基于食源性细菌群体淬灭的生物膜控制研究进展

食源性致病菌和特定腐败菌在不同食品表面以及食品工业环境中形成的生物膜是引起食品质量安全问题的重要来源,研究发现群体感应系统在细菌生物膜的形成过程中起着至关重要的作用。鉴于此,本文在剖析食源性细菌群体感应系统在生物膜形成中的调控作用基础上,详细阐述了食源性细菌群体淬灭在控制生物膜中的研究现状以及相应的群体淬灭机制。此外,展望了食源性细菌群体淬灭在生物膜控制中的重点研究方向,旨在丰富食品质量与安全领域基础理论,为提升食品质量、保障食品安全提供支撑。     

单增李斯特菌生物膜形成及其调控机制研究进展

单增李斯特菌是一种重要的食源性致病菌,极易在食品接触表面形成难以清除的生物膜,导致食品持续性的污染。细菌生物膜在形成量、活细菌数量、微观结构等方面受到环境因素及菌株自身特性的影响。在单增李斯特菌的生物膜形成过程中,多种调控机制发挥着重要的作用。该文介绍了细菌生物膜的形成过程及影响单增李斯特菌生物膜形成的重要因素,简述了与单增李斯特菌生物膜相关的基因调控、胞外聚合物质分泌与群体感应系统调节的研究进展,有助于更好地理解其生物膜形成的复杂生理过程,为单增李斯特菌生物膜的污染及防控提供一定参考。     

LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统及其对细菌致病性和耐药性的调控

群体感应是指细菌在生长过程中产生一些低分子量的信号分子, 通过信号分子来感知种群密度变化, 从而调节相关基因表达和群体行为的过程。不同细菌利用不同类型的信号分子交流, 其中自诱导分子2(Autoinducer-2, AI-2)信号分子存在于革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌中, 是一种种间交流的信号分子。AI-2是一类呋喃酰硼酸二酯, 其合成依赖于S-核糖同型半胱氨酸酶(S-ribosylhomocysteinase, LuxS), 能调控细菌的多种重要生理过程, 包括毒素的分泌、生物膜的形成和耐药性等。本文综述了LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统及其对细菌致病性和耐药性的影响及调控作用, 以期为解析食源性致病菌的致病性及耐药性作用机制、研制新型抗菌药物、控制食源性致病菌的感染提供新思路。     

群体感应在食源性微生物生物膜形成中的作用

生物膜(Biofilm)是由众多微生物聚集黏附在物体表面形成的多细胞群体结构,多种食源性微生物均能形成相应的生物膜,且该现象的产生对食品加工与安全有着重要影响。群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)已被证明是调控生物膜形成的重要因素。文章主要介绍了群体感应对几种食源性细菌及真菌生物膜形成的调控作用,旨在为食品加工过程中微生物生物膜的控制与利用提供参考。     

叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)在食源性致病菌检测中的应用

食源性致病菌是危害食品安全和人类健康的主要因素,对食源性致病菌进行检测是控制食源性疾病的关键环节。传统检测技术无法检测活的非可培养状态(VBNC)的细菌。基于核酸的检测方法克服了这一缺陷,然而难以区分"死菌"与"活菌"。叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)为一种对死菌核酸具有高度结合能力的光敏染料,近年来,将其与核酸检测技术相结合,广泛应于多种食源性致病菌的活菌检测。本文综述了PMA的作用机理,影响PMA活菌检测的因素以及PMA在常见食源性致病菌检测中的应用,并预期PMA的进一步应用与后续研究情况。     

CRISPR-Cas系统在食源性致病菌中的结构与功能研究进展

规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）及其相关蛋白（Cas）构成的CRISPR-Cas系统是存在于细菌和古细菌中的免疫系统的组成部分,能有效防御外源移动遗传元件,如噬菌体的侵袭。研究发现该系统可以阻止携带特征基因的外源核酸整合到细菌基因组中,同时还有调节其它功能基因表达的作用,对细菌毒性、耐药性、生物膜形成等生物学特征也有影响。本文解析常见食源性致病菌CRISPR-Cas系统的结构,综述CRISPR-Cas系统与细菌毒性、耐药性、生物膜形成、分型等的相关性,为后续CRISPR-Cas系统功能研究以及食源性致病菌的溯源、控制提供参考。     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成调控与生物防控策略研究进展

生物膜是很多食源性致病菌应对各种极端环境、杀菌理化因子以及维持菌体内环境稳定的重要基质屏障。数据显示,有超过80%的细菌感染由生物膜引起,尤以金黄色葡萄球菌感染多见。食源性金黄色葡萄球菌是引发细菌性食物中毒和食品安全事故的重要风险源, 特别是多重耐药菌株。金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性、致病性和免疫逃逸与生物膜复杂的三维结构有重大关系。由于生物膜结构基因和调控因子结构相对保守, 现已成为金黄色葡萄球菌生物防控新的重要的效应靶点。本文从多糖细胞间黏附素、胞外DNA和生物膜形成相关蛋白等角度阐明了生物膜形成机制,从群体感应系统（如Agr系统和LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统）、全局性调控因子（如附属调节因子Sar和转录因子SigB）以及双组分信号转导系统（如SrrAB系统、SaeRS系统、ArlSR系统、LytRS系统和WalKR系统）等角度系统阐述了生物膜形成调控机制。最后,从抗菌肽（蛋白）、植物源化合物、生物酶、抗菌药物等角度提出新的防控策略, 以期为食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的生物防控提供指导。     

常见食源性致病菌CRISPR系统结构与功能研究进展

近年发现细菌和古细菌中广泛存在规律成簇间隔的短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)系统,该系统能够有效地防御噬菌体等外源基因元件的入侵,限制基因的水平转移。而在食源性致病菌中CRISPR系统除了免疫防御功能以外,还可能具有调节细菌毒力等的其他功能。并且食源性致病菌的CRISPR系统呈现出的多样性在不同菌株之间存在差异,这种差异为食源性致病菌的遗传进化、分子分型提供了更为可靠的依据。因此,近年来针对食源性致病菌中CRISPR系统结构与功能的研究逐渐成为热点。为了进一步探究CRISPR系统在食源性致病菌中的作用机制与应用前景,本文综述了几种常见的食源性致病菌CRISPR系统的基本结构及相关功能的研究进展。     

食源性沙门氏菌耐药机制及药敏性检测方法研究现状

沙门氏菌作为常见的食源性致病菌之一,严重威胁着人类的健康。近年来,由于抗生素的滥用,沙门氏菌的耐药性逐渐增强,这更加深了沙门氏菌对人类的危害。文章概述了食源性沙门氏菌的耐药机制,分析了目前较为有效的药敏性检测方法,期望对食源性沙门氏菌耐药性的控制、评价抗生素的使用现状以及研究抗性基因在种属之间的转移等方面提供理论依据。     

肉类食品生物膜的形成机制及预防措施

在肉及肉制品加工及贮藏过程中，如处理不当就会引起细菌污染，并形成细菌生物膜而造成肉制品腐败、致病。生物膜是具有三维结构的微生物群落，是微生物抵抗外界不良环境的一种特殊生长方式，它可以改善恶劣环境及抑菌剂对微生物的影响。腐败菌和致病菌均可形成生物膜，其对肉制品加工业的危害极大。本文主要概述近5年来国内外关于肉类食品细菌生物膜形成的机制、影响及其预防和控制措施，旨在为肉类食品加工中各种细菌生物膜形成及控制提供理论和应用参考。     

Promising strategies to control persistent enemies: Some new technologies to combat biofilm in the food industry—A review

Biofilm is an advanced form of protection that allows bacterial cells to withstand adverse environmental conditions. The complex structure of biofilm results from genetic-related mechanisms besides other factors such as bacterial morphology or substratum properties. Inhibition of biofilm formation of harmful bacteria (spoilage and pathogenic bacteria) is a critical task in the food industry because of the enhanced resistance of biofilm bacteria to stress, such as cleaning and disinfection methods traditionally used in food processing plants, and the increased food safety risks threatening consumer health caused by recurrent contamination and rapid deterioration of food by biofilm cells. Therefore, it is urgent to find methods and strategies for effectively combating bacterial biofilm formation and eradicating mature biofilms. Innovative and promising approaches to control bacteria and their biofilms are emerging. These new approaches range from methods based on natural ingredients to the use of nanoparticles. This literature review aims to describe the efficacy of these strategies and provide an overview of recent promising biofilm control technologies in the food processing sector.     

Biofilm formation and the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on parsley

Although several studies provide evidence that the formation of biofilms by human pathogens on plant tissue is possible, to date there is no direct evidence that biofilms enhance the resistance of plant-associated pathogens to disinfectants or biocides. We hypothesized that biofilm formation would enhance the adhesion and survival of Salmonella on leafy vegetables. To test our hypothesis, we compared the adhesion and persistence of Salmonella Typhimurium and its biofilm-deficient isogenic mutant. Following inoculation of parsley and rinsing with water or chlorine solution, both strains had similar survival properties, and up to 3-log reduction were observed, depending on chlorine concentration. This indicates that the biofilm matrix of Salmonella likely does not play a significant role in initial adhesion and survival after disinfection. After a week of storage the biofilm producing strain survived chlorination significantly better than the biofilm-deficient mutant. However, the recovery of the mutant was still elevated, indicating that although the biofilm matrix has a role in persistence of Salmonella after chlorination treatment of parsley, this is not the most important mechanism, and other mechanisms, probably the ability to penetrate the plant tissue or the pre-existing biofilms, or production of different polysaccharides other than cellulose, provide the protection.     

Biofilm Formation in Milk Production and Processing Environments; Influence on Milk Quality and Safety

Abstract: Bacteria in milk have the ability to adhere and aggregate on stainless steel surfaces, resulting in biofilm formation in milk storage tanks and milk process lines. Growth of biofilms in milk processing environments leads to increased opportunity for microbial contamination of the processed dairy products. These biofilms may contain spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Bacteria within biofilms are protected from sanitizers due to multispecies cooperation and the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, by which their survival and subsequent contamination of processed milk products is promoted. This paper reviews the most critical factors in biofilm formation, with special attention to pseudomonads, the predominant spoilage bacteria originating from raw milk. Biofilm interactions between pseudomonads and milk pathogens are also addressed, as emerging risks and future research perspectives, specifically related to the milk processing environment.     

乳酸菌生物膜形成调控及在食品中的应用研究进展

乳酸菌生物膜是乳酸菌为了应对不良环境而聚集形成的一种状态,在许多情况下乳酸菌都是以生物膜的形式存在,因此有必要加深对乳酸菌生物膜的了解和研究。本文综述了乳酸菌生物膜的形成,碳源、金属离子、pH值、抗生素、有害菌和非生物表面对乳酸菌生物膜的影响,以及多种基因对乳酸菌生物膜的调控作用,并介绍了乳酸菌生物膜在食品抑菌和发酵中的应用情况,以期为乳酸菌生物膜今后的形成调控研究和在食品工业中的应用提供参考。     

LuxS/AI-2型群体感应系统调控细菌生物被膜形成研究进展

生物被膜是大多数细菌在自然状态下的一种生长方式,使菌体具有浮游态时不具有的优势。它的形成和发展受到群体感应系统的调控,该系统是细菌依赖于群体密度而调控其生理行为的一种机制。其中LuxS/2型自诱导物（autoinducer 2,AI-2）群体感应系统又称种间群体感应系统,广泛存在于G＋及G－菌中。其信号分子AI-2被认为是种间通用的信号分子,参与调控多种细菌的生物被膜。此外,目前已发现多种LuxS/AI-2型群体感应系统抑制剂,它们可以影响许多细菌生物被膜的形成。目前研究人员已开始致力于揭示LuxS/AI-2型群体感应系统调控生物被膜形成的分子机制,这对于进一步理解LuxS/AI-2型群体感应系统与生物被膜的关系具有重要意义。     

葡萄柚籽提取物及其纳米乳对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物菌膜的抑制作用

目的：研究葡萄柚籽提取物(grapefruitseedextract,GSE)及其纳米乳(grapefruitseedextract nanoemulsion,GNE)对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物菌膜的抑制作用。方法：分析菌膜黏附菌数变化、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)含量并进行微观结构观察,比较GSE和GNE对两菌菌膜(单种菌膜和混合菌膜)形成的抑制作用和已形成菌膜的清除效果。结果：与对照组相比,1/2最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)GSE和GNE可以抑制两菌单种菌膜形成时黏附菌和EPS产生,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用更强。扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microcopy,SEM)和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)所观察到的微观结构变化也显示出GSE和GNE对两菌菌膜形成具有抑制作用。GSE和GNE对已形成菌膜也有良好清除效果,且对金黄色葡萄球菌菌膜的清除作用更强,但混合菌膜...     

Combating biofilms of foodborne pathogens with bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria in the food industry

Most foodborne pathogens have biofilm-forming capacity and prefer to grow in the form of biofilms. Presence of biofilms on food contact surfaces can lead to persistence of pathogens and the recurrent cross-contamination of food products, resulting in serious problems associated with food safety and economic losses. Resistance of biofilm cells to conventional sanitizers urges the development of natural alternatives to effectively inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce bacteriocins which are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, providing a great source of nature antimicrobials with the advantages of green and safe properties. Studies on biofilm control by newly identified bacteriocins are increasing, targeting primarily onListeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. This review systematically complies and assesses the antibiofilm property of LAB bacteriocins in controlling foodborne bacterial-biofilms on food contact surfaces. The bacteriocin-producing LAB genera/species, test method (inhibition and eradication), activity spectrum and surfaces are discussed, and the antibiofilm mechanisms are also argued. The findings indicate that bacteriocins can effectively inhibit biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, but are difficult to disrupt preformed biofilms. Synergistic combination with other antimicrobials, incorporation in nanoconjugates and implementation of bioengineering can help to strengthen their antibiofilm activity. This review provides an overview of the potential and application of LAB bacteriocins in combating bacterial biofilms in food processing environments, assisting in the development and widespread use of bacteriocin as a promising antibiofilm-agent in food industries.     

Synergistic effect of steam and lactic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel

This study was designed to investigate the individual and combined effects of steam and lactic acid (LA) on the inactivation of biofilms formed by Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel. Six day old biofilms were developed on PVC and stainless steel coupons by using a mixture of three strains each of three foodborne pathogens at 25°C. After biofilm development, PVC and stainless steel coupons were treated with LA alone (immersed in 0.5% or 2% for 5s, 15s, and 30s), steam alone (on both sides for 5, 10, and 20s), and the combination of steam and LA. The numbers of biofilm cells of the three foodborne pathogens were significantly (p<0.05) reduced as the amount of LA and duration of steam exposure increased. There was a synergistic effect of steam and LA on the viability of biofilm cells of the three pathogens. For all biofilm cells of the three foodborne pathogens, reduction levels of individual treatments ranged from 0.11 to 2.12 log CFU/coupon. The combination treatment of steam and LA achieved an additional 0.2 to 2.11 log reduction compared to the sum of individual treatments. After a combined treatment of immersion in 2% LA for 15s or 30s followed by exposure to steam for 20s, biofilm cells of the three pathogens were reduced to below the detection limit (1.48 log). From the results of this study, bacterial populations of biofilms on PVC coupons did not receive the same thermal effect as on stainless steel coupons. Effectiveness of steam and LA may be attributed to the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive characteristics of the bacteria studied. The results of this study suggest that the combination of steam and LA has potential as a biofilm control intervention for food processing facilities.     

食源性混合菌生物被膜的形成和相互作用机制

在食品加工中,食源性病原菌生物被膜的存在会引发大量食品污染等安全问题。目前,国内外学者深入研究了单一菌生物被膜,然而对混合菌生物被膜的研究较少。本文在现有的研究基础上,归纳总结了食源性混合菌生物被膜的形成规律及混合菌生物膜中菌种间的相互作用,初步探讨了群体感应在混合菌生物膜中的作用,以期为食品领域应对和破解食源性混合菌生物被膜污染问题提供思路。     

群体感应信号分子AI-2调控乳酸菌生物膜形成机制的研究进展

乳酸菌生物膜具有黏附性、抗逆性以及抗菌活性等多种物理特性和生理功能,被广泛应用于改善食品质构以及食品的生物保鲜中。乳酸菌生物膜的形成需经历附着、形成、成熟、老化脱落和重新附着5个阶段,其形成受到群体感应系统的调控。群体感应系统(quorum sensing system,QS)是细菌中广泛存在的一种基因表达调控系统,该系统通过信号分子靶向调控相关基因的表达,从而调控细菌的生理功能。LuxS/AI-2型QS是调控乳酸菌益生特性的主要群体感应系统。明悉乳酸菌的LuxS/AI-2型QS及其调控生物膜形成的机制,对于乳酸菌在食品工业中的进一步应用至关重要。重点介绍了乳酸菌生物膜的形成过程,以及LuxS/AI-2型QS调控乳酸菌生物膜形成的5个调控元件,即信号分子AI-2(autoinducer-2)、关键调控基因(luxS、tuf、fba、gap)、关键调控蛋白(LuxS、LacI、AraC、PadR以及Rbs家族蛋白)、信号分子AI-2的可能受体蛋白(LuxP、LsrB、RbsB和含有dCACHE结构域的受体蛋白)以及关键代谢路径的最新研究进展;总结了信号分子AI-2调控乳酸菌生物膜形成的可能分子机制,以及信号分子AI-2受体蛋白的筛选策略。希望为深入了解LuxS/AI-2型QS调控乳酸菌生物膜的形成提供理论指导。