A unified REC market and composite RPO scheme for promotion of renewable energy in India

In India, uniform price was assigned to renewable energy certificate (REC) irrespective of renewable energy (RE) type, technology, and location. Moreover REC price bands are higher than existing preferential tariff. There are distinct renewable purchase obligations (RPOs) specified for various RE types, whereas there is lack of efficient tools to check RPO compliance. Because of these reasons, REC market stabilisation is getting delayed. This paper proposes a method using plant performance multiplier to convert non-solar and solar REC to single equivalent REC with competitive REC pricing, which can be traded on unified REC market. The method combines solar and non-solar RPOs into a single composite RPO, to make RPO compliance and its checking simple and efficient. A sample illustration of the proposed method is given. The benefits offered by the proposed method in REC pricing, REC trading and RPO compliance are discussed. A comparative economic analysis of present and proposed method is reported.     

Maximal covering location problem with price decision for revenue maximization in a competitive environment

In this article, we extend the classical maximal covering model in a competitive environment by including a price decision. We formulate a revenue maximization model and propose two procedures to solve it. By a careful examination of the relationships between the maximal covering problems for different prices, we reveal interesting properties of the deduced revenue maximization model, leading to a full enumeration solution approach. With the help of two more properties we develop a second, more intelligent solution procedure. Computational experiments show promising results for a small, medium and large case study.     

基于需求响应的风电-抽水蓄能系统调度模型

针对大规模风电并网影响电网稳定运行的问题,基于日前用户侧电力负荷预测和实时电价预测,文中提出了一种电网吸纳风能的新模型。以最小化风电—抽水蓄能联合系统发电成本为目标,在目标求解过程中确定最佳自弹性系数和互弹性系数,运用基于实时电价的需求价格来弹性引导电力用户以实现负荷转移。考虑到用户侧电价弹性限制的约束,该方法采用遗传优化算法编程求解。仿真结果表明,需求侧资源主动参与优化调度可降低负荷峰谷差,利于系统稳定运行,并且可以减少发电成本,提高联合系统经济性。     

考虑风险偏好的定价决策与需求信息共享价值分析

为了分析零售商的风险偏好对定价决策及信息共享价值的影响,以期望利润与条件风险估值的加权平均作为目标准则来刻画零售商的决策目标函数,构建供应链的需求信息共享决策模型,通过该模型,深入地分析和研究零售商不同风险偏好下供应链的最优定价决策以及需求信息共享的价值。研究表明,信息不共享情况下最优批发价与λ无关;当市场不确定信息显示需求增加时,最优批发价、最优零售价、零售商信息共享价值随着λ的增大而增大,而供应商和供应链的信息共享价值随着λ的增大而减小;而当市场不确定信息显示需求减少时,最优批发价、最优零售价、零售商信息共享价值随着λ的增大而减小,而供应商和供应链的信息共享价值随着λ的增大而增大。     

市场环境下备用容量的定价与确定

选取辅助服务中的备用市场为研究对象,分析了现有的备用容量确定方法,并以电能和容量总购买成本最小为目标,以实时电价理论为基础,确定备用服务的价格和分配。最后通过IEEE-10机组算例说明了该方法的有效性。     

Facilitation of renewable electricity using price based appliance control in Ireland’s electricity market

Abstract Ireland’s share of electricity generated from RES-E (renewable energy sources) is due to increase from 14.4% in 2009 to 40% in 2020. With this target predominantly fulfilled with wind generated electricity, the need for increased grid flexibility to facilitate this intermittent energy source is becoming ever more significant. As smart metering becomes available, demand side participation will be one option for achieving this flexibility. Using an immersion heated hot water tank as an example, this paper examines the impact that price optimised load scheduling has on the facilitation of wind generated electricity. To replicate real-world data availability, optimisation is performed using day-ahead predicted prices while the results are calculated using final prices and metered generation data. The results demonstrate a correlation between the day-ahead predicted half-hourly price of electricity and real-time wind availability. This supports the use of price as a means of providing an incentive for load response in order to increase the amount of renewable energy that can be facilitated on the electrical grid. Furthermore, various thermal storage efficiencies were examined for the device to reveal that as the energy loss rate of the device is reduced, the financial savings increase, wind generation increases, and conventional generation decreases.     

考虑乘客策略行为的航空客运收益管理模型

研究航空公司在面临策略乘客时的动态定价与舱位控制模型,即在任意时刻,航空公司决定航班的舱位是否开放,以什么价格开放,以期实现收益的最大化。利用动态规划构建多周期随机优化模型,探讨了航空公司开放舱位的充要条件及航空公司最优价格所满足的关系式。应用算例展现了模型的实际应用过程,得出了最优价格策略和一系列管理启示。     

基于动态区别定价的多QoS服务选择和资源配置

在提供多QoS的区分服务网络中,用户需要在其预算约束下选择最合适的服务,网络则利用有限的资源提供用户所需的服务。针对用户端服务选择问题,提出基于效用最大化的服务优化组合方法,以及基于服务令牌的DSCP设定算法。针对网络端资源配置问题,提出在不同的时间尺度上动态调整各类服务的价格和资源的配置方式,通过与服务价格的互动实现资源的优化配置。实验表明,该机制能够显著提高用户总效用,有助于提高区分服务的可部署性。     

考虑负荷空间均衡和充电站合作博弈的快速充电定价机制

为了平衡快速充电负荷空间分布,提高电动汽车用户充电满意度,提出考虑负荷空间均衡和充电站合作博弈的快速充电动态定价机制。首先,通过实际订单数据逆地理编码得到出行概率转移矩阵,结合路网模型和速度-流量模型建立电动汽车充电负荷时空分布模型;然后,考虑用户主观意愿,建立计及用户偏好的充电站选择决策模型,模拟用户对于充电站选择的理性决策行为;最后,以充电站节点负荷均衡性为目标,建立区域内快速充电站合作模式下的动态定价博弈模型,通过迭代算法求解均衡值,并利用Shapley值法对合作联盟所得剩余收益进行分配。仿真实例表明,所提快速充电站动态定价策略能有效降低充电站节点的负荷方差,提高充电桩利用率和充电站收益,并减小用户排队时间,提高用户满意度。     

4种电网源流分析方法比较

电网源流分析,即确定电网的潮流分别由哪些部分组成,由哪些元件、节点功率或电网用户引起,是电力系统运行分析中许多问题的基础.但由于电网的一些特殊性质,到目前为止还没有得到广泛认同的方法.文中对直流分布因子方法、基于电流的方法、交流灵敏度方法以及潮流跟踪方法这4种目前常见的电网源流分析方法,分别从采用的简化与假设、功率平衡方法、分配对象及分析结果4个方面进行了对比,分析了各自适用的场合,探讨了各种方法的异同和优缺点,并采用算例进行了验证.