烘烤过程中温湿度与烟叶淀粉含量及淀粉酶活性变化的关系

采用两台KY-2型自控电烤箱研究了烘烤过程中不同温湿度和持续时间条件下烟叶淀粉酶活性和淀粉含量的变化关系。结果表明,淀粉酶活性变化出现两个高峰,即变黄的中后期和定色后期至干筋期,淀粉大量降解的温度范围为38～44℃,不同部位的烟叶具有相同的变化规律。因此,在烘烤实际操作中烟叶变黄起点温度的选择应为35℃,在42℃以前烘烤环境的干湿差增大到3℃(尤其是中部烟叶),42℃以后提高湿球温度,保持一定湿度(尤其是上部烟叶),44℃以前根据烟叶的变化情况适当延长调制时间以利于保持淀粉酶的活性,促进淀粉的降解。     

变黄温度对烟叶密集烘烤过程中香气物质和氨基酸含量的影响

采用电热式温湿自控密集烤烟箱,研究了不同变黄温度对烟叶密集烘烤过程中香气物质、氨基酸含量及烤后烟叶评吸质量的影响。结果表明,阶梯升温变黄处理的美拉德反应产物在烘烤过程中最高,40℃变黄处理次之,38℃变黄处理最低;变黄末期和烘烤末期,阶梯升温变黄处理的芳香族氨基酸代谢产物、类胡萝卜素降解产物、新植二烯、除新植二烯和总中性香气物质含量最高;而西柏烷类降解产物含量以38℃变黄处理最高。变黄末期至烘烤结束及烤后烟叶,阶梯升温变黄处理的氨基酸总量高于其他处理。烤后Amadori有关的氨基酸含量除精氨酸外,均表现为阶梯升温变黄处理最高,40℃变黄处理次之,38℃变黄处理最低。阶梯升温变黄处理评吸质量最好,可以提高烟叶的香气质和香气量,改善余味,减轻杂气。总之,阶梯升温变黄处理有利于大部分种类香气物质和氨基酸含量的提高。     

变黄温湿度与烟叶焦油量和香吃味关系的研究

采用温湿度二因素回归最优设计,研究贵烟4号变黄阶段烘烤环境与烤后烟叶焦油含量及香吃味的关系.结果表明,在温度32～42℃、相对湿度75%～95%范围内,随着变黄相对湿度的逐渐升高,烤后烟叶焦油含量及香吃味评吸得分均表现出先逐渐增加而后又下降的趋势;随着变黄温度的逐渐升高,烤后烟叶焦油含量表现先降后升的趋势,而香吃味评吸得分表现出先增后降的趋势;控制变黄温度在37～39℃、相对湿度75%～80%或90%～95%有利于降低焦油含量,在37～39℃、相对湿度83.7%～90%时,有利于提高烟叶的香吃味得分.分析结果表明,通过调控烘烤变黄环境难以同时实现烟叶增香与降焦.     

基于物联网数据采集技术的河南烟叶烘烤工艺大数据分析

为合理优化烟叶烘烤工艺参数,运用物联网技术采集了河南3个产烟区烘烤温湿度数据,分析烘烤过程的历时和温湿度指标,并结合国内外烘烤工艺进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)中部和上部烟叶烘烤总时长分别集中在6.5～8.0 d和7.0～8.5 d,上部烟叶烘烤过程中湿球温度的波动相对较大。(2)豫西和豫南烟区变黄期、定色期和干筋期时长占烘烤总时长的比例约为40%、35%和25%,豫中烟区变黄期历时明显较长(占烘烤总时长55%左右)。(3)各烟区变黄期、定色期和干筋期的主要稳温阶段分别在40～42℃、43～48℃和61℃以上,变黄后期至干筋期的湿球温度较三段式工艺低1～2℃。(4)相关分析结果显示,变黄后期～定色中期湿球温度调控与烘烤进程密切相关。结合国内外烘烤工艺,可适当延长变黄期38℃和定色期54℃的稳温时间,合理调控变黄后期至定色期的湿球温度,避免大幅度波动,以促进烘烤过程中烟叶内在化学成分的合理转化。     

变黄温度对烤烟烘烤过程中生理指标及烤后质量的影响

用温湿度自控烤箱研究了变黄温度对烤烟烘烤过程中生理指标变化及烤后质量的影响,结果表明,36℃,38℃,40℃ 3个变黄温度处理的淀粉酶活性在整个烘烤过程中,出现了2个峰值;总体上温度调控表现为变黄温度越低,淀粉酶活性持续时间越长,且在变黄中期之前其酶活性也越高。在烘烤0~36h,烟叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性表现为40℃变黄处理 > 38℃变黄处理 > 36℃变黄处理;之后以40℃变黄处理的PPO活性降幅最大,酶活性丧失最早,36℃变黄处理变化幅度最小,酶活性持续时间最长。膜脂过氧化作用随着时间的推移不断加强,且高温变黄比低温变黄下反应更快。较高的变黄温度有利于叶绿素降解更彻底,烘烤末期40℃变黄处理使类胡萝卜素降解最快。烤后烟叶质量以38℃变黄处理综合表现最优,40℃变黄处理次之,36℃变黄处理最差。      

变黄时间和定色时间对烤烟烟叶化学成分的影响

利用气流平移步进式烤房研究了烘烤过程中变黄时间和定色时间对烤烟烟叶化学成分的影响.结果表明:①烤后烟样的石油醚提取物、总氮、总糖、还原糖和烟碱的含量及比例以变黄期延长12h和定色期延长9h以及变黄期和定色期分别延长12h较符合优质烟叶的要求;②在一定范围内,烘烤时间延长明显增加了苹果酸、柠檬酸和非挥发性有机酸总量,亚油酸含量则略有降低,乙二酸、油酸和亚麻酸含量与烘烤时间的关系不明显;③类胡萝卜素降解产物含量以变黄期延长18h和定色期延长9h最高,类西柏烷类降解产物含量以变黄期延长18h和定色期延长12h最高;美拉德反应产物、苯丙氨酸类、新植二烯和总致香物质含量以变黄期和定色期均延长12h最高.变黄期和定色期均延长12h能明显改善烟叶化学成分及其协调性,提高烟叶的香气质量.     

烤烟烘烤54度稳温时间对烟叶品质及效益的影响

通过对不同部位最佳采收成熟度烟叶54 ℃稳温时间的研究,分析了不同稳温处理与烟叶品质和可用性的关系。结果表明,变黄期采用“低温慢变黄”处理,上部叶54 ℃稳温16 h、中部叶稳温24 h、下部叶稳温8 h或16 h其致香前体物质含量较其他处理高;上部叶稳温16 h、中部叶稳温8 h或24 h、下部采收烟叶稳温16 h能获得较好的外观质量;下部适熟叶稳温16 h或24 h处理、中部采收烟叶稳温8 h处理、上部成熟烟叶稳温16 h处理物理特性较好;下部叶稳温8 h或16 h、中部叶稳温8 h、上部叶稳温16 h或24 h处理,香气质较细腻,吃味醇和,刺激性和劲头较小,余味较好。综合各处理烟叶品质,并结合经济性状分析表明,变黄期采用“低温慢变黄”处理,下部适熟烟叶54 ℃稳温16 h、中部成熟烟叶稳温8 h、上部成熟烟叶稳温16 h的处理,初烤烟叶能获得较好的综合品质和经济效益。     

基于温湿度时序数据的烟叶烘烤工艺特征分析

为建立基于烘烤环境温湿度时序数据的工艺分析方法,通过在烤房控制仪加装物联网通讯模块,在5类产区采集烘烤过程的温湿度数据1.1万套,分析烘烤时间、湿球温度和工艺拟合曲线,研究不同部位、产区烘烤工艺执行的主要特点。结果表明:基于温湿度时序数据的烘烤工艺分析结果年度间一致,烟叶烘烤总时间的中位值在160~190 h,上部烟叶的变黄期时间较中部烟叶延长5~10 h,变黄后期-干筋后期的湿球温度低0.5~1.0℃。不同产区烘烤各阶段的时间分配、湿球温度调控差异明显,平顶山产区烘烤变黄期时间长,定色期时间短,湿球温度呈上升-下降-上升变化,曲靖产区烘烤变黄期的时间较长、湿球温度较低,南阳、三门峡、恩施产区变黄期和定色期时间相对接近,湿球温度总体呈上升-稳定-上升变化。通过物联网技术采集烘烤过程的温湿度时序数据,可批量分析烘烤时间、湿球温度等工艺执行指标,为烟叶烘烤技术定向优化提供依据。      

烤烟变黄期温湿度、变黄程度与烟叶质量关系的研究

本试验主要研究了优质烟叶变黄的温湿度、变黄程度与烤后烟叶的质量关系,从而确定烟叶变黄的最适温湿度为:下部叶温度38～40℃、中上部叶38℃,湿球温度35～36℃。变黄程度:下部叶38℃时达6成黄,40℃达8成黄,43℃全黄;中上部叶38℃达8成黄,40℃全黄。为优质烟叶烘烤技术规范化提供适宜的技术指标和理论依据。     

变筋温度对烤烟新品种NC55生理指标及烟叶质量的影响

对烤烟新品种NC55设置了3个不同的变筋温度处理,分析比较了烘烤过程中烟叶水分、色素、淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶等指标变化及烤后烟叶外观特征、主要经济性状和中性致香物质含量的差异。结果表明,47 ℃处理的淀粉酶活性较稳定,淀粉降解充分;多酚氧化酶活性较低,烤后烟叶淀粉含量低,总糖、还原糖含量高;橘黄烟比例、中上等烟比例、均价较高,中性致香物质总量也较高。49 ℃变筋处理水分散失明显快于45 ℃、47 ℃处理,影响了中性香气物质的生成;45 ℃处理多酚氧化酶活性较47 ℃、49 ℃处理高,使得杂色烟明显增多。综合来看,47 ℃变筋温度更有利于NC55品种烟叶香气物质的产生和质量的提升。     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range less than 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.

     

Water-, oil-, and soil-repellent treatment of textiles,artificial leather,and leather

Several products are on the market to realize water-, oil-, and soil-repellent properties on textiles or textile-related materials. To make an adequate and fast rating of repellent properties of finished textiles, different drop tests according to AATCC and ISO standards are commonly used. For evaluation of the repellent properties of solid substrates against different liquids often contact angle measurements are performed. The aim of the work presented here is to determine and evaluate the repellent effects gained by the application of three different finishing agents on three different substrates, such as polyester fabric, artificial leather, and leather. The main questions are at that point: It is possible to gain similar repellent effects with the same finishing product applied on different substrates? Do the different testing methods lead to comparable results? Is there a relation to the repellency against everyday consumer products as red wine, ice tea, or coffee? This article should help the reader to evaluate different testing methods and the influence on common substrates.     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Simultaneous and Direct Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn in Milk by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Tungsten permanent modifier with coinjection of Pd(NO₃)₂ and W–Ru permanent modifiers are proposed for the direct and simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se (group 1) and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn (group 2), respectively, in milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The performance of modifiers was evaluated by means of thermal behavior of analytes, sensitivity, atomic signal profile, repeatability, graphite tube lifetime, and background intensity. An air-assisted pyrolysis step was necessary to quantitative elimination of the organic matter. After methods optimization, 14 commercial milk samples were analyzed. The found concentrations of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, Se, Co, and Cr were lower than their limit of detection (2.13, 2.21, 1.49, 1.63, 2.05, 1.0, and 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were in the 1.58–5.74 μg L⁻¹, 9.79–49.3 μg L⁻¹, and 2.25–4.08 μg L⁻¹ intervals, respectively. The limits of detection for Cu, Fe, and Mn were 1.7, 5.3, and 2.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of methods was checked after analysis of two milk standard materials. Results for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Mn were in agreement with certified values of SRMs at the 95% confidence level. Accuracy was also evaluated by addition–recovery tests and recoveries in the 86–127% range were obtained for all elements. The use of pretreat platform of graphite tubes with W or W–Ru allowed enlarging the lifetime of atomizer in 750 heating cycles.