超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定禽蛋中 苏丹红的残留量

目的建立禽蛋中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ染料残留的液相色谱-串联质谱的检测方法。方法禽蛋样品中的苏丹红经溶解、冷冻离心及过滤提取纯化,经ZorbaxSB-C_(18)(2.1 mm×50 mm, 3.5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈和0.2%的甲酸水溶液为流动相进行等度洗脱,温度为35℃,流速为0.2mL/min,外标法定量。结果在1～50μg/kg的浓度范围内,线性关系良好(r0.99),样品中的检出限0.5μg/kg,分析时间仅为5 min,加标回收率为69.5%～108.2%,相对标准偏差为1.6%～17.5%。结论该方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,适用于禽蛋中苏丹红染料的测定。     

基质固相分散术-UPLC 法检测禽蛋中对位红和苏丹红

建立禽蛋中对位红和苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ号5 种色素的液相色谱检测方法。采用基质固相分散术,以氧化铝作基质分散基体,混合均匀的样品用正己烷- 丙酮(99.5:0.5,V/V)直接洗脱,吹干后定容测定,外标法定量。5 种色素的平均回收率为63.8%～96.2%,平均变异系数为0.52%～10.07%,检测限为0.01～0.02mg/kg。在检测的100个样品中,1 例检出苏丹红Ⅳ号。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时检测禽蛋中的角黄素、对位红和苏丹红Ⅰ~Ⅳ

目的 建立超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定禽蛋中角黄素、对位红和苏丹红残留量的方法。方法 禽蛋样品用乙腈超声提取, 加入氯化钠进行盐析脱水, 提取液加等体积水混合后经C18固相萃取小柱净化, 采用Waters C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)以0.1%甲酸水和乙腈溶液为流动相梯洗脱分离, 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI)正离子多反应监测模式进行定量分析。结果 角黄素、对位红和苏丹红质量浓度在0.2~ 100.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均在0.999以上; 在低、中、高 3个加标水平的平均回收率为80.5%~106.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为0.68%~7.15%; 角黄素、对位红和苏丹红的检出限为0.2 μg/kg。结论 该方法操作简单、准确, 回收率较好, 方法检出限较低, 可应用于禽蛋中角黄素、对位红和苏丹红Ⅰ~Ⅳ的检测。     

HPLC法同时检测辣椒制品中8种非食用红色色素

建立了凝胶柱净化-高效液相色谱法同时检测辣椒制品中苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ、对位红、苏丹红G、苏丹红7B和苏丹红B等8种红色色素的方法。样品用正己烷或正己烷/丙酮提取,提取液经BioBeadsS-X3凝胶柱净化。净化后的样品采用ZorbaxSBC18柱分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)和含0.1%甲酸的甲醇丙酮(9∶1,V/V)溶液(B)为流动相,流速1mL/min,检测波长505nm。上述8种色素组分在其质量浓度为0.16～2.56mg/L时有良好的线性关系,方法的检测限为15～46μg/kg;平均加标回收率为89.9%～118.2%,相对标准偏差为2.3%～4.8%。该方法灵敏可靠,适合于辣椒制品中多种脂溶性红色色素的同时检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定棕榈油中苏丹红、对位红

样品经己烷溶解,再用乙腈萃取浓缩,经乙腈 异丙醇(1∶1)溶解过滤后,用反相高效液相色谱法-DAD检测器进行检测。方法最低检测限:苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ和对位红检测限均为10μg/kg,相对标准偏差为1.85%～5.74%,回收率为93.42%～108.38%。该方法简便、快速,稳定可靠。     

构建氯化血红素/G-四链体DNA酶比色生物传感器检测食品中苏丹红

以苏丹红III核酸适配体为识别元件,以氯化血红素/G-四链体DNA酶为信号探针,结合杂交链反应信号放大策略,构建一种简单、新颖、高灵敏的生物传感器,用于苏丹红比色检测。在优化条件下,对该方法的灵敏度、准确性、特异性进行评估,最后将其应用食品中苏丹红III快速检测,并与GB/T 19681—2005法对比验证。结果显示,在优化条件下,苏丹红III质量浓度在0.5～250 ng/mL范围与450 nm波长处的吸光度呈良好线性关系（相关系数为0.995）,方法检测限为0.09 ng/mL。特异性分析显示,本方法可用于苏丹红I～IV的检测。实际样品分析中表明,食品中苏丹红III加标回收率为84.3%～101.6%,相对标准偏差为4.13%～8.36%,本方法的加标回收率与GB 19681—2005法相比差异不显著（P＞0.05）。该方法操作简便、准确可靠、灵敏度高,适用于批量食品中苏丹红的快速检测。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定禽蛋中苏丹红

建立了一种快速测定禽蛋中苏丹红含量的超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用(UPLE-MS/MS)分析方法.样品经乙腈提取后,加水反沉淀除去蛋白质和脂肪等杂质,冷冻后取上层清液,经C18>超高效液相色谱柱分离,串联四极杆质谱多反应监测模式检测.苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ方法检出限为5 μg/kg,相关系数是0.9999,在100～300μg/kg范围内,回收率在70.1%～107%之间.     

棕榈油中多种添加剂测定方法的研究

采用乙腈提取棕榈油中多种添加剂PG、THBP、TBHQ、NDGA、BHA、OG、DG、BHT、苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ和苏丹红Ⅳ,浓缩后用乙腈-水淋洗的高效液相色谱多波长检测法测定其中各待测组分的含量,方法最低检测限:PG、THBP、NDGA、OG、DG为0.5 mg/kg;TBHQ、BHA、BHT为1 mg/kg;苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ和苏丹红Ⅳ为10μg/kg。相对标准偏差为2.03%～6.89%,回收率为88.85%～108.38%。该方法简便、快速,稳定可靠。     

基于适配体-阳离子化合物诱导纳米金聚集比色法快速检测苏丹红

本研究以苏丹红Ⅲ适配体为识别元件,以未修饰的纳米金传感信号,以聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)作为纳米金聚集的诱导剂,构建了一种简单、经济、快速的苏丹红比色检测方法。在优化条件下评估本方法的检测灵敏度、准确性和特异性,最后应用于食品中苏丹红快速检测,并将检测结果与国标法(GB/T 19681-2005)对比验证。结果显示,在PDDA浓度20 nmol/L、适配体浓度5 nmol/L、反应时间4 min等优化条件下,纳米金吸光度比值(A_650nm/A_530nm)与苏丹红Ⅲ浓度呈良好线性关系(R=0.986),线性检测范围为3.13～50 ng/mL,可视化检测限为3.13 ng/mL,检测时间约为5 min。特异性分析显示,本方法对苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ有高的特异性,与柠檬黄、日落黄、分散橙11等无交叉反应。将本方法应用于食品中苏丹红检测,加标回收率为85.4%～102.5%,相对标准偏差为3.37%～6.75%。本方法具有操作简便、快速、结果易读等优点,适用于批量样品中苏丹红的现场快速检测。     

苏丹红Ⅰ酶联免疫吸附检测方法的建立

应用抗苏丹红Ⅰ单克隆抗体12D8建立了间接竞争ELISA方法,用于检测辣椒粉中的苏丹红Ⅰ,最低检出限为4.22 ng/mL,检测范围为7.8～125 ng/mL.用体积分数70%甲醇水溶液提取辣椒粉中的苏丹红Ⅰ(80～4 000 ng/g),回收率为52.3%～110%,变异系数为3.2 %～8.9%.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.