UV-365光对不同瓶装大豆油酸价和过氧化值的影响

将紫外吸收剂UV-326引入PET容器中来减慢油脂氧化,以大豆油的酸值和过氧化值为指标,研究分析了一级大豆油分装在不同瓶体中其过氧化值、酸价随光照温度、光照时间、电流强度变化的基本规律,并对添加0.4%吸收剂UV-326的PET食用油瓶作油脂迁移实验。结果表明:紫外吸收剂UV-326在迁移达到平衡时的迁移量为14.85mg/kg,PET中紫外吸收剂对包装油脂食品风险很小,添加0.4%吸收剂UV-326的PET食用油瓶对紫外光有屏蔽作用,可降低大豆油脂的氧化程度。     

石墨烯/聚乙烯复合食品包装膜中两种紫外吸收剂向食品模拟物的迁移研究

目的:探究了石墨烯/低密度聚乙烯复合包装材料中两种紫外吸收剂UV-531和UV-P向脂肪类食品模拟物(异辛烷)的迁移规律。方法:利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)建立了石墨烯/低密度聚乙烯复合食品包装薄膜中两种紫外线吸收剂UV-531和UV-P的检测方法,确定了甲苯溶解提取的方法。结果:在一定范围内,随着时间、温度和紫外线吸收剂质量浓度的增加,两种紫外线吸收剂向异辛烷的迁移量不断增加;石墨烯的加入阻碍了两种紫外线吸收剂向异辛烷的迁移;此外,两种紫外线吸收剂相互作用较小,对彼此向异辛烷的迁移基本没有影响。结论:石墨烯的加入可有效阻止两种紫外吸收剂向食品模拟物中的迁移。     

基于确定性迁移模型研究聚乙烯食品接触材料中紫外吸收剂的迁移规律

目的 研究不同条件下低密度聚乙烯(Low density polyethylene,LDPE)食品接触材料中3种紫外吸收剂[2-(2′-羟基-5′-甲基苯基)苯并三唑(UV-71]、2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯并苯酮(UV-9)、2-羟基-4-正辛氧基苯并苯酮(UV-531))的迁移,基于确定性迁移模型得出吸附扩散的重要参数—分配系数和扩散系数,并研究其迁移规律。方法 采用双螺杆挤出机将LDPE粉料和3种紫外吸收剂混合并挤出造粒后,在175 ℃～180 ℃,70 Pa下,注塑为膜。针对高浓度酒精类食品生产加工储运场景,采用50%、70%、95%乙醇作为食品模拟物,在20 ℃、40 ℃、60 ℃下进行迁移试验。用超高效液相色谱仪测定不同时间点紫外吸收剂的迁移量,根据Piringer模型对数据进行拟合,得出扩散系数和分配系数,研究温度、食品模拟物、紫外吸收剂含量对迁移的影响。结果 温度对迁移影响最大,随着温度升高紫外吸收剂扩散系数增加,分配系数降低;乙醇含量对紫外吸收剂的扩散系数影响不显著,而随着乙醇含量的增加分配系数逐渐减小;紫外吸收剂的含量对迁移影响最小,扩散系数和分配系数变化不明显(除UV-71的分配系数随含量的增加而降低)。结论 采用Piringer 确定性模型研究LDPE中3种紫外吸收剂向高浓度酒精类食品模拟物迁移的扩散系数和分配系数,为食品接触材料中紫外吸收剂的风险评估提供了有效方法。     

塑料食品包装材料中受限物迁移研究进展

塑料食品包装材料为了达到应有的机械强度,韧性,常常需要在包装材料中添加一些加工助剂,但这些加工助剂在包装材料包装食品的过程中,会迁移到食品中,从而对人体产生危害。本文综述了塑料食品包装材料中添加的四大类受限物质,包括增塑剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂以及紫外吸收剂,检索了在中国期刊全文数据库CNKI和Web of Science中相关文献的信息,系统地分类分析了查阅到的文献,并且介绍了4类添加剂的作用机制和目前国内国外对4类添加剂发生迁移的研究现状,比较了我国与发达国家关于4类受限物质的法律法规及迁移限量,提出了减少食品中受限物质迁移量的方法措施以及加强我国塑料食品接触材料中受限物质使用与管理的建议。     

食品包装材料聚酯（PET）中乙醛迁移行为的研究进展

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)简称聚酯,该包装材料在食品领域被广泛应用,文章介绍了在食品包装应用中PET瓶的优势以及在常规使用过程中降解产生乙醛进一步迁移至食品中的过程。从乙醛扩散机理、乙醛迁移检测方法、迁移规律、迁移方式等方面介绍了乙醛迁移行为的相关研究进展。     

食品包装纸中紫外吸收剂向固态模拟物的迁移行为

研究4种紫外吸收剂,即2-(2’-羟基-3’,5’-二叔丁基苯基)-5-氯代苯并三唑(UV-327)、2-(2-羟基-5-甲基苯基)苯并三氮唑(UV-P)、2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(UV-9)和2-羟基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮(UV-531)在50、75℃和100℃3个温度条件下从食品包装牛皮纸迁移到固态食品模拟物Tenax~?中的迁移规律和影响因素。结果表明:随着温度的升高,紫外吸收剂的迁移速度加快,迁移量增加。此外,不同紫外吸收剂本身的物理化学性质(相对分子质量、油水分配系数等)也对其迁移规律和平衡迁移率产生了重要影响。在上述实验的基础上建立数学模型,以达到预测迁移量的目的。数据证明,所构建的模型可很好地预测在达到迁移平衡前,紫外吸收剂从牛皮纸迁移到Tenax~?中的迁移量。     

食用油抗紫外包装的研究

针对普通透明的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)包装瓶难于解决食用油脂中VA在遇光照紫外线后分解流失的问题,本研究通过在普通PET瓶中添加不同种类及不同比例的抗紫外助剂,并通过对配方设计分析及紫外通过率分析,最终得出具有最佳抗紫外效果的包装材料。在不同的储存期经过对抗紫外包装材料内的油品质及VA的变化情况的比对验证,得出选用UV370助剂,添加比例为1.5%,此配方包材能使含有VA的食用油在18个月后VA留存率在77%以上。     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定食品塑料包装材料中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂的迁移量

目的建立食品塑料包装材料中限用紫外吸收剂(UV-0、UV-9、UV-71、UV-326、UV-327、UV-234)和抗氧化剂(2246、425、TH-1790、3114和1076)迁移量的超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)测定方法。方法优化仪器条件及模拟液萃取条件,考察超纯水、3%乙酸水(V:V)溶液、10%乙醇水(V:V)溶液及95%乙醇水(V:V)溶液等4种食品模拟物中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂的迁移量,并将建立的方法用于市售样品迁移量的检测。结果 11种目标物质在相应的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r~2大于0.9992,方法检出限为0.5~2.0 mg/L;平均加标回收率为81.2%~113.2%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.8%~8.5%。结论该检测方法灵敏、准确,满足欧盟指令(EU)No.10/2011和GB 9685-2008对食品塑料接触材料及制品中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂特定迁移量(SML)的限量要求,适用于食品塑料包装材料中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂的迁移量的测定。     

紫外吸收剂及其在皮革化学品上的应用

紫外线吸收剂是一类可防止太阳光或其它人造紫外光引起聚合物降解的物质。针对现有无机、有机紫外吸收剂的应用发展现状和趋势,介绍了有机紫外吸收剂中的二苯甲酮类、苯并三唑类、受组胺类以及无机紫外吸收剂中纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化钛和稀土类纳米氧化物的紫外吸收原理和应用。最后针对紫外吸收剂在皮革用染料、皮革用加脂剂、皮革用涂饰剂等皮革化学品中的应用现状进行介绍,并对以后的发展趋势进行展望。     

锦纶对紫外吸收剂的吸附和抗紫外性能

采用反应型和非反应型紫外吸收剂对锦纶织物进行紫外线防护整理,研究了处理浴pH值和温度对紫外吸收剂在锦纶上吸附的影响,以及中性和碱性浴中紫外吸收剂在锦纶上的解吸性能,并测定了其在锦纶上的提升性和整理后织物的抗紫外性能。结果表明,紫外吸收剂在锦纶上的吸附量随着pH值的下降而升高,离子键结合对其吸附有重要影响;因紫外吸收剂分子结构小,故其吸尽率受温度的影响很小;吸附在锦纶上的紫外吸收剂的解吸量,碱性浴较中性浴多,适当提高浸渍温度和采用反应性紫外吸收剂,可提高整理效果的耐洗性;不同紫外吸收剂在锦纶上表现出不同的吸尽率、提升性和紫外防护功能,紫外吸收剂在UV-A波段的吸收程度对锦纶织物的紫外防护性能影响极大。     

Evaluation of polyethylene terephthalate as a packaging material for premium quality whole pasteurized milk in Greece

Chemical, microbiological and sensorial changes in premium quality whole pasteurized milk stored at 4 °C under fluorescent light was studied for a period of 13 days. Milk containers tested included 1 l bottles made of (a) clear PET + UV blocker, 350–400 μm in thickness bearing a transparent label, (b) clear PET + UV blocker, 350–400 μm in thickness bearing a white colored label, (c) clear PET 350–400 μm in thickness. Milk packaged in 1 l coated paperboard cartons and stored under the same experimental conditions served as the “commercial control” sample. Data were obtained for lipid oxidation, lipolysis, proteolysis, vitamin A, E and riboflavin content, microbial growth including mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts and sensorial attributes (odor and taste) of whole pasteurized milk. Results showed satisfactory protection of milk packaged in all containers with regard to microbiological and chemical parameters assessed over the 13-day period. Based on sensory analysis, the shelf life of premium quality whole pasteurized milk tested in the present study was 10–11 days for both samples packaged in clear PET + UV bottles and in paperboard cartons and 8–9 days for clear PET bottles. Vitamin E losses recorded after 10 days of storage were respectively 42.7, 53.6 and 43.9% for samples packaged in clear PET + UV protected bottles, clear PET and control samples. Respective losses for riboflavin were 38.7, 52.5 and 35.0%. Average losses for vitamin A were 20.6% for all packaging materials. Clear PET + UV provided equal or better protection to milk as compared to the paperboard carton. Clear PET was the least effective in retaining light-sensitive vitamins. Based on spectral transmission curves of packaging materials tested, it is suggested that the use of a UV blocking agent in combination with a dark color pigmentation (blue, green etc.) in fresh milk packaging will provide a better protection to light-sensitive vitamins in cases where the expected shelf life of milk exceeds 5–6 days.     

Migration of oligomers from PET: determination of diffusion coefficients and comparison of experimental versus modelled migration

ABSTRACT

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is increasingly used as food-contact material in, for example, containers for beverage such as bottles for soft drinks, mineral water, juices and beer. Mass transport of substances present in packaging materials into the packed food and beverages is monitored to verify the food law compliance of the materials. PET is known to contain or give rise to migrants that are oligomers derived from the polymeric material. Until now their actual migration potential has been investigated only poorly. A convenient way to determine their migration would be by using models. To verify existing models with experimental data, a migration kinetic study of PET oligomers was conducted. PET bottle material was submerged in 50% ethanol at 80°C for 15 h. The oligomer content in the migration solutions was determined every hour using LC-MS with the first-series cyclic PET trimer as standard. Diffusion coefficients of five PET oligomers (first-series dimer and trimer, second-series dimer and trimer, and third-series dimer) were calculated from the obtained data and compared with the calculated diffusion coefficients using the models of Welle and Piringer. This is the first study to provide diffusion characteristics of oligomers in PET other than the first-series cyclic trimer.     

采用ICP-MS研究聚酯类食品包装材料中锑向食品模拟物的迁移规律

目的 建立聚酯(PET)和4种食品模拟物中锑的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定方法.用该方法研究PET中的锑向水、10％(V/V)乙醇溶液、3％(W/V)乙酸水溶液和精炼橄榄油4种食品模拟物迁移的行为与浸泡时间、温度、食品模拟物属性、锑初始含量等参数的关系.方法 在不同的温度下,将不同的PET浸泡于食品模拟物中,于一定的时间点吸取少量浸泡液,用ICP-MS测定其含量.结果 ICP-MS方法回收率在94.3％ ～96.1％之间,相对标准偏差在1.38％ ～3.31％之间.结论 锑迁出量随温度升高而增加;随着时间的延长,锑迁出量逐渐增加,一定时间后达到迁移平衡;大部分PET材料本底含量越高迁出量越高;PET中锑易于在酸性食品模拟物中迁出,应少食用PET包装的酸性食品.     

Migration from printing inks in multilayer food packaging materials by GC-MS analysis and pattern recognition with chemometrics

Inks and varnishes used in food packaging multilayer materials can contain different substances that are potential migrants when packaging is in contact with food. Although printing inks are applied on the external layer, they can migrate due to set-off phenomena. In order to assess food safety, migration tests were performed from two materials sets: set A based on paper and set B based on PET; both contained inks. Migration was performed to four food simulants (EtOH 50%, isooctane, EtOH 95% and Tenax^®) and the volatile compounds profile was analysed by GC-MS. The effect of presence/absence of inks and varnishes and also their position in the material was studied. A total of 149 volatile compounds were found in migration from set A and 156 from set B materials, some of them came from inks. Quantitative analysis and a principal component analysis were performed in order to identify patterns among sample groups.     

Evaluation of polyethylene terephthalate as a packaging material for premium quality whole pasteurized milk in Greece

Chemical, microbiological, and sensorial changes in premium quality whole pasteurized milk stored at 4 °C under fluorescent light for one day followed by storage in the dark for an additional 12 days was studied. Milk containers tested included 1 l bottles made of (a) clear PET + UV blocker, 350–400μm in thickness bearing a transparent label, (b) clear PET + UV blocker, 350–400 μm in thickness bearing a white colored label, (c) clear PET 350–400 μm in thickness. Milk packaged in 1 l coated paperboard cartons and stored under the same experimental conditions served as the “commercial control” sample. Data were obtained for lipid oxidation, lipolysis, proteolysis, vitamin A, E, and riboflavin content, microbial growth including mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts and sensorial attributes (odor and taste) of whole pasteurized milk. Results showed satisfactory protection of milk packaged in all containers with regard to microbiological and chemical parameters assessed over the 13 day period. Based on sensory analysis, the shelf life of premium quality whole pasteurized milk tested in the present study was 10–11 days for samples packaged in clear PET+UV bottles and 9–10 days for clear PET bottles and paperboard cartons. Vitamin A losses recorded after 10 days of storage were respectively 15.9, 20.6, and 14.3% for samples packaged in clear PET+UV protected bottles, clear PET, and control samples. Respective losses for Vitamin E were 26.4, 36.6, and 35.0% and for riboflavin 32.9, 38.3, and 32.5%. Clear PET + UV provided equal or better protection to milk as compared to the paperboard carton. Clear PET was the least effective in retaining light-sensitive vitamins. Based on spectral transmission curves of packaging materials tested, it is suggested that the use of a UV blocking agent in combination with a dark color pigmentation (blue, green etc.) in fresh milk packaging will provide a better protection to light-sensitive vitamins in cases where the expected shelf life of milk exceeds 5–6 days.     

Acetaldehyde migration from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into carbonated beverages in Türkiye

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the packaging materials that is widely used for packaging of soft drinks. PET may contain acetaldehyde which is a thermal degradation product, and hence acetaldehyde may migrate into the product in the package. In this study, the migration of acetaldehyde from PET bottles into soft drinks containing carbonic acid was determined by gas chromatography without headspace instrument. Carbonated beverage samples obtained from four different firms following the filling process were stored at 5, 20 and 40 °C for 6 months and analysed periodically at 0 day, 2, 4 and 6 months. As a result, it was seen that the acetaldehyde concentrations of all samples were quite different from each other and also related to the storage temperature, and an increase in storage time raised acetaldehyde concentrations in beverages. Especially, storages at 40 °C had very serious effect on acetaldehyde concentrations in the beverages.     

Migration into food of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cyclic oligomers from PET microwave susceptor packaging

A quantitative method has been developed to measure the migration of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cyclic oligomers from aluminized PET susceptor film-type food packaging into several food types. Microwaveable French fries, popcorn, fish sticks, waffles and pizza sold in susceptor-type packaging were purchased in local markets, cooked according to package instructions and analysed for PET oligomers. Appropriate food blanks were cooked in glass containers. Quantities of PET oligomers found in the foods ranged from less than 0.012 micrograms/g to approximately 7 micrograms/g.     

Migration of antimony from PET bottles into beverages: determination of the activation energy of diffusion and migration modelling compared with literature data

Plastics bottles made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are increasingly used for soft drinks, mineral water, juices and beer. In this study a literature review is presented concerning antimony levels found both in PET materials as well as in foods and food simulants. On the other hand, 67 PET samples from the European bottle market were investigated for their residual antimony concentrations. A mean value of 224 ± 32 mg kg(-1) was found, the median was 220 mg kg(-1). Diffusion coefficients for antimony in PET bottle materials were experimentally determined at different temperature between 105 and 150°C. From these data, the activation energy of diffusion for antimony species from the PET bottle wall into beverages and food simulants was calculated. The obtained value of 189 kJ mol(-1) was found to be in good agreement with published data on PET microwave trays (184 kJ mol(-1)). Based on these results, the migration of antimony into beverages was predicted by mathematical migration modelling for different surface/volume ratios and antimony bottle wall concentrations. The results were compared with literature data as well as international legal limits and guidelines values for drinking water and the migration limit set from food packaging legislation. It was concluded that antimony levels in beverages due to migration from PET bottles manufactured according to the state of the art can never reach or exceed the European-specific migration limit of 40 microg kg(-1). Maximum migration levels caused by room-temperature storage even after 3 years will never be essentially higher than 2.5 microg kg(-1) and in any case will be below the European limit of 5 microg kg(-1) for drinking water. The results of this study confirm that the exposure of the consumer by antimony migration from PET bottles into beverages and even into edible oils reaches approximately 1% of the current tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by World Health Organisation (WHO). Having substantiated such low antimony levels in PET-bottled beverages, the often addressed question on oestrogenic effects caused by antimony from PET bottles appears to be groundless.     

Evolution of aroma compounds from orange juice stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

The evolution of aroma compounds from orange juice made from concentrate and stored in glass, standard monolayer polyethylene terephthalate (PET 1), multilayer PET (PET 2) and plasma-treated PET (internal carbon coating) (PET 3) was investigated. Bottles were stored at room temperature (20 degrees C) under artificial light. Volatile compounds in orange juice samples and corresponding packaging materials were analysed at zero time and after 2, 3 and 5 months of storage. After 5 months of storage, from 0.2 to 0.3% of the initial amounts of limonene and beta-myrcene in the orange juice had been absorbed by the plastic packaging materials. Statistical analyses showed that the evolution of aroma compounds was strongly correlated to the duration of storage, but not to the type of packaging material. Indeed, whatever the stored orange juice samples, the same evolutions were observed, with a decrease in aldehydes and ketones, esters, aliphatic alcohols, sesquiterpene and monoterpene alcohols, and an increase in two aliphatic and monoterpene alcohols (i.e. furfural and 4-vinylguaicol). The results suggest that the losses of aroma compounds from the juice could be attributed to the high acidity of the matrix, implying acid-catalysed reactions. Finally, PET packaging materials and their corresponding oxygen permeabilities showed no correlation with the loss of aroma compounds.     

Study on the influence of temperature,storage time and packaging type on di-n-butylphthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate release into packed meals

Ready-to-eat meals packed in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminium dishes, supplied to patients in two hospitals in the Campania region (Italy), were studied to evaluate the probable migration of di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from the packaging into the food. The influence of temperature, storage time and type of package on the migration process was considered, analysing the meals according to three time ranges, before the packaging (T ₀) and after 60?min (T ₁) and 120?min (T ₂) from packaging during the storage in thermostatic delivery carts. At T ₀ in the meals sampled before packaging in PET dishes, mean levels of DBP and DEHP were 0.023?±?0.002?µg/g and 0.069?±?0.041?µg/g, respectively; the DBP level increased 230% and that of DEHP increased 208% by time T ₀ versus T ₂. In the meals sampled before packaging (T ₀) in aluminium dishes, the mean levels of DBP and DEHP were 0.030?±?0.001?µg/g and 0.057?±?0.015?µg/g, respectively. The significant increase in contaminant levels over storage times for meals packed in PET dishes demonstrates that from packages made of plastic materials the migration of phthalic acid esters into foods is possible. In meals packed in PET dishes, the highest DBP and DEHP increases were observed in the T ₀ to T ₁ range, which represented the time interval over which meals were kept hot, and mainly in the first ones, where the highest temperatures have been recorded.