四种有机酸的总含量为5 498.50 mg/L;桑葚酒、蓝莓酒、杨梅酒、荔枝酒的主...     

高效液相色谱法测定传统发酵乳中的有机酸组成

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法研究了传统发酵乳中的7种有机酸的分离测定条件,同时对青海省传统发酵乳酸牦牛奶、酸山羊奶和酸马奶等40个样品的乳酸、乙酸和柠檬酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,选择浓度为0.010 mol/L磷酸—磷酸二氢钠(pH=2.0)和甲醇(体积比为98︰2)做流动相,流速为0.5 mL/min,紫外检测波长为210 nm时可以较好地分离测定发酵乳中的乳酸、乙酸和柠檬酸。该方法不仅相对标准偏差小(0.35%～1.23%),回收率高(95.4%～103.8%),线性相关系数高(乳酸r>0.99994,醋酸r>0.99997,柠檬酸r>0.99999),而且具有较高的准确度和精确度;通过发酵乳样品的有机酸含量测定发现,发酵乳中除主要含有乳酸外还有微量的乙酸、柠檬酸和痕量的甲酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸及丙酸。3种家畜奶发酵乳中各种有机酸含量有较大差别。     

复配精油对采后葡萄灰霉菌抑制作用的研究

以葡萄灰霉菌为病原菌,采用菌丝生长速率法研究3种复配植物精油(肉桂醛/柠檬醛、肉桂醛/丁香酚和柠檬醛/丁香酚)的协同抑菌效果,通过测定细胞溶出物的释放量和细胞膜渗透性,对其协同抑菌作用机理进行初步分析。结果表明:不同复配植物精油处理对采后葡萄灰霉菌的抑制活性显著(p<0.05),使细胞溶出物释放量和细胞膜渗透性显著增加(p<0.05)。以500μL/L肉桂醛/柠檬醛协同抑制效果最明显,在培养过程中肉桂醛/柠檬醛的EC50值为67.46~101.31μL/L,抑菌效果最稳定,抑菌率达93.75%;肉桂醛/柠檬醛协同抑菌作用可能在于破坏灰霉菌的细胞膜,使内溶物和离子外流而导致细胞的死亡。     

Evaluation of Combined Antibacterial Effects of Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde, Thymol, and Carvacrol against E. coli with an Improved Method

ABSTRACT:  In this study, the antibacterial activities of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, and their combinations against  E. coli  were investigated separately. First, broth macro-dilution assay was adopted to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 4 components. Second, the combination testing was performed using chequerboard method. Finally, the combined effects were evaluated with an improved method, which was based on the indices of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and Effect of the Combination (EC) jointly. The results indicated that MICs of the 4 components were 1600, 400, 400, and 400 mg/L, respectively; treatments with cinnamaldehyde/eugenol, thymol/eugenol, carvacrol/eugenol, and thymol/carvacrol revealed synergistic effects according to the 2 indices. By means of combination, MICs of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol decreased to 400, 100, 100, and 100 mg/L, respectively. Consequently, the negative impacts of unpleasant smell of these 4 components could be minimized, making it possible to add them to foods as preservatives. In addition, this improved evaluation method provided a more accurate and comprehensive way to evaluate combined effects.     

THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CINNAMALDEHYDE, THYMOL, CARVACROL AND THEIR COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE FOODBORNE PATHOGEN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol alone or their combinations against Salmonella Typhimurium. The results showed that the lowest concentrations of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol inhibiting the growth of S. Typhimurium significantly were 200, 400 and 400 mg/L, respectively. In a system combining different antimicrobials, treatments with cinnamaldehyde/thymol, cinnamaldehyde/carvacrol and thymol/carvacrol revealed significantly less population of S. Typhimurium and had synergy effect compared with samples treated with cinnamaldehyde, thymol or carvacrol alone. By means of their paired combinations, the lowest addition of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol could be decreased from 200, 400 and 400 mg/L to 100, 100 and 100 mg/L, respectively.     

右旋龙脑和肉桂醛抑制游离态和生物被膜态食源致病菌的研究

目的:以天然产物右旋龙脑和肉桂醛为研究对象,研究其抑制游离态和生物被膜态单核增生李斯特菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的特征。方法:在采用微量肉汤稀释法研究右旋龙脑和肉桂醛单独对游离态单核增生李斯特菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌及其混合菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIPC)的前提下,分析两种天然产物共同作用下对游离态致病菌的最低抑菌浓度以及对生物被膜态致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIBC)。结果:右旋龙脑对游离态单核增生李斯特菌的MIPC为0.56 mg/mL,对游离态鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的MIPC为0.58 mg/mL,对混合菌的MIPC为0.60 mg/mL;添加肉桂醛时的3种培养状态下MIPC均为0.40μL/mL;在右旋龙脑和肉桂醛共同作用下(即0.50 mg/mL右旋龙脑和0.40μL/mL肉桂醛)对游离态菌体均可完全抑制,而2.50 mg/mL右旋龙脑和2.00μL/mL肉桂醛共同作用下可以完全抑制生物被膜态的菌体。结论:两种天然产物对生物被膜态菌体的最低抑菌浓度远远大于游离态菌体,右旋龙脑和肉桂醛在抑制游离态菌体和生物被膜态菌体生长方面具有协同作用。     

高效液相色谱法测定肉桂醛生物转化体系中10种苯基香料

建立一种同时测定微生物转化肉桂醛体系中10种天然苯基香精香料(苯甲醇、苯甲醛、苯甲酸、苯乙醇、苯乙酮、肉桂醇、肉桂醛、肉桂酸、3-苯丙醇和3-苯丙醛)的高效液相色谱分析方法。试样经无水乙醇提取,离心,过滤后进样。色谱分析采用SunFireTMC18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇∶乙腈∶水∶冰醋酸=28.4∶18∶53.6∶0.04(体积比)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,紫外检测器检测。10种待测物在2.00 mg/L^318.60 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(0.9987≤R2≤0.9996),方法检出限(method detection limit,LOD,S/N=3)为0.36 mg/L^1.16 mg/L,在低、中、高3个加标水平下的平均回收率为92.13%~102.90%,RSD为0.62%~4.01%。该方法可用于微生物转化肉桂醛合成天然苯基香料的生物反应体系的成分分析,也可用于生物转化肉桂醛合成天然香料的菌种选育工作中。     

Optimization of green extraction methods for cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cinnamomum cassia</Emphasis>) by response surface methodology

The major compounds of cinnamon are cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, for which the conditions of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and reflux extraction (RE) were optimized using response surface methodology for comparing their efficiencies in terms of extraction yield, consumption of time and energy, and CO₂ emission. The results indicated MAE superiority to UAE and RE owing to the highest yield of target compounds (total yield: 0.89%, cinnamic acid: 6.48 mg/100 mL, and cinnamaldehyde: 244.45 mg/100 mL) at optimum MAE conditions: 59% ethanol, 147.5 W microwave power and 3.4 min of extraction time. RE resulted in comparable yields with the highest consumption of time, energy, and solvent, and least CO₂ emission. Therefore, it is concluded that MAE is the most efficient method for green extraction of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon powder compared to UAE and RE.     

百里香酚和肉桂醛联用对沙门氏菌的协同抑菌效应及其应用

研究了百里香酚和肉桂醛联用对沙门氏菌的抑菌效果,并将两者作为复配抗菌剂应用于盐焗鸡中以探究其保鲜效果。采用微量稀释法确定了百里香酚和肉桂醛对沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度及联合抑菌效果,结果显示百里香酚和肉桂醛的最小抑菌浓度均为0.25 mg/mL、最小杀菌浓度均为0.5 mg/mL;此外,两者联用时的分级抑菌浓度指数为0.75,表明百里香酚和肉桂醛具有较好的协同抑菌效应;该结论同样被时间-杀菌曲线、扫描电子显微镜、PI染色实验的结果所证实,百里香酚和肉桂醛联用可以显著地破坏沙门氏菌细胞膜的完整性,改变细菌形态,从而导致胞内物质泄漏、最终菌体裂解死亡,表明其具有一定的防腐保鲜应用潜力。因此,该研究以盐焗鸡作为食品模型从微生物和脂质氧化两方面探究了百里香酚和肉桂醛的防腐保鲜效果,结果显示百里香酚和肉桂醛联用可以显著地抑制盐焗鸡中细菌的增殖和脂质的氧化,表明百里香酚和肉桂醛联用可以作为一种天然复配抗菌剂应用于盐焗鸡等熟肉制品的保鲜中。     

Combined effect of volatile antimicrobial agents on the growth of Penicillium notatum

Widely used antimicrobial volatile organic compounds, such as sulphur dioxide and ethanol but also selected aroma compounds such as carvacrol, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and cinnamaldehyde, were tested single and in binary combination for their effect on Penicillium notatum growth in vapour phase at 30 degrees C. Aroma compounds were more efficient compared to sulphur dioxide and ethanol. AITC and cinnamaldehyde had the highest inhibition activity on the growth of P. notatum with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.8 and 3.9 micromol/L of air, respectively. The impact of agents combined two by two was assessed using two criteria, the increase of growth delay and the reduction of growth rate. A synergistic activity was identified for six combinations; ethanol/carvacrol, sulphur dioxide/carvacrol, sulphur dioxide/AITC, sulphur dioxide/cinnamaldehyde, AITC/cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde/carvacrol. The advantage of these combinations is to reduce the concentration of each agent and their relative impact in organoleptic properties.     

Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium

To identify synergistic combinations of different food additives, the antimicrobial effects of thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium were assessed alone and in combination with various other preservatives including EDTA, acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid. Overall, growth of Salmonella Typhimurium was significantly inhibited in Mueller-Hinton broth containing thymol, carvacrol, EDTA, acetic acid, lactic acid, or citric acid at concentrations of 400 mg/liter, 400 microl/liter, 300 mg/liter, 0.2% (vol/vol), 0.2% (vol/vol), and 0.2% (wt/vol), respectively. The combination of different antimicrobials such as thymol or carvacrol with EDTA, thymol or carvacrol with acetic acid, and thymol or carvacrol with citric acid all resulted in significantly reduced populations of Salmonella Typhimurium. In samples treated with combinations, these antimicrobials had synergistic effects compared with samples treated with thymol, carvacrol, EDTA, acetic acid, or citric acid alone. However, the combined use of lactic acid with thymol or carvacrol did not produce a synergistic effect against Salmonella Typhimurium. Thus, some chelators or organic acids can be used as food preservatives in combination with thymol and carvacrol to reduce the concentrations needed to produce an adequate antimicrobial effect.     

Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation

Different doses of 12 plant extracts and 6 secondary plant metabolites were incubated for 24 h in diluted ruminal fluid with a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet. Treatments were: control (no additive), plant extracts (anise oil, cade oil, capsicum oil, cinnamon oil, clove bud oil, dill oil, fenugreek, garlic oil, ginger oil, oregano oil, tea tree oil, and yucca), and secondary plant metabolites (anethol, benzyl salicylate, carvacrol, carvone, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol). Each treatment was supplied at 3, 30, 300, and 3,000 mg/L of culture fluid. At 3,000 mg/L, most treatments decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration, but cade oil, capsicum oil, dill oil, fenugreek, ginger oil, and yucca had no effect. Different doses of anethol, anise oil, carvone, and tea tree oil decreased the proportion of acetate and propionate, which suggests that these compounds may not be nutritionally beneficial to dairy cattle. Garlic oil (300 and 3,000 mg/L) and benzyl salicylate (300 and 3,000 mg/L) reduced acetate and increased propionate and butyrate proportions, suggesting that methane production was inhibited. At 3,000 mg/L, capsicum oil, carvacrol, carvone, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon oil, clove bud oil, eugenol, fenugreek, and oregano oil resulted in a 30 to 50% reduction in ammonia N concentration. Careful selection and combination of these extracts may allow the manipulation of rumen microbial fermentation.