Efficiency of acetic acid and formic acid as a catalyst in catalytical and mechanocatalytical pretreatment of barley straw

In this study, the potential of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) in a catalytical and mechanocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic barley straw to valuable sugars is explored using sulfuric acid as a reference. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis has been carried out with acid-impregnated samples as well as unmodified barley straw. In the mechanocatalytical approach, pretreatment consists of impregnation with the acid catalyst and mechanical treatment by ball milling following chemical hydrolysis. Straw samples and residues were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) whereas hydrolysate analysis was based on total reducing sugar (TRS) determination following the DNS method and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The results indicated that acetic acid and formic acid are rather mild acids yielding low TRS levels compared to the reference acid. Mechanocatalytical pretreatment slightly increased TRS yields, but not significantly. Strikingly, sulfuric acid showed an efficient conversion efficiency yielding almost 45% of TRS. Furthermore, this study provided evidence for the acetylation of straw components when acetic acid was used as catalyst. Alkali hydrolysis induced the de-esterification, but revealed no significant increase of TRS yields.     

Effects of different nut oils on the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions induced by ultrasound using soy protein as an emulsifier

Gel-like emulsions were produced by high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) emulsification using soy protein as an emulsifier. Sunflower (a seed kernel oil), peanut (a groundnut oil), hazelnut, walnut, almond and pine nut oils were chosen as oil phases. The kinds of nut oil significantly affect the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions. The particle size of sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was smallest. Moreover, the macrorheological and microrheological results indicated that the values of apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and elasticity index (EI) of sunflower and almond oil gel-like emulsions were higher while those of the walnut and pine nut oil gel-like emulsions were lower. Moreover, the sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was more stable after 2-month storage. The current study illustrated that HIU was of great importance for the production of high-viscosity gel-like emulsions. Furthermore, the differences of nut oils resulted in diverse physicochemical properties of gel-like emulsions.     

A reliable and sensitive time-resolved fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (TRFICA) for ochratoxin A in agro-products

Immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) are considered as a suitable diagnostic tool for the detection of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins and especially, ochratoxin A are analytes with more demanding sensitivity requirements. To enhance the sensitivity of current immunochromatographic assays for ochratoxin A (OTA), a novel sensitive ICA was developed in this study. In the assay, microspheres enclosing fluorescent europium (III) [Eu(III)] nanoparticles (EuNPs) were used as a label for OTA monoclonal antibody (OTA-mAb) conjugation. Accordingly, assay was called time-resolved fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (TRFICA). The test strip was composed of three parts: a sample pad, nitrocellulose membrane and an absorbent pad. As for detection, a proper concentration of conjugated microspheres was pipetted into the microtube and sample extract was added to it. Then the strip was inserted into the tube and the fluid flow along the strip. The TRFICA results were obtained in 8 min and read by a portable TRFICA strip reader. The established method allows quantitative determination of OTA with limit of detection as low as 1.0 μg kg⁻¹ in the samples. For validation, spiked samples including wheat, maize, soybean and rice were respectively assayed by TRFICA and a standard high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), and good agreement of results was obtained between two methods.     

索氏抽提测定含油量的方法改良及其应用

对索氏抽提法测定含油量的方法进行了改良,在原索氏抽提装置上加装了恒温冷凝水系统,将冷凝水温度改为恒温15℃。改良后的索氏抽提法与原方法相比,测定结果的准确度和灵敏度显著提高,有效消除了因季节、气候等因素引起的温度变化所带来的测定值差异。2007年至2010年加拿大谷物委员会组织36家国际权威油料检测实验室开展国际油料品质比对检测,结果显示,本实验室检测结果｜Z｜值均小于2,且采用改良索氏抽提法后,测定结果的Z比分数由-1.98～-0.12减小到-0.60～0.20,相对偏差由-2.5%～-0.38%减小到-1.24%～0.24%,实现了含油量检测结果的国际接轨。     

多聚酶对转基因产品PCR检测的影响分析

本文参考出入境检验检疫行业标准中转基因油菜外源基因的PCR检测体系,分析了18种不同DNA聚合酶对定性PCR检测转基因油菜OXY235中的CaMV35S启动子的影响。结果表明,不同DNA聚合酶对CaMV35S启动子定性PCR检测中非特异扩增的产生以及检测灵敏度影响较大。其中热启动Taq酶效果较好,目标条带清晰,检测灵敏度高,而且完全没有非特异性扩增条带,非常适合用于定性PCR检测。对于同样条件下无法有效扩增0.1%DNA样品的Taq酶,则不推荐用于检测途径。     

SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳法与国家冬油菜区试指纹鉴定平台的构建

为了油菜品种指纹检测的精确性及未来构建大规模油菜新品种指纹数据库,应用SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳检测法构建国家冬油菜区试指纹鉴定平台。以40对荧光引物对2012-2013年度163份国家冬油菜区试参试品种（系）进行分析。结果共检测到42个等位位点和131个等位变异。其中A基因组（n1～n10）检测位点25个,C基因组（n11～n19）检测位点17个。每个位点等位变异数从2到6不等,平均为3.02。42个检测位点的PIC值变化范围在0.10～0.69之间,平均值为0.36。其中引物BRGMS171的杂合度、PIC值分别高达0.67、0.70,可考虑作为以后区试杂交种纯度鉴定的核心标记。SSR位点的纯合度分析得出本年度18份常规种平均纯合度为81.9%,145份杂交种为57.9%。以131个等位变异计算品种（系）间DICE相似系数,163份品种（系）间平均遗传相似系数变幅为0.607～0.765,变幅最大的为品种（系）FC03（0.438～0.879）,变幅最小为品种（系）宜油21（0.611～0.806）。     

微波辅助酶解棉籽粕的条件优化及酶解产物功能性质研究

研究了微波辅助碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶双酶酶解棉籽粕的工艺条件.通过单因素实验确定了碱性蛋白酶酶解的最佳工艺条件为:微波温度60℃,微波功率500 W,酶加量5％(以底物质量计),酶解时间15 min;风味蛋白酶酶解的最佳工艺条件为:微波温度60℃,微波功率600W,酶加量5％(以底物质量计),酶解时间15 min.参照单因素优化条件,对棉籽粕进行连续酶解,酶解液多肽含量为13.32 mg/mL.棉籽粕经过微波连续双酶酶解后,吸油性、起泡性、乳化性等功能性质得到改善.     

渍水对冬油菜苗期生长及生理的影响

以中双9号油菜为材料,通过盆栽试验研究苗期不同渍水时间对冬油菜生长和生理指标的影响。结果发现,光合色素含量在整个试验期间一直下降。其它生长及生理指标均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,其中相对生长率、根系活力、可溶性糖、根系丙二醛（MDA）含量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在渍水第13d时达到最高,而叶片MDA含量则在渍水胁迫24d时达到最大值。说明渍水胁迫对冬油菜幼苗地上部和根系生长产生显著影响。短期渍水胁迫下,油菜幼苗能够通过调节自身的生理代谢活动,维持一定的生长量;但是随着胁迫时间的延长,植株生理活动受到严重影响,油菜幼苗生长受抑制,相对生长率显著降低。     

甘蓝型油菜BnERF104超表达增强了转基因拟南芥对核盘菌的抗性

根据拟南芥乙烯响应因子AtERF104的序列设计保守引物,从甘蓝型油菜品种中双9号中克隆到同源基因BnERF104。序列分析表明BnERF104蛋白含有一个典型的ERF domain保守结构域,属于乙烯响应转录因子ERF家族的成员。甘蓝型油菜用核盘菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）接种6h后,BnERF104基因被诱导显著上调表达。BnERF104基因在转基因拟南芥中的超表达提高了病原相关蛋白（PR）防御素PDF1.2和几丁质酶ChiB基因的表达量,显著增强了对腐生营养型真菌核盘菌的抗性。     

甘蓝型油菜DH植株创建及其倍性的流式鉴定

以甘蓝型油菜大粒品系和小粒品系的小孢子为试验材料,研究取样时期、花蕾大小、培养基类型及添加成分对小孢子产胚率的影响,利用流式细胞仪对小孢子再生植株及加倍植株进行了准确、快速的倍性分析。结果表明,始花期为最佳取蕾时期,花蕾大小在2.5~3.5mm为宜,培养基以液体培养基最好。培养基中加入0.1mg/L6-BA可以促进小孢子胚的发生,而活性炭对小孢子培养没有明显的促进作用。流式细胞仪倍性检测显示小孢子再生植株加倍后的双单倍体（doubled haploid,DH）占49%,还存在少量的三倍体（11.3%）、四倍体（1.1%）及嵌合体（27.3%）植株。本研究为油菜材料的快速纯合及其DH系群体的构建等提供了新的经验。