基于3-UPS/RRR的并联踝关节康复机构及其性能分析

基于踝关节的生理解剖结构和运动特性分析,提出了一种适用于踝关节康复的3自由度3-UPS/RRR并联机构.该机构采用三个主动支链倾斜布置避开了机构的奇异位形,能满足踝关节康复运动需要,同时约束支链和动平台的设计使机构的转动中心与患者的踝关节转动中心重合.应用解析法得到了机构的位置反解,建立了速度雅可比矩阵和静力雅可比矩阵,求解了机构的工作空间.基于雅可比矩阵,仿真分析了机构的运动学性能和静力学性能.结果表明在规定的工作空间内机构具有良好的可操作性、运动灵活性、刚度特性和力矩传递性能.最后运用牛顿-欧拉法建立了机构的逆动力学方程,得到了驱动力、约束力与运动参数的关系,并给出了仿真实例.     

并联2-UPS/RRR踝关节康复机构及运动性能分析

为了帮助患者恢复踝关节运动能力,在分析现有踝关节康复机器人机构的基础上,提出了一种简单、实用的3自由度2-UPS/RRR并联机构.该机构约束支链与动平台的设计,保证了机构的旋转中心与不同患者的踝关节旋转中心重合.计算了自由度,并应用解析法给出了机构的运动学逆解,建立了速度雅可比矩阵,通过对驱动参数的限定,求解了满足训练要求的机构工作空间.最后基于雅可比矩阵,仿真分析了机构的运动学性能,结果表明在规定的工作空间内机构具有良好的可操作性、运动灵活性和刚度特性.而且机构采用非冗余电动机驱动,结构简单,有效避免了支链间不必要的干涉,减小了整个机构的占用体积,相比当前的踝关节康复机构更具优势.     

并联2-RRR/UPRR 踝关节康复机器人机构及其运动学

在分析现有踝关节康复机器人机构特征的基础上,提出了一种具有远程转动中心的2-RRR/UPRR 并联 踝关节康复机构．该机构可以实现踝关节康复运动所需的三自由度转动,即内翻／外翻,背屈／跖屈,外展／内收运 动．采用关节轴线的运动副螺旋矢量表示法分析了该机构在整个工作空间内任意位姿都可以实现3 维转动的机构学 原理．计算了其自由度,并讨论了选取与定平台相连接的3 个转动副作为输入的合理性．应用球面几何方法给出该 机构的位置反解,同时推导出机构位置正解表达式,并给出了数值算例,验证了其工作空间满足踝关节康复运动的 要求．     

一种混合驱动柔索并联仿生眼的轨迹规划

在与眼球运动相关的解剖学和运动学的基础上,设计了一种符合Listing定理的基于混合驱动柔索并联机构的3自由度机器人仿生眼.通过矢量封闭方法建立了逆运动学模型,求解出柔索并联机器人的雅可比矩阵和结构矩阵.利用达朗贝尔定理建立柔索并联机器人的力矩平衡方程组,采用广义逆矩阵的相关理论,以柔索张力矢量的2范数最小为目标进行张力优化.用蒙特卡洛方法计算出仿生眼球可达工作空间.最后,在Simulink环境下进行仿真,规划运动轨迹并得到柔索并联机器人运动特性的仿真结果,证明了本文设计的机构符合Listing定理.结果表明:基于混合驱动柔索并联机构的机器人仿生眼结构合理,数学模型正确.     

生物融合式康复机构及其应用

按照机械与人体不同的相互作用关系对康复器械的机构进行分类，提出了生物融合式康复机构的概念 并介绍了其特征．在分析踝关节及其现有康复器机构特征的基础上，应用生物融合式康复机构的概念设计了一种含 有弹性元件的并联踝关节康复机构，该机构可以实现踝关节内翻／外翻、背屈／跖屈、外展／内收康复运动，还可以对 踝关节进行牵引．分析了该机构的输出自由度、结构自由度和驱动合理性．计算了踝关节在康复运动过程中机械驱 动和生物驱动的输入量，以及两组驱动给定后踝关节的姿态．以对踝关节进行背屈／跖屈康复训练为例，给出该机构 机械分支受力和机械驱动随踝关节姿态变化的曲线．     

基于螺旋理论的水下机器人矢量推进球面并联机构的运动学建模

为设计结构简单、具备旋转运动传递和空间姿态调整双重功能的水下机器人推进机构,采用构造过约束并联机构的方法设计了一种3自由度球面并联矢量推进机构.基于螺旋理论构建了机构的拓扑结构模型,分析了机构的运动特性,计算了机构的位姿正、逆解.在闭链约束方程的基础上运用矢量代数法推导出了机构的雅可比矩阵.利用特征结构配置的解耦法建立了机构速度和加速度的解析模型,并进行了相应的数值算例分析,计算了机构的运动学正、逆解,得到了可达工作空间,并用仿真软件Adams验证了数值计算方法的正确性.设计的矢量推进机构具有较大的偏转范围.     

基于雅可比预测的机器人无模型视觉伺服定位控制

针对未知相机标定及目标3D几何模型,研究机器人无模型视觉伺服定位方法.引入状态空间,建立机器人“视觉空间-运动空间”雅可比非线性映射的状态方程和观测方程,提出神经网络联合卡尔曼滤波雅可比预测算法,网络在线动态补偿系统近似误差与参数估计误差,实现最小均方差条件下的雅可比预测;以李雅普诺夫稳定性准则构建雅可比预测的无模型图像视觉伺服控制方案,避免了相机标定和目标建模.“眼在手”六自由度机器人定位比较实验表明,图像空间特征轨迹平滑稳定在相机视场中,笛卡尔空间机器人末端运动平稳,无震荡回退,定位精度在10个像素范围内.     

具有关节角反馈的绳驱动仿人肩关节的张力优化与控制

本文研究一种具有关节角反馈的3-DOF绳驱动仿人肩关节,采用3个垂直相交于一点的单轴机构实现肩关节的功能.针对绳驱动技术中绳的弹性和机械安装误差,在各关节上均安装编码器读取各关节位置误差.针对并联机构输出耦合的问题,设计了具有逆运动学的实时计算和误差在线补偿的线性位置插补方法.同时针对载荷变化引起的绳上张力变化剧烈和振...     

基于参数优化的球面并联机构仿生眼设计

首先确定仿生眼的目标工作空间,根据其结构的特殊要求,将目标工作空间内最差性能指标作为优化 对象,选取球面并联机构的结构参数．避免了将平均性能指标作为优化对象时可能出现某些姿态的性能较差甚至出 现病态雅可比矩阵的情况;同时,只在目标工作空间而不是可达工作空间进行优化,既体现了优化范围的针对性, 也避免了可达工作空间的计算．最终采用优化后参数设计的仿生眼实物符合设计要求．     

绳驱动上肢外骨骼康复机器人穿戴机构设计

为了降低绳驱动并联外骨骼的结构不稳定性所带来的运动学建模误差,改善外骨骼对不同穿戴者的适应能力,提升外骨骼的穿戴舒适度,提出了一种新型穿戴机构并应用于绳驱动并联上肢外骨骼康复机器人CURE-7.首先,介绍了一种绳驱动外骨骼康复机器人,该外骨骼具有特制的穿戴机构,兼具绳驱动设备和并联机构的优点;然后,设计穿戴机构的欠驱动穿戴模块和柔性肘关节,建立外骨骼的运动学模型并对关键参数的影响进行了研究;最后,开发了穿戴机构样机并安装于外骨骼上,进行了健康人的运动轨迹跟踪实验和手臂穿戴外骨骼时的受力实验以证明穿戴机构的有效性.实验结果表明,通过采用新的穿戴机构,受试者肘关节前屈运动轨迹跟踪标准误差平均降低了约41％,肩关节外展运动轨迹跟踪标准误差平均降低了约30％,穿戴压力最大值降低了约23％,不同部位的压力方差也有较大幅度的降低.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。