微生物法转化人参皂苷的研究进展

人参具有多种药理功效(如抗肿瘤、抗癌、抗衰老等),除人参多糖、人参多肽等化合物外,其主要有效成分是人参皂苷。因此,通过化学法、酶法和微生物法对人参皂苷进行定向改造,水解其糖苷键,减少高含量人参皂苷的糖基数量,获得具有更高药理活性的稀有人参皂苷(如C-K,F2等),从而提高人参的经济附加值。因此对微生物法转化人参皂苷研究现状及进展进行了综述,为微生物法转化人参皂苷的进一步研究提供相关依据。     

人参皂苷活性对冠心病作用的研究进展

人参是在我国应用历史悠久的医食两用养生珍品,具有提高机体免疫力、缓解疲劳、抗衰老等作用。本文主要综述了人参主要的活性成分,人参皂苷的分类及毒性,人参活性成分与炎症反应、氧化应激、细胞凋亡、细胞自噬、线粒体损伤、钙超载的关系,以及人参皂苷在抗动脉粥样硬化、抗心律失常、抗心肌缺血、抑制心室重构方面的作用,以期为利用人参活性成分研发提供理论依据。     

人参中人参皂苷提取分离研究进展

人参皂苷是人参的主要活性成分之一,具有提高免疫力,抗氧化,抗疲劳,抗肿瘤等多种药理活性作用,如何高效率得到高质量的人参皂苷现已成为研究热点。因此,本文综述了人参皂苷提取、分离纯化方法,并对其进行了比较,为其确定人参皂苷的最佳提取分离纯化方法,旨在为人参皂苷开发和利用提供一定的科学依据。     

稀有人参皂苷C-K转化菌株的筛选鉴定及其转化特性

以原人参二醇型皂苷混合物为底物对10种霉菌进行筛选,发现3.26号菌株能够将高含量的原人参二醇型皂苷Rb1、Rb2、Rc等转化为具有抗肿瘤活性的稀有人参皂苷Compound K(C-K)。经形态学和ITS序列分析鉴定,该菌株属于附球霉属(Epicoccum)真菌。从该菌株培养液中分离出人参皂苷水解酶粗酶E-I,确定其最适pH值和最适温度分别为pH 5.0和40℃。用EI分别转化人参皂苷Rb1和Rb2、Rc,发现它既能水解人参皂苷Rb1,也能水解Rb2和Rc,但是对Rb1的水解活性更强。上述结果说明:3.26号菌株产生的糖苷酶具有广泛的底物专一性,但是对葡萄糖苷键的专一性更高;该菌的生物转化途径为人参皂苷Rb1、Rb2、Rc→Rd→F2→C-K。     

人参酶解物中的皂苷成分及其对髓源抑制性细胞的作用研究

本文建立了同时测定人参酶解物中12种人参皂苷的高效液相色谱检测方法,探索人参提取物及酶解物主要皂苷成分差异,并以酶解前后的人参提取物作为对象,探讨其对髓源抑制性细胞(Myeloid derived suppressed cell,MDSC)的影响。人参提取物和酶解物的总皂苷含量差异不明显,而酶解物中12种人参皂苷和稀有皂苷含量(Rh1、F1、F2、Rg3、CK和Rh2)均显著高于人参提取物;稀有皂苷含量增加了4.48倍,尤其是酶解后转化生成了大量的F2和少量的F1、CK和Rh2等稀有皂苷。人参提取物及酶解物均能显著抑制MSC2细胞增殖和降低结肠癌荷瘤小鼠脾脏中的MDSC细胞比例。其中人参酶解物效果更佳,相对人参提取物,对MSC2细胞增殖抑制率提高30.00%和MDSC细胞比例降低40.50%。人参酶解物含有丰富的稀有皂苷,具有更高的生物活性,能够有效改善肿瘤微环境,从而加强了抗肿瘤能力。     

微生物转化法制备人参皂苷Compound K 的研究进展

稀有人参皂苷Compound K(CK)是二醇型非天然人参皂苷,是其他二醇型人参皂苷在人体肠道内的降解产物。因其在抗肿瘤等方面有特效,需大量制备以满足医疗和科研需要,因此,有效获得稀有人参皂苷CK已开展了大量研究。本文就人参皂苷CK的微生物转化及制备进行系统的综述,旨在为其进一步开发利用提供参考。     

微生物转化人参皂苷Re为人参皂苷Rh1的研究

人参皂苷Re是人参的主要药理活性成分,具有抑制癌细胞增长、阻止癌细胞转移及保护神经等重要生理作用,稀有人参皂苷Rh1在抗癌方面的疗效更为显著。为获得较高含量的Rh1,微生物转化是目前较为有效途径。该研究从人参种植土中筛选可转化常量人参皂苷Re为稀有人参皂苷Rh1的目的菌株S329,以西洋参提取物为反应底物进行微生物发酵实验,利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对人参皂苷Re及其发酵产物进行分析。结果表明,通过对菌株形态学观察和18S rDNA测序分析,且通过在NCBI数据库上的Blast比对分析,鉴定高效菌株S329属于溜曲霉（Aspergillus tamarii）,人参皂苷Re转化人参皂苷Rh1的转化率为27.65%。     

稀有人参皂苷生物转化的研究进展

人参皂苷作为人参中的主要活性成分,被广泛应用于食品和药品中。人参皂苷因化学结构差异导致其具有不同的性质和功能。具有高活性的稀有人参皂苷在自然界中含量很低,限制了人参皂苷资源的利用。通过不同方法将高含量人参皂苷转化为稀有人参皂苷是获得稀有人参皂苷的重要途径。本文以人参皂苷的结构、药理作用为基础,综述生物修饰法对人参皂苷的糖基水解和母核结构的影响,并对稀有人参皂苷在食品、药品中应用的研究现状、未来发展趋势进行了分析,为改善人参皂苷资源应用提供理论依据。     

人参发酵菌种的筛选及皂苷转化能力研究

以人参皂苷Rb₁、Rg₃转化情况为指标,从78株植物乳杆菌中筛选具有人参皂苷转化能力的菌株。考察优选菌株在人参提取液中的发酵特性以及多种皂苷转化情况,采用人结直肠肿瘤细胞模型考察菌株发酵液的抗肿瘤作用。结果显示,78株菌株中植物乳杆菌581表现最优,Rb₁转化率达到75.41%,Rg₃提高倍数达13.59。经581菌株发酵的人参提取液风味有所改善,在发酵16 h后,pH为3.64,活菌数为2.1×10⁸ CFU/mL。与人参提取液相比,发酵液中皂苷Rb₁、Rb₂、Rc、Rd、Re、Rg₁的含量显著降低(P<0.01),5种稀有皂苷(Rg₃、Rk₃、F₂、C-K、Rg₆)的含量则显著升高(P<0.01)。581菌株人参发酵液对肿瘤细胞的存活抑制率为(59.16±1.26)%,显著高于未发酵前的人参提取液(P<0...     

人参化学成分和药理作用研究进展

人参是我国名贵中药材,对多种疾病有明显的预防和治疗效果。现代分离分析技术和医学研究发现,人参中含多种有效活性成分,如皂苷、多糖和脂溶性成分等,其药理作用独特,在抗肿瘤、改善心脑血管、保护神经系统、调节免疫系统等方面作用显著。本文对近年相关文献进行综述,总结了有效成分与药理活性之间的关系,为人参的研究提供一定的参考和指导。     

Microbial bioconversion of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their improved bioactivities

Several studies have investigated the pharmaceutical activity of ginseng. More recent studies have focused on the bioconversion of ginseng using microbial or recombinant enzymes to convert ginseng constituents into molecules with enhanced bioactivity. This review focuses on the bioconversion of Panax ginseng using whole cell preparations instead of isolated enzymes. During fermentation with microorganisms, ginsenosides are converted to various ginsenoside types, whereas, during reaction with isolated enzymes, ginsenosides are converted only to specific ginsenosides. These bioconverted ginsenosides are known to have greater bioactivities such as antioxidative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic activity than non-fermented ginsenosides. This review suggests that various microbial bioconversed ginsenosides in ginseng can be used as major compounds in the functional food and pharmaceutical industry.     

人参不定根生产、生物活性成分及应用现状

摘 要：人参是一种著名药用植物,在世界范围内被广泛应用。为了解决人参资源的短缺问题,人参组织培养物即人参不定根生产培养技术被逐渐应用于人参及其生物活性成分的生产。与天然人参相比,人参不定根培养在生长速度和生物活性成分积累能力方面表现更优。人参不定根中的生物活性成分包括人参皂苷、人参多糖、肽类和脂肪酸等,其中人参皂苷是人参不定根药用价值的主要来源。人参不定根有免疫调节、改善记忆、肝保护和降血糖作用,有较好的药用和健康保健作用,人参不定根大规模培养在一定程度上能够促进我国健康产业的发展。本文综述了影响人参不定根生产的多种因素、几种较为重要的人参皂苷的生物学功能以及人参不定根的临床应用,以期为人参不定根的生产优化以及进一步的临床应用提供参考。     

Bioconversion,health benefits,and application of ginseng and red ginseng in dairy products

Ginseng and red ginseng are popular as functional foods in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. They possess various pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-viral activities. Ginsenosides are a class of pharmacologically active components in ginseng and red ginseng. Major ginsenosides are converted to minor ginsenosides, which have better bioavailability and cellular uptake, by microorganisms and enzymes. Studies have shown that ginseng and red ginseng can affect the physicochemical and sensory properties, ginsenosides content, and functional properties of dairy products. In addition, lactic acid bacteria in dairy products can convert into minor ginsenosides and ginseng and red ginseng improve functionality of products. This review will discuss the characteristics of ginseng and red ginseng, and their bioconversion, functionality, and application in dairy products.     

不同年生和不同部位人参样品有效成分的比较

比较不同年生和不同部位人参中单体皂苷、总皂苷、总多糖、氨基酸、蛋白质的含量差异,旨在为全面评价及综合利用人参提供参考依据。采用超高效液相色谱法、香草醛-硫酸显色法、苯酚-硫酸显色法、阳离子交换色谱法、杜马斯燃烧法分别对不同年生及不同部位的人参中单体皂苷、总皂苷、总多糖、17 种氨基酸、粗蛋白的含量进行测定,比较其差异。不同年生（3～6 a）样品中单体皂苷、总皂苷、氨基酸、粗蛋白含量为6 a生人参最高,分别为30.94、59.77、96.53、170.11 mg/g;总多糖含量为5 a生最高,为22.80 mg/g。5 a生根的不同入药部位（芦头/主根/侧根/须根）样品中总多糖、氨基酸、粗蛋白含量为芦头最高,分别为25.94、121.76、193.36 mg/g;单体皂苷和总皂苷含量为须根最高,分别为75.01、67.94 mg/g。5 a生不同生物学部位（根/茎/叶/花）人参样品中总多糖含量为叶最高,为35.09 mg/g;单体皂苷、总皂苷、氨基酸、粗蛋白含量为花最高,分别为105.99、113.78、137.53、255.05 mg/g。人参皂苷生物活性研究表明,不同年生皂苷含量为6 a生人参最高,5 a生不同部位中皂苷含量为人参花中最高,从营养成分更全面的角度分析,亦是6 a生人参和5 a生人参花中营养成分含量更高。     

Influence of sulphur-fumigation on the quality of white ginseng: A quantitative evaluation of major ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography

White ginseng was reported to be sulphur-fumigated during post-harvest handling. In the present study, the influence of sulphur-fumigation on the quality of white ginseng and its decoction were quantitatively evaluated through simultaneous quantification of 14 major ginsenosides by a validated high performance liquid chromatography. Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (100mm×3.0mm, 2.7μm) column was chosen for the separation of the major ginsenosides, which were eluted with gradient water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The analytes were monitored by UV at 203nm. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and stability. The sulphur-fumigated and non-fumigated white ginseng samples, as well as their respective decoctions, were comparatively analysed with the newly-validated method. It was found that the contents of nine ginsenosides detected in raw materials decreased by about 3-85%, respectively, and the total content of the nine ginsenosides detected in raw materials, decreased by almost 54% after sulphur-fumigation. On the other hand, the contents of 10 ginsenosides detected in decoctions of sulphur-fumigated white ginseng were decreased by about 33-83%, respectively, and the total content of ginsenosides was decreased by up to 64% when compared with that of non-fumigated white ginseng. In addition, ginsenoside Rh(2) and Rg(5) could be detected in the decoctions of sulphur-fumigated white ginseng but not in that of non-fumigated white ginseng. It is suggested that sulphur-fumigation can significantly influence not only the contents of original ginsenosides, but also the decocting-induced chemical transformation of ginsenosides in white ginseng.     

Red notoginseng: higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than Asian and American ginseng

A systematic comparison of the ginsenosides and anticancer activities was performed among white (air-dried) and red (steamed) roots of notoginseng (NG, Panax notoginseng), Asian ginseng (AG, P. ginseng), and American ginseng (AmG, P. quinquefolius). Chemical profiles of different ginseng species were characterized, through simultaneous quantification of nineteen major ginsenosides, by HPLC-UV at 202 nm. The antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human colorectal cancer cells were determined by MTS method and flow cytometry, respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that white NG possessed the most abundant ginsenosides, i.e., two- and five-fold higher than white AmG and AG. During the steaming process, extensive conversion of the original polar ginsenosides in white ginseng to new, less polar, degradation compounds in red ginseng was observed. White ginsengs produced weak antiproliferative effects, while red ginsengs exhibited a significant increase in antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects (both P < 0.01 vs. white ginseng). Among the three red ginsengs, red NG showed the best anticancer activity. Due to the low cost of NG and high bioactivity of red NG, the red NG is promising to be a useful botanical product in cancer chemoprevention.