ENCAPSULATION OF FISH OIL IN SOLID ZEIN PARTICLES BY LIQUID-LIQUID DISPERSION

In this work, a liquid–liquid dispersion process was studied for encapsulation of fish oil in solid zein particles as an alternative to emulsions. The process involved the preparation of stock solutions by dissolving different amounts (4.0, 5.3, and 6.7%) of zein and fish oil (zein: oil ratios of 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, and 8:1) in 90% isopropanol. The stock solution was then subsequently sheared into deionized water. The decrease of overall isopropanol concentration resulted in the precipitation of oil-loaded zein particles with diameters of 350–450 nm. After freeze-drying, samples with a zein – oil ratio of 4:1 or lower – generally showed good oxidative stability evaluated based on the development of lipid hydroperoxide values during storage. The approach used in this work may provide a simple method to prepare submicrometer-sized solid particles, and can be extended to encapsulate other types of lipophilic bioactive compounds.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Fish oil is conventionally included as the oil phase of emulsions that can be further prepared into powdered products. Emulsions of fish oil require both physical stability to eliminate destabilization mechanisms of emulsions and oxidative stability to prevent degradation of fish oil. The liquid–liquid dispersion process may be a simple, scalable approach to produce solid submicrometer particles for incorporation of lipophilic bioactive compounds as alternative delivery systems to emulsions. Solid particles may be incorporated in food products such as beverages, snacks and cereals to supplement bioactive compounds beneficial to human health.     

基于静电纺丝法包封沙棘油纳米纤维的制备与表征

通过静电纺丝技术制备负载沙棘油（sea buckthorn oil,SBO）的玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）纳米纤维,并加入沙棘叶提取物（sea buckthorn leaf extract,SBE）以提升油脂稳定性和抗氧化性。在表征纳米纤维物理性状的基础上,分析其在加速氧化过程中色泽、过氧化值以及抗氧化活性的变化,并测定模拟消化过程中SBO的释放率和抗氧化活性。结果表明：Zein＋SBO和Zein＋SBO＋SBE的包封率均大于90%;扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示制备的Zein＋SBO＋SBE纳米纤维形态均一;傅里叶变换红外光谱确认了SBO在纤维中成功包封且分散均匀;热重分析结果表明SBO纳米纤维在300 ℃左右开始降解,有较高的耐热性;添加SBE后,纳米纤维的抗氧化性大幅提升,SBO的氧化被明显抑制,纳米纤维包封与SBE添加协同提升了SBO的贮藏稳定性;纳米纤维包封可实现SBO在胃肠条件下的缓慢释放,且Zein＋SBO＋SBE在消化后仍保留了较高的抗氧化活性。结论：添加SBE与物理包封是提高SBO稳定性和抗氧化性的有效方法。     

高压微射流制备橙皮精油纳米乳液影响因素研究

本文探讨了乳化剂类型、浓度和均质条件(压力和均质次数)对橙皮精油纳米乳液平均粒径(mean droplet diameter,MDD)、浊度以及贮藏稳定性的影响。采用四种乳化剂(皂树苷,QS;变性淀粉,MS;乳清分离蛋白,WPI;十二烷基硫酸钠,SDS),经高压微射流经不同均质压力和均质次数制备橙皮精油纳米乳液。结果表明,在一定范围,随着乳化剂浓度增加,MDD会逐渐减小,而SDS、QS、WPI和MS合适的浓度分别为2%、4%、4%和8%(w/w)。随着均质压力和均质次数增加,纳米乳液MDD和浊度都呈现较相似的减小趋势,在压力和次数分别增加到22000 psi和4次时,四种纳米乳液粒径可小于150 nm。研究发现,均质压力与MDD近似指数关系,乳液的相黏度比也会影响其MDD。贮藏实验表明,经25 ℃贮藏21 d,四种纳米乳液MDD基本稳定。     

Shape control and stability of multicore millimetre-sized capsules using a combined monoaxial dispersion electrospraying–ionotropic gelation technique

Multicore millimetre-sized fish oil-loaded alginate capsules were developed using a combined monoaxial dispersion electrospraying–ionotropic gelation technique and their stability was explored. By adjusting the preparation parameters, the capsule shapes could be irregular, spherical with a short-tail, spherical, fusiform, and fusiform with a long-tail. The continuous phase of the millimetre-sized capsules consisted of hydrophilic alginate calcium and water. Moreover, the water content increased from 17% to 69% with increased alginate concentration (2.5–30 mg mL⁻¹). The capsules prepared with alginate concentration of 10 mg mL⁻¹ or 20 mg mL⁻¹ show a similar loading ratio (about 5–8%) of fish oil during storage. Headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (HS-SPME-GC-MS) results confirmed the capsules masked the fishy odour of fish oil. Moreover, fish oil slowly migrated from the inside to the outside of the capsules. This work presented a simple method to prepare multicore millimetre-sized capsules with controlled shapes and a basic understanding of the effect of encapsulation using alginate to mask the fish oil odour.     

Co掺杂ZnO微/纳米纤维的制备及其光催化性能

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为络合剂,与醋酸锌(Zn(CH3COO)2)和乙酸钴(Co(CH3COO)2)反应制得前驱体溶液.采用静电纺丝法制备了PVP/Zn(CH3COO)2/Co(CH3COO)2复合微/纳米纤维,经过高温煅烧得到Co掺杂ZnO微/纳米纤维.采用热重分析(TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对其进行了表征.以甲基橙模拟有机污染物,考察紫外光照射下所得Co掺杂ZnO微/纳米纤维的降解效果.实验结果表明,所制备的Co掺杂ZnO微纳米纤维对甲基橙溶液具有良好的光催化性能,在光照80min后降解率可达93%.     

Development of free-flowing peppermint essential oil-loaded hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles via atomization with carbon dioxide

The main objective of this study was to overcome the issues related to the volatility and strong smell that limit the efficient utilization of essential oils as “natural” antimicrobials in the food industry. Peppermint essential oil-loaded hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles were successfully formed using a novel “green” method based on atomization of CO₂-expanded lipid mixture. The highest essential oil loading efficiency (47.5%) was achieved at 50% initial essential oil concentration at 200 bar expansion pressure and 50 μm nozzle diameter, whereas there was no significant difference between the loading efficiencies (35%–39%) at 5%, 7%, 10%, and 20% initial essential oil concentrations (p > 0.05). Particles generated at all initial essential oil concentrations were spherical but increasing the initial essential oil concentration to 20% and 50% generated a less smooth particle surface. After 4 weeks of storage, 61.2%, 42.5%, 0.2%, and 2.0% of the loaded essential oil was released from the particles formed at 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% initial essential oil concentrations, respectively. This innovative simple and clean process is able to form spherical hollow micro- and nanoparticles loaded with essential oil that can be used as food grade antimicrobials. These novel hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles are alternatives to the solid lipid nanoparticles, and overcome the issues associated with the solid lipid nanoparticles. The dry free-flowing products make the handling and storage more convenient, and the simple and clean process makes the scaling up more feasible.     

静电纺蛋白质和多糖纳米纤维及其在食品行业的应用进展

静电纺丝技术是一种简单且有效地制备纳米纤维的方法,所得纳米纤维具有纤维直径可控、孔隙率高及比表面积大等优良特性,在生物医学、过滤材料、传感器、酶固定化及食品包装等领域具有良好的应用前景。应用于食品行业的电纺纳米纤维必须生物相容性好、毒性低且可生物降解,故目前常采用蛋白质和多糖等天然聚合物进行静电纺丝。本文主要综述了含蛋白质(大豆分离蛋白、玉米醇溶蛋白、乳清蛋白等)或多糖(壳聚糖、透明质酸、淀粉、普鲁兰多糖等)电纺纳米纤维的制备过程、电纺过程中各主要因素对纤维形貌的影响,所得纳米纤维的特性及其在食品行业,包括抗菌保鲜、抗氧化和控制释放等方面的潜在应用,并展望了静电纺蛋白质和多糖纳米纤维未来的研究方向。     

豌豆分离蛋白-普鲁兰多糖共混溶液性质及静电纺丝纳米纤维形貌的研究

为制备基于天然聚合物(蛋白质、多糖)静电纺丝纳米纤维,本文将豌豆分离蛋白和普鲁兰多糖以质量比1:1混合制备共混溶液,研究共混溶液的浓度(10.0%~25.0%,w/v)对共混溶液性质及静电纺丝纳米纤维形貌结构的影响。通过测定共混溶液的性质(包括pH、表面张力、电导率以及表观粘度)以及静电纺丝纳米纤维的微观结构,来确定最佳的共混溶液浓度。结果表明,不同浓度的共混溶液pH基本维持中性范围内,表面张力在37~47 mN/m范围内波动,随着共混溶液浓度的增加,其电导率显著降低(P<0.05),而且表观粘度显著增加(P<0.05)。与此同时,当共混液浓度大于20.0%时,才开始形成静电纺丝纳米纤维,其中以22.5%和25.0%的共混液制备出的静电纺丝纳米纤维具有形貌良好和直径均匀的特征。     

Inhibition of Ostwald ripening in model beverage emulsions by addition of poorly water soluble triglyceride oils

Beverage emulsions containing flavor oils that have a relatively high water-solubility are unstable to droplet growth due to Ostwald ripening. The aim of this study was to improve the stability of model beverage emulsions to this kind of droplet growth by incorporating poorly water-soluble triglyceride oils. High pressure homogenization was used to prepare a series of 5 wt% oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by modified starch that had different lipid phase compositions (orange oil : corn oil). Emulsions prepared using only orange oil as the lipid phase were highly unstable to droplet growth during storage, which was attributed to Ostwald ripening resulting from the relatively high water-solubility of orange oil. Droplet growth could be effectively inhibited by incorporating ≥ 10% corn oil into the lipid phase prior to homogenization. In addition, creaming was also retarded because the lipid phase density was closer to that of the aqueous phase density. These results illustrate a simple method of improving the physical stability of orange oil emulsions for utilization in the food, beverage, and fragrance industries.     

Textural,Color, Hygroscopic,Lipid Oxidation,and Sensory Properties of Cookies Containing Free and Microencapsulated Chia Oil

Encapsulation of chia oil might protect omega-3 and omega-6 from lipid oxidation when producing baked foods. However, the actual gain in stability given by chia oil must be determined. In this work, chia oil or chia oil-loaded microparticles were added to a cookie formulation in order to evaluate the ability of the microcapsules in protecting chia oil from deterioration. Texture, color, water sorption isotherms, and sensorial properties were also evaluated. A hot homogenization technique was used with carnauba wax as an encapsulant, and the freeze-dried microparticles were incorporated into the cookie dough. Principal component analyses were carried out to evaluate lipid oxidation using the medium infrared spectra of the lipid fraction extracted from the baked cookies. It was found that the microencapsulated chia oil was better protected from oxidative deterioration during baking compared to the sample containing non-encapsulated chia oil. Textural analysis showed that chia oil (free and microencapsulated) acted as a coating on the wheat flour particles. Control cookies (no chia oil loaded) presented a more hydrophilic character. In the case of oil-loaded samples (free and microencapsulated), the isosteric heat of sorption behavior indicated an initial swelling step of the food polymers, resulting in the exposure of sorption sites of higher binding energies not previously available, and that this is because of the wheat particles being covered by the chia oil and the solid lipid microparticles. Furthermore, food acceptability did not change when the oil-loaded microparticles were added to the cookie formulation.     

Electrospinning of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibers Loaded with Hexadecane Nanodroplets

Abstract: The feasibility of producing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers containing fine-disperse hexadecane droplets by electrospinning a blend of hexadecane-in-water emulsions and PVA was investigated. Hexadecane oil-in-water nanoemulsions (d₁₀= 181.2 ± 0.1 nm) were mixed with PVA at pH 4.5 to yield polymer-emulsion blends containing 0.5 to 1.5 wt% oil droplets and 8-wt% PVA. The solution properties of emulsions and emulsion-PVA blends (viscosity, conductivity, surface tension) were determined. Solutions were electrospun and the morphology and thermal properties of deposited fiber mats characterized by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Fiber mats were dissolved in buffer to liberate incorporated hexadecane droplets and the buffer solutions analyzed by optical microscopy, UV-spectroscopy, and light scattering. Analysis of dry fiber mats and their solutions showed that emulsion droplets were indeed part of the electrospun fiber structures. Depending on the concentration of hexadecane in the initial emulsion-polymer blends, droplets were dispersed in the fibers as individual droplets or in form of aggregated flocs of hexadecane droplets. Nanofibers with spindle-like perturbations or nanofibers containing bead-like structures with approximately 5 times larger than the size of droplets in the original nanoemulsion were obtained. Remarkably, incorporation of hexadecane droplets in fibers did not alter size of individual droplets, that is, no coalescence occurred. The manufacture of solid matrix containing nanodroplets could be of substantial interest for manufacturers wishing to develop encapsulation system for lipophilic functional compounds such as lipid-soluble flavors, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and bioactives with tailored release kinetics. Practical Applications: The paper describes the formation of electrospun nanofibers from hydrophilic polymers that contain fine-disperse emulsion droplets. By incorporating emulsion droplets, a large variety of lipophilic ingredients can be easily loaded into the fibers’ hydrophilic polymer matrix. This is of practical importance as to date the only way to include a lipophilic ingredient in a nanofibers is by dissolving the lipophilic ingredient and polymer in an organic solvent followed by electrospinning. However, use of an organic solvent is (a) not feasible if one wants to electrospin hydrophilic polymers, and (b) use of organic solvents is generally highly undesirable in the food industry. Our results should be of interest to a number of industries such as the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and personal care industries that are generally in need of novel matrices that can serve as carrier vehicles and release functional components such as flavors, antimicrobials, antioxidants, drugs, and bioactives.     

Controlled release of thiram pesticide from poly (L-lactic acid) nanofibers

Controlled release of pesticides is eco-friendly and cost-effective. Thiram is a pesticide for fighting fungi and protection of cultivated products. This research aimed at controlled release of thiram pesticide from Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibrous matrix. Solutions of PLLA (9% w/v) in chloroform-methanol (80–20 v/v) containing 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% (w/w) thiram relative to the PLLA were electrospun. FESEM, FTIR, and XRD were employed to characterize the electrospun nanofibers. UV spectrophotometry was employed to study the release of thiram from PLLA nanofibers in deionized water. The results showed that the controlled release of thiram from PLLA nanofibers without annealing followed Fick mechanism, but after annealing, non-Fick mechanism prevailed. It was also observed that annealing led to lower level and lower initial rate of controlled release. It is concluded that electrospun PLLA-thiram nanofibers can be used for the controlled release of thiram in long-term periods in agriculture.     

木姜子精油微胶囊制备工艺优化及其品质分析

以木姜子精油为主要原料,采用真空冷冻干燥法制备木姜子精油微胶囊,并以包埋率为指标,在单因素实验基础上结合正交试验,进行木姜子精油微胶囊包埋工艺的优化,以确定最佳工艺参数。同时进行木姜子精油微胶囊的质量评定,分析其理化性质、微观结构、及在储藏过程中精油的挥发率及过氧化值。结果表明,木姜子精油微胶囊包埋的最佳工艺参数为:复合壁材比（大豆分离蛋白:β-环糊精）为1:1（g/g）、芯壁材比1:5（g/g）、固形物含量15%、乳化剂含量3%、乳化剂配比1:4（g/g）、乳化温度40 ℃,在此条件下制备出的木姜子精油微胶囊包埋率可达到84.68%,水分含量、溶解度及堆积密度分别为3.05%、91.04%和0.35 g/cm3。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,木姜子精油微胶囊呈不规则块状。随着储藏时间的延长,木姜子精油微胶囊的挥发率和过氧化值均低于木姜子精油,表明木姜子精油通过微胶囊化,能够有效减缓精油的挥发速度,降低精油氧化程度。     

芳纶/醋酸纤维素纳米纤维的制备及表征

醋酸纤维素在N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)中难以进行静电纺丝,将其与芳纶溶液混合后成功制备了芳纶/醋酸纤维素纳米纤维.芳纶/醋酸纤维素混合溶液有利于静电纺丝,当芳纶与醋酸纤维素质量比大于1∶2后即可获得均匀的纳米纤维.随混合溶液中芳纶与醋酸纤维素的质量比和溶液质量分数的提高,纳米纤维中的珠状缺陷逐渐减少.芳纶/醋酸纤...     

Controlled release of Doxorubicin embedded in carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibers

This paper reports the fabrication of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) nanofibers containing Doxorubicin anti-cancer drug and studies the controlled release of Doxorubicin from the electrospun nanofibrous CMCH matrix. CMCH-Doxorubicin nanofibrous mats were electrospun from solutions containing 16.7, 25 and 34% (W/W) Doxorubicin. The diameter of the electrospun nanofibers lied in the range of 390–460 nm. It was found that increasing the share of Doxorubicin leads to higher diameter of the electrospun nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed no reaction between Doxorubicin and carboxymethyl chitosan. X-ray diffractions showed that Doxorubicin was distributed as crystallites in the crystalline CMCH matrix. High performance liquid chromatography investigations proved that CMCH nanofibers containing Doxorubicin have the capability of controlled release of the drug. It was also found that depending on the amount of Doxorubicin in the CMCH matrix, the release of the drug occurs according to non-Fick or Fick diffusion mechanism.     

静电纺再生丝素/明胶纳米纤维的结构与性能

 以质量分数为98%的甲酸为溶剂,将再生丝素与明胶以质量比70∶30进行共混静电纺丝。研究纺丝液质量分数及乙醇处理对纤维膜的结构及力学、溶解性能等的影响;测定不同纺丝液质量分数及不同厚度下纤维膜的孔隙率及孔径;在纤维膜上进行小鼠成纤维细胞(L929)和人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)培养实验。结果表明:随着纺丝液质量分数的提高或经乙醇处理后,丝素β化程度提高,纤维结晶度增大,溶失率减小,拉伸强度增大;随着纺丝液质量分数的提高,纤维膜的孔隙率减小,孔径增大,厚度增加时,纤维膜的孔隙率及孔径均减小;L929及HUVECs均能够在纳米纤维膜上黏附、生长和增殖。     

大豆分离蛋白-茶皂素复合乳化剂制备山茶油纳米乳液及其性质研究

为提高山茶油稳定性、减少化学合成乳化剂使用量,本研究主要采用微射流高压均质技术,利用大豆分离蛋白(Soy Protein Isolate,SPI)与茶皂素(Tea Saponin,TS)作为复合乳化剂制备山茶油纳米乳液。研究了茶皂素与大豆分离蛋白比例、复合乳化剂质量分数、山茶油质量分数、均质压力对山茶油纳米乳液的平均粒径、多分散性指数(Polydispersity Index,PDI)、ζ-电位、浊度等性质的影响。结果表明,山茶油纳米乳液的最佳制备工艺参数为:茶皂素与大豆分离蛋白比例为2:1,复合乳化剂质量分数为3%,山茶油质量分数为10%,均质压力为100 MPa,得到山茶油纳米乳液的平均粒径为(198.800±1.558) nm,PDI为(0.140±0.017),ζ-电位为(-53.600±0.497) mV,浊度为(3661.224±45.996) cm-1。透射电镜观测结果表明,山茶油被包埋于复合乳化剂中且均匀分布在乳液体系中。流变特性研究表明,山茶油纳米乳液具有良好的动力学稳定性。储存稳定性表明,复合乳化剂稳定的山茶油纳米乳液在4、25、50 ℃下具有良好的储藏稳定性。     

Control of Staphylococcus aureus on soya bean products by D‐amino acids/nutmeg essential oil‐co‐loaded nanofilms

In this present work, to minimise the risk of contamination by biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), D‐amino acid (D‐AA) and nutmeg essential oil (NEO) were used to synergistically eliminate S. aureus biofilm formation. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were introduced to encapsulate D‐Pro, D‐Phe and NEO for getting better chemical stability during processing and storage. The optimal D‐AA/NEO@CNPs possessed high stability (particle size 155.3 nm, zeta potential 42.2 mV), high uniformity (polydispersity index 0.267) and superior antibiofilm performance. Then, for the application in soya bean products, electrospun nanofibrous membranes were introduced to immobilise the D‐AA/NEO@CNPs. And the antibiofilm assay of D‐AA/NEO@CNP‐loaded nanofibrous membranes exhibited excellent antibiofilm activity on soya bean products in this study.     

粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油的抗氧化和抑菌作用研究

为研究粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油的抗氧化和抑菌作用,以粗壮女贞苦丁茶为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法制备精油,采用气相色谱-质谱技术鉴定其挥发性成分,通过体外化学分析法测定其抗氧化作用,利用细菌、真菌和酵母测定其抑菌作用,并进一步以花生油和橙汁为对象测定其在食品贮藏过程中的抗氧化和抑菌作用。结果表明,粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油中共鉴定出4-萜品醇、γ-萜品烯和4-蒈烯等22种挥发性成分。精油能够有效清除ABTS+自由基（EC₅₀:395.9 μg/mL）、DPPH自由基（EC₅₀:165.45 μg/mL）,抑制脂质过氧化（IC₅₀:420.1 μg/mL）并展现出较强的还原能力,可有效减缓花生油在贮藏过程中过氧化值的升高,抑制油脂的氧化变质。精油具有良好的广谱抑菌性（供试菌MIC:0.31~5.0 μg/mL;MBC:1.25~20.0 μg/mL）,能明显抑制受试微生物对数生长期的生长,对细菌的抑制作用明显且对大肠杆菌较强（抑菌圈直径达29.85 mm）,可有效抑制橙汁在贮藏过程中的腐败变质。研究结果表明粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油具有在食品工业高值开发利用的潜在价值。     

Emulsion electrospinning: Fundamentals,food applications and prospects

BackgroundIn the past decades, many natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant, immunoregulatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities have been successfully identified in plant and animal materials. However, due to their poor solubility, unfavorable flavor, low bioavailability and instability during food processing and storage, the development of bioactive compounds used in the food industry presents many technological challenges.Scope and approachEmulsion electrospinning is a novel and simple technique to fabricate core-shell nanofibers, and either water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions can be electrospun to directly encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds into core-shell fibers, respectively. This review introduces fundamentals and advantages of emulsion electrospinning as well as its food applications. The effects of different types of emulsifiers on the formation of emulsion systems and emulsion-based electrospun fibers are highlighted. Further, the existing limitations and scope for future research are discussed.Key findings and conclusionsRecent studies have found that the emulsion-based electrospun nanofibers can enhance the encapsulation efficiency, stability, and bioavailability of bioactive compounds, as well as achieve targeted delivery and controlled release, thus providing new strategies to improve their barrier performance compared to conventional electrospinning and therefore facilitating the development of emulsion-based electrospun mats in the food industry.