基于RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒抑制作用的体外抗过敏活性益生菌的筛选及鉴定

为探究乳酸菌的抗过敏活性,本研究采用传统分离技术从发酵蔬菜中获得乳酸菌,并进行益生菌体外评价,结合RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒抑制实验筛选具有抗过敏活性的益生菌。结果表明,从发酵蔬菜中分离的4株菌株表现出良好的益生特性和安全性;所选4株乳酸菌对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒释放β-己糖胺酶均具有较高的抑制作用,并对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒释放组胺、肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-4均有明显的下调作用,具有作为抗过敏活性益生菌的可能性。4株菌株经16S rDNA测序鉴定为植物乳杆菌2株、发酵乳杆菌和副干酪乳杆菌各1株。     

乳酸杆菌对东北酸菜发酵特性的影响解析

为研究不同种乳酸杆菌对于酸菜的接种效果,从自然发酵酸菜中筛选出短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、寡发酵乳杆菌（L. oligofermentans）、弯曲乳杆菌（L. curvatus）和植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）作为接种剂进行酸菜发酵。分析接种组和对照组的酸菜发酵体系的生化指标,使用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析发酵12 d和30 d的细菌群落组成及动态变化。结果显示,接种处理组的酸菜发酵体系中pH下降与乳酸的产生速度均超过对照组,乳酸菌数量在前6天显著高于对照组。高通量测序结果显示,相比对照组,接种处理乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）相对丰度更高,肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）和假单胞菌属（Pseudonomnas）的相对丰度更低。各接种处理之间比较的结果显示,在发酵30 d时,L. plantarum接种处理的酸菜pH值最低,L. curvatus和L. plantarum处理乳酸质量浓度相对较高,两组处理间差异不显著。L. brevis和L. oligofermentans接种处理的酸菜乙酸质量浓度最高。从微生物纲水平组成来看,所有处理细菌均由厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）组成。在接种水平上,发酵30 d时,L. plantarum接种处理的酸菜Lactobacillus相对丰度最高,Enterobacteriaceae和Pseudonomnas相对丰度最低。该结果将为筛选符合不同发酵目的的接种剂提供技术参考。     

六堡茶乳酸菌多样性及其降胆固醇特性分析

探究六堡茶渥堆发酵过程中乳酸菌多样性并筛选具有降胆固醇活性菌株，旨在评价其作为潜在益生菌的体外降胆固醇能力，预防人体因饮食不均衡导致的高血脂症。采用高通量测序、纯培养法分析不同渥堆发酵时期六堡茶中乳酸菌多样性，并对其体外降胆固醇能力、胃肠耐受性进行研究。结果表明，从25 个样品中共检测到乳酸菌4 个属（乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）和肠球菌属（Enterococcus））5 个种，其中乳杆菌属为优势菌。共分离得到76 株乳酸菌，包括55 株戊糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus pentosus）、3 株铅黄肠球菌（Enterococcus casseliflavus）、5 株类肠膜魏斯氏菌（Weissella paramesenteroides）、8 株希腊魏斯氏菌（Weissella hellenica）、5 株台湾乳球菌（Lactococcus taiwanensis）。通过乳酸菌体外降胆固醇实验，发现胆固醇去除率为0%～30%，其中戊糖乳杆菌L131的去除胆固醇率最高，为（29.56±0.37）%；在pH值分别约为3.0、8.0的人工胃液、人工胰液中，L131有最高存活率，分别为（92.70±0.71）%和（77.54±4.81）%，显著高于其他菌株（P＜0.05）。本研究探明六堡茶渥堆发酵过程中乳酸菌的多样性，且发现具有降胆固醇特性的优良乳酸菌株，为健康黑茶产品和茶源益生菌的开发提供理论基础。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定与益生特性评价

目的：从婴儿粪便和发酵食品中筛选具有高效降胆固醇能力且益生特性优异的乳酸菌。方法：从20份婴儿粪便、8份传统发酵泡菜和4份金华火腿样品中初步筛选到乳酸菌102株,采用气相色谱法测定供试菌株的降胆固醇能力,菌株ZY08和I631的降胆固醇能力显著高于（P<0.05）标准菌株（ATCC 43121）;采用16S rDNA测序对这2株乳酸菌进行鉴定,评价菌株的酸耐受性、胆盐耐受能力、抗生素敏感性及抗菌活性。结果：筛选得到2株高效降胆固醇乳酸菌：植物乳杆菌ZY08和发酵乳杆菌I631,胆固醇降低率分别为67.45%和63.19%。在pH 1.5和pH 3.0的条件下培养6 h,菌株ZY08和I631的活菌数均大于6 lg（CFU/mL）。2株菌对3,5及1.0 g/L胆盐具有一定的耐受性,胆盐耐受能力均在80%以上（胆盐含量为3 g/L）;对常见的8种抗生素（青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢唑林、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明、氯霉素）都不具备耐药性,对人体健康不存在潜在威胁;2株菌的代谢产物对4种肠道致病菌（金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157∶H7、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌）具有一定的抑制作用。结论：获得具有高效降胆固醇能力的植物乳杆菌ZY08和发酵乳杆菌I631,为功能性乳制品的开发提供菌株来源。     

植物源益生乳酸菌的筛选及其特性

为筛选具有益生特性的植物源乳酸菌,以传统发酵蔬菜中分离的1 000 株乳酸菌为出发菌株,进行了耐酸性、耐胆盐能力、抑菌性、体外抗氧化能力、药敏性、溶血性和氨基酸脱羧酶活性等特性研究,并对筛选菌株进行了16S rDNA 鉴定。经pH 3.0 MRS培养得乳酸菌82 株,再经pH 2.5 MRS培养得乳酸菌49 株;49 株菌经0.3%胆盐测试,均具有耐胆盐能力;根据镜检形态结合发酵植物源的不同从中挑选19 株乳酸菌进行药敏性、溶血性、抑菌性、氨基酸脱羧酶活性和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除实验。结果表明,19 株菌对所选20 种抗生素多数表现敏感,其中4 株菌对20 种抗生素都较敏感;19 株菌对供试致病菌都有不同程度抑制能力且都无溶血性;经氨基酸脱羧酶活性试剂盒结合聚合酶链式反应扩增检测表明,19 株菌无产生物胺的潜在威胁;有5 株菌体外抗氧化能力高于40%。可见19 株菌均具有益生菌的基本特性。经16S rDNA鉴定,7 株为发酵乳杆菌、6 株为植物乳杆菌,嫩江杆菌、戊糖片球菌、利莫西杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、屎肠球菌、短乳杆菌分别各1 株。     

发酵酸菜来源乳酸菌的益生特性及其在发酵乳中的应用

通过pH值、胆盐耐受性实验从发酵酸菜中筛选性能优良的益生乳酸菌株,经16S rRNA序列分析鉴定得4 株植物乳杆菌A44、B51、B54、C53和2 株戊糖乳杆菌A16、B72。经疏水、黏附、自凝聚和溶血能力实验评价6 株乳酸菌的益生特性,其中植物乳杆菌A44对氯仿和二甲苯的疏水性均大于80%,对Caco-2细胞的黏附率为13.57%,放置5 h的自凝聚率超过60%,与其他菌株相比具有更好的益生特性且无溶血活性。因此选用植物乳杆菌A44进一步研究其在发酵乳中的功能特性,结果表明：植物乳杆菌A44作为辅助发酵剂添加后对4 ℃贮藏7 d期间发酵乳pH值、滴定酸度和持水性均无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但是可以显著提高发酵乳的活菌数和黏度（P＜0.05）,活菌数达到8.45（lg（CFU/mL））。本研究筛选得到的植物乳杆菌A44是一株性能优良的益生乳酸菌,具有作为发酵乳益生菌辅助发酵剂的潜在应用前景。     

黔东南地区传统发酵白酸汤中乳酸菌的益生特性及应用

本研究以发酵酸汤为试验原料,通过pH值、胆盐耐受性实验筛选性能优良的乳酸菌,经16S r RNA序列分析鉴定得菌株1-3、1-6、ST-2、ST-11,4 株为副干酪乳杆菌,ST-10和ST-12为植物乳杆菌。通过评价菌株的疏水性、黏附性、自凝聚能力,筛选出了6 株具有益生特性的乳酸菌,其中副干酪乳杆菌1-6和植物乳杆菌ST-10对二甲苯、氯仿的疏水性均大于70%,放置24 h的自凝聚率较其他菌株都较优;不同菌株对抗生素表现出的敏感性、耐药性不尽相同。结果表明：副干酪乳杆菌1-6作为发酵剂添加后对酸汤pH值、总酸度均无显著影响(P＞0.05),但是活菌数与传统老酸汤发酵效果接近。本研究筛选得到的副干酪乳杆菌1-6 是一株性能优良的益生乳酸菌,为后续酸汤发酵益生菌的开发奠定基础。     

新疆传统乳品中产胞外多糖乳酸菌的筛选及益生特性的研究

以新疆塔城地区酸奶、酸马奶、鲜马奶样品为研究对象,采用传统的分离方法对样品中的乳酸菌进行分离,通过16S rRNA分析样品中微生物多样性,在优势菌株中通过苯酚-硫酸法筛选出高产胞外多糖的乳酸菌,测定菌株潜在的益生特性。结果显示,3份酸奶、4份酸马奶和3份鲜马奶共10份样品中分离鉴定出147株乳酸菌,优势菌株为屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）、发酵乳杆菌（Lactobacillus fermentum）和植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。筛选出3株高产胞外多糖的植物乳杆菌（菌株1-3,1-6,4-1）。潜在益生特性试验结果显示,3株菌均表现出一定的益生特性,其中菌株1-3较其他菌株有较强的肠道定植、降胆固醇能力和胆盐耐受性,其可作为潜在益生菌应用于功能性产品的开发。     

益生菌发酵模拟芒果汁特性及产香能力分析

该研究选用2株非酿酒酵母（粘红酵母（Rhodotorula glutinis）（RG）、美极梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia pulcherrima）（MP））和2株乳酸菌（植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）（LP）、干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）（LC））发酵模拟芒果汁,考察益生菌在模拟芒果汁中的生长、发酵特性和产香能力。结果表明,4株益生菌在模拟芒果汁中均能良好生长,发酵模拟芒果汁72 h后,乳酸菌的产酸能力较好,且植物乳杆菌产酸能力最强,发酵模拟芒果汁的pH和有机酸含量分别为3.63、18.04 g/L;非酿酒酵母的糖利用能力较好,且粘红酵母的糖利用能力最好,发酵模拟芒果汁的糖含量为23.73 g/L;4株益生菌均能降解类胡萝卜素,其中植物乳杆菌的降解率最高,为21.22%;植物乳杆菌和粘红酵母的产香能力较好,从发酵模拟芒果汁均鉴定出19种挥发性香气成分,且降异戊二烯香气含量较高,分别为2.42 mg/L、2.57 mg/L。     

传统发酵牦牛乳中2株高产胞外多糖乳酸菌在模拟消化道中耐受力的研究

从传统发酵牦牛发酵乳中分离出的2株高产胞外多糖乳酸菌,为了研究其在模拟消化道中耐受力,对2株乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌)分别在人工胃液、人工肠液、人工胆汁和高盐4个模拟人工胃肠道消化环境中进行培养,测其耐受力以及对Caco﹣2细胞的黏附能力。结果表明:植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌在人工胃液中作用3 h的存活率随pH值的增大而增加。在pH4.5时,植物乳杆菌的存活率达到53.63%,干酪乳杆菌的存活率达到50.83%;在人工肠液中作用4h,植物乳杆菌的存活率达到了59.58%,干酪乳杆菌的存活率达到了51.42%;在胆盐环境中培养24 h后的植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌活菌数随牛胆盐质量浓度的增加而降低,活菌数均保持在108cfu/m L以上;在高盐环境中培养24 h后的活菌数随盐质量浓度的增加而降低,活菌数均在108 cfu/mL以上;并且2株乳酸菌的黏附能力也很强,植物乳杆菌可以达到16.83%、干酪乳杆菌可以达到14.86%。结论:植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌均能通过胃进入肠道并保持活力,而且能在肠道很好地定植,为植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌作为益生菌应用在食品中提供了理论基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.