Pea starch noodles: Effect of processing variables on characteristics and optimisation of twin-screw extrusion process

The effects of processing variables (moisture content, barrel temperature and screw speed) on the physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of pea starch noodles prepared by twin-screw extrusion were investigated using response surface methodology. Results indicated that increasing dough moisture content increased the b^∗ value (yellowness), expansion ratio, percentage of gelatinised starch, resistant starch content, cooking time, firmness and surface stickiness, but reduced cooking loss. Raising barrel temperature reduced cooking loss and cooked weight, but increased the expansion ratio, percentage of gelatinised starch, resistant starch, firmness and surface stickiness of cooked pea starch noodles. The b^∗ value, expansion ratio, percentage of gelatinised starch, resistant starch, cooking time, firmness and surface stickiness were increased as screw speed was increased, whereas the a^∗ value and cooked weight were reduced. The optimum processing conditions for pea starch noodle-making by twin-screw extrusion was established. Good agreement was noted between experimental values obtained at optimum process conditions and predicted values. Pea starch noodles prepared by twin-screw extrusion exhibited similar brightness in colour and cooking time to, but firmer texture than, commercial mung bean starch noodles.     

20种蚕豆淀粉物理特性、糊化回生特性与粉丝品质的关系

对20种中国主产区蚕豆淀粉粉丝烹煮品质和感官品质进行了评价,并对蚕豆淀粉的物理特性指标、糊化回生指标与相应的粉丝品质进行相关性分析。淮安大蚕豆等5个蚕豆品种的淀粉制作的粉丝品质最好,而青海马牙等3个蚕豆品种的淀粉制作的粉丝品质较差。蚕豆淀粉部分物理特性指标与粉丝品质的密切相关表现在:持水性越低,溶解度越低,膨润力越低,粉丝品质越好。淀粉的冻藏缩水率、透光率与粉丝的烹煮、感官品质指标相关性不大。蚕豆淀粉的RVA参数与其粉丝感官品质指标密切相关,其中衰减度、峰粘度、保持强度等对其影响最大。蚕豆淀粉凝胶强度越大,粉丝的烹煮品质和感官品质越好。在评价蚕豆淀粉品种的粉丝加工适应性时,一方面可以通过测试蚕豆淀粉的溶解度、持水性、膨润力和凝胶强度来预测其粉丝烹煮品质和感官品质的好坏;另一方面可以用RVA测试蚕豆淀粉,预测其相应的粉丝感官品质的优劣。     

绿豆粉丝生产中淀粉粉团的流变特性研究

通过考察绿豆淀粉粉团在不同温度(20、30、40和50℃)、不同含水量(44%、47%、50%和53%)、不同淀粉糊含量(0%、12%、24%、36%和50%)、不同剪切速率(0.1、1、10、100和500s-1)和分别恒定剪切速率10s-1和100s-1从20℃到60℃连续升温扫描的条件下的流变特性,得出含水量47%,含淀粉糊量24%的粉团在温度为40℃,剪切速率在10～100s-1范围内最适合在绿豆粉丝生产中淀粉粉团的搅拌、输送和漏粉垂丝;同时用幂律方程、Cross方程和Herschel-Bulkley方程来描述粉团的流变特性,发现Cross方程比幂律方程拟合精度更高,而Herschel-Bulkley方程则适于描述纯淀粉浆团的流变状态和作为淀粉粉团在某些条件下流变状态描述的补充;并对其流变机理用颗粒在流场中的取向理论、胀容现象和触变流动现象进行了探讨。     

超声辅助面团醒发对面条品质的影响

面团醒发对面条的品质具有重要影响,本实验将功率超声引入面团的醒发过程,以期提高面条品质。利用质构仪和综合加权评分法对所制备的面条品质进行分析,考察超声功率密度、超声作用时间、面胚厚度和醒发温度等因素的影响。结果发现：在超声功率密度为25.55 W/L时,相对空白组（常规醒发）,面条的弹性显著增加15.9%,硬度则显著降低7.8%,面条的蒸煮特性也有一定程度的提高;当超声功率密度25.55 W/L、超声作用时间30 min、面胚厚度6 mm、醒发温度30 ℃时,面条的综合加权评分最高;扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,当超声功率密度超过25.55 W/L时,小麦淀粉颗粒表面出现明显的孔洞和剥落现象。总体看来,超声辅助面团醒发工艺是可行的,超声能够提高面条的质构特性和蒸煮特性,改善面条的品质。     

高直链玉米淀粉添加对挤压荞麦面条结构、蒸煮品质及消化特性的影响

制备挤压荞麦面条,研究不同添加量（10%、20%、25%、30%）的高直链玉米淀粉（m/m,基于全粉）对挤压荞麦面条结构、蒸煮品质及消化特性的影响。结果表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,挤压面条直径减小,糊化度降低。X射线衍射结果表明添加高直链玉米淀粉后,面条除了V型结晶峰外还存在未完全糊化的直链淀粉的典型B型峰。热力学性质结果也表明直链淀粉发生部分糊化。添加高直链玉米淀粉后,面条色泽变浅变亮,最佳蒸煮时间缩短,蒸煮损失率由9.90%增加到12.43%。当高直链玉米淀粉添加量为25%时,面条开始出现断条。面条硬度由2 105.709 g显著增加至3 680.401 g,弹性由0.961降低至0.866。扫描电镜结果表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,致密的面条结构逐渐出现裂纹,且面条截面有较多未完全糊化的淀粉颗粒。淀粉体外消化实验表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,淀粉水解率逐渐下降,预计血糖指数减小,抗性淀粉含量增加。当高直链玉米淀粉添加量为30%时,挤压荞麦面条的预计血糖指数从74.28降至66.31,抗性淀粉含量从34.43%增加至47.86%。     

Utilization of Lentinus edodes mushroom β-glucan to enhance the functional properties of gluten-free rice noodles

β-Glucan-rich fractions (BGRFs) were prepared from Lentinus edodes mushrooms and utilized to improve the functional properties of gluten-free extruded rice noodles. The mixture of rice flour and BGRFs in a slurry exhibited increased water absorption index and swelling power at room temperature. However, the water hydration properties were significantly reduced with increasing levels of BGRFs upon starch gelatinization, consequently reducing the pasting parameters of rice flour. On the other hand, the incorporation of BGRFs into a rice dough system caused a distinct increase in the thermo-mechanical Mixolab properties of rice flour, probably contributing to the formation of a rigid dough structure. It could be closely correlated with the enhanced extensibility and firmness of BGRF-incorporated rice noodles. Moreover, BGRFs played a positive role in improving the cooking qualities of rice noodles by significantly reducing their swelling index and cooking loss.     

Influence of amylose content on cooking time and textural properties of white salted noodles

White salted noodles were prepared from reconstituted flours of various amylose content to determine the effects of amylose content on noodle dough properties and texture of noodles cooked for optimum cooking time. With decrease of amylose content from 26.5 to 3. 0%, optimum water absorption of noodle dough increased from 39 to 49% and cooking time of noodles decreased from 16 to 7 min. Hardness of cooked noodles prepared from reconstituted flour consistently decreased with increase in proportion of waxy starch. Noodles less than 12.4% amylose content exhibited higher springiness and cohesiveness than noodles greater than 17.1% amylose content. Cohesiveness and springiness of noodles prepared with partial waxy starches, of which amylose content ranged from 16. 6 to 22. 7%, were comparable to those of noodles prepared from <12. 4% amylose content. Amylose content of starch was significantly correlated with hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of cooked noodles prepared from reconstituted flours.     

三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的物性及品质的影响

将马铃薯全粉与面粉按不同比例配成混合粉以制作面条,并用马铃薯复合变性淀粉提升面条的品质;通过对不同比例混合粉糊化特性,面条断条率、烹调损耗、物性、烹调特性和感官评定的研究,得出制作面条的最优马铃薯全粉:面粉质量比和预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的添加量。结果表明,最优的质量比为20:80 (w/w);添加马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的弹性、黏着性等都有显著影响(p<0.05);在烹调实验中,随着预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的增加,吸水率升高,当三者的添加量分别为5%、4%、5%时,浊度最低;感官评定实验中,当添加5%预糊化交联淀粉、4%氧化交联淀粉、6%酯化交联淀粉时,马铃薯面条的各指标评分之和最高,且分别为:31.2、33.1、34.6。从质构,烹调特性,感官特性等方面综合对比三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的影响,得出6%酯化交联淀粉最适宜。     

半干法磨制对小米粉及面条品质特性的影响

为实现小米在传统主食中的多样化应用,研究半干法磨制工艺对小米粉和小米面条品质特性的影响。通过 损伤淀粉测定仪、激光粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、混合实验仪等测定小米粉的物理特性和功能 特性;通过低场核磁共振仪、蒸煮实验、质构仪测定小米面条的品质特性,并进行感官评价。结果表明：与干法 磨制相比,润米水分质量分数22%和26%的半干磨小米粉淀粉损伤程度低,平均粒径较小（P＜0.05）,表现出较 高的淀粉结晶性和较好的结构完整性,由其制备的面团吸水率高,稳定时间长（P＜0.05）。胶凝特性方面,润米 水分质量分数26%的半干磨小米粉在加热过程中吸水能力强,具有较好的溶胀能力（P＞0.05）,表现为峰值黏度 增加,而且对淀粉回生具有更大的抗性（P＜0.05）。此外,半干磨小米粉增强了小米面条中水分与其他组分的结 合能力,且使小米面条在质构上富有弹性、低黏性,有口劲,蒸煮损失小（P＜0.05）。偏最小二乘回归法分析表 明,小米磨制过程中造成的淀粉损伤水平比粒径大小对小米粉及其加工制品具有更为重要的影响。由于淀粉损伤程 度最低,润米水分质量分数26%的小米半干法磨制后可获得品质优良的小米粉与小米面条,这为小米的工业化深加 工提供了一种可行的磨制方法。     

超微粉碎对苦荞面条品质特性的影响

为提高苦荞麦的利用价值和苦荞面条的食用品质,利用超微粉碎技术制备超微苦荞麦粉,考察超微粉碎和超微粉粒径对苦荞麦粉的粉质特性及其面条品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的破损淀粉质量分数显著增加（P＜0.05）,面粉亮度值由72.20升高至77.48。同时,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）。超微粉碎技术的应用提升了苦荞麦粉的整体糊化特性,使得面团能够更快成型,稳定时间延长,面团的黏弹性增强,内部网络结构愈发均匀致密。利用超微粉制作全苦荞麦面条,断条率显著下降（P＜0.05）,最佳蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失最多减少约50%,质构特性显著改善。     

添加兔骨微细粉对面团及面条特性的影响

为扩展兔骨的应用范围,将项目组前期研制的兔骨微细粉(degreasing rabbit bone micro powder,DRBM)添加至小麦粉中,研究DRBM对面团及面条特性的影响.结果 表明,随着DRBM的添加比例增大,面团的白度呈下降趋势,蓝黄值显著增大(P＜0.05),添加比例在8％以内色泽变化较小;从微观结...     

木耳粉对面团流变学特性及面条品质的影响

为研究添加毛木耳粉、黑木耳粉对面团流变学特性和面条品质的影响,以毛木耳粉和黑木耳粉为对象,探究添加木耳粉对面团热机械学特性、淀粉糊化特性和流变特性的影响,同时测定木耳面条煮后的质构、蒸煮损失率、色泽、感官及营养品质。结果表明,毛木耳粉、黑木耳粉均显著增加面团吸水率和蛋白质弱化度,降低面团形成时间（P＜0.05）。木耳多糖可有效防止淀粉的老化,其与谷蛋白的比例影响面团的黏弹特性。添加质量分数20%毛木耳粉的面条和质量分数10%黑木耳粉的面条感官评分分别最高,面条的蛋白质和膳食纤维含量显著提高（P＜0.05）。毛木耳面条的总必需氨基酸含量提高了32.28%,黑木耳面条提高了8.85%,毛木耳面条的氨基酸评价结果更接近联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织标准。     

Effect of dry- and wet-milled rice flours on the quality attributes of gluten-free dough and noodles

The rheological and cooking properties of gluten-free noodles prepared with dry- and wet-milled rice flours were characterized. Dry-milled rice flour with a higher degree of starch damage exhibited greater water hydration properties than wet-milled rice flour at room temperature. However, the pasting results of rice flour suspensions demonstrated that wet-milled rice flour showed a higher value of peak viscosity due to its great swelling power upon starch gelatinization. The similar thermo-mechanical tendency was observed in a rice dough system by Mixolab. In the planar extensional test, the noodle dough sample prepared with dry-milled rice flour exhibited higher elongational viscosity which could be favorably correlated to more resistance of dry-milled rice noodle strands to extension. When rice noodles were cooked, increased cooking loss was observed in dry-milled rice noodles which was attributed to great water solubility derived from a higher degree of starch damage.     

Suitability of pigeon pea and rice starches and their blends for noodle making

The physicochemical and pasting properties of pigeon pea and rice starches were studied to assess their suitability for noodle making. Amylose content, solubility and freeze thaw stability of pigeon pea starch were significantly higher than those of rice starch (p < 0.05). The pasting properties of peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and set back showed higher values for pigeon pea starch, whereas hot paste viscosity and pasting temperature were higher for rice starch. Rice starch noodles revealed less cooking time (4 min) and less percent solids loss, whereas pigeon pea starch noodles had higher cooking time (12 min), higher percentage of water absorbed during cooking, more hardness and cohesiveness. Rice starch noodles scored higher for their transparency and slipperiness over pigeon pea starch noodles. Blending of pigeon pea starch with rice starch had significant effects on the cooking and sensory quality of noodles. Among starch blends, 70:30 blend of the pigeon pea and rice starches respectively resulted in good quality of noodles especially in terms of their higher transparency, slipperiness, overall acceptability and cohesiveness values. Blending of pigeon pea starch with 30% rice starch could produce noodles with superior quality as compared to native pigeon pea and rice starch noodles.     

不同含水量面条蒸煮品质差异机制研究

为了了解不同含水量的面条蒸煮时间差异和煮后面条的口感不同的内在机制,本实验以相同面粉为原料,制作了四种含水量的面条,与半干面（29.3%、25.1%水分）、干面（13.8%水分）相比,鲜面（32.6%水分）的最佳蒸煮时间较短（是干面的26%）,吸水率较低且蒸煮损失小（7.91%）,煮后面条内部面筋蛋白网络结构致密、孔隙度小且连续性好,弹性和咀嚼性较好,感官评价得分最高,其次为半干面、干面。四种面条的水分组成在煮之前内部仅有较低比例的自由水（T23）,主要以结合水（T21、T22）为主,其来自和面过程中加入的水分;蒸煮中从外部吸收水分;煮后面条水分组成均以自由水（T23）为主,结合水（T21、T22）比例减小,而鲜面（32.6%水分）内部还保留一大部分弱结合水（T22）,其来自和面过程中加入的水分;随着面条自身水分含量减少,面筋网络结构致密度降低,质构和口感降低。因为蒸煮过程中从锅中吸收水分量大、煮面时间长、蒸煮损失大,干面的蒸煮品质比生鲜面差。     

乳酸对玉米醇溶蛋白基面团品质提升的作用

以玉米醇溶蛋白、玉米淀粉、沙蒿胶为原料制备玉米醇溶蛋白基无麸质面团（简称Z面团）,以玉米淀粉和沙蒿胶所制面团（简称NZ面团）为对照。通过调控面团中乳酸含量（L）和原料粉含量（F）的比例（简写为L/F,mL/g）,比较乳酸含量对Z面团与NZ面团粉质性能的影响规律,表明玉米醇溶蛋白是影响Z面团粉质性能的关键组分。面团中L/F为2∶50的Z面团（Z2）稳定时间最长,弱化度最低,粉质质量指数最高,加工品质良好。探究在乳酸调节下,Z面团中玉米醇溶蛋白的理化性质与结构变化,发现乳酸会引起玉米醇溶蛋白的脱酰胺反应和蛋白质水解,促进α-玉米醇溶蛋白二倍体向单倍体转变,改变玉米醇溶蛋白的表面疏水性和二级结构组成。基于以上研究,将Z面团制为面条,考察乳酸含量对玉米醇溶蛋白基面条蒸煮品质的影响,其中Z2面条不易断条,蒸煮损失最少,质地良好。综上,适量的乳酸可改善玉米醇溶蛋白基无麸质面团粉质性能,提高玉米醇溶蛋白的表面疏水性,增加β-折叠占比,优化玉米醇溶蛋白基面条蒸煮品质。     

蛋清粉对小麦粉及挂面品质的影响

通过在小麦粉中添加不同比例的蛋清粉,测定其糊化、粉质特性及挂面的蒸煮、质构特性和进行感官评价来探讨蛋清粉对小麦粉及挂面品质的影响。结果表明：随着蛋清粉添加量的增加,小麦粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度和崩解值逐渐增大,峰值时间呈现下降趋势而糊化温度无明显变化。面团吸水率随蛋清粉添加量的增加而明显减少,面团形成时间不随添加量的增加而显著变化,但明显低于对照组,当蛋清粉添加量为3%时,面团稳定时间最长,弱化度最低。挂面的吸水指数、最佳蒸煮时间随蛋清粉添加量的增加而显著增大,但蒸煮损失在添加量为3%时最少。挂面的折断力、拉断力和硬度随蛋清粉添加量的增加而增大。综合挂面蒸煮、质构特性与感官评价结果得出,当蛋清粉添加量接近3%时挂面综合品质最好。     

苦荞-小麦混合粉面团特性及其鲜湿面条的研制

探讨不同比例的苦荞粉和小麦粉对小麦粉面团流变学特性及其鲜湿面条品质的影响,为后续加工应用提供理论依据。本研究通过混合实验仪和吹泡仪测定面团流变学特性,分析混合粉面团内淀粉和蛋白质的相互作用,以鲜湿面条的微观结构、感官评价、蒸煮品质和质构特性为评价指标,寻找苦荞粉的最佳添加比例。结果表明:在未添加任何添加剂的情况下,随着苦荞粉添加量的增加,面团的吸水率不断降低,形成时间和稳定时间逐渐增大,苦荞粉添加量≤30%时,能够改善产品的质量,C3-C4值降低到0.08N·m,C3-C2值增加到1.33 N·m,C5-C4值降低到0.51 N·m;同时,鲜湿面条的品质也逐渐变差,P值增大至73.7 nm,L值和W值分别降低至5.3 nm和16 nm,当苦荞粉添加量≥30%时,无弹性。而根据面条的微观结构、蒸煮品质以及质构的分析,苦荞粉为10%时,面条不仅保持了良好口感(感官评分为83分),而且具有较好的品质(熟断条率为6.67%,蒸煮损失为6.67%,硬度为3831.16 g,弹性为0.87)。综上所述,鲜湿面条中苦荞粉的最大添加量为30%,最佳添加比例为10%。