面包防腐剂对酵母发酵力的影响研究

面包防腐剂丙酸钙、山梨酸钾、脱氢乙酸钠及其复合防腐剂对面包防腐效果明显,被广泛应用到面包工业中。采用浮水法研究单一和复合面包防腐剂对酵母发酵力的影响。研究结果发现,面包防腐剂对酵母的发酵力有不同程度的抑制作用,防腐剂添加量越大,抑制作用越大,部分复合防腐剂对酵母的发酵力抑制作用也比单一防腐剂大。由于防腐剂影响酵母发酵力和面团的发酵体积,对面包的烘焙品质有很大的副作用,在面包工业中,在保证防腐剂对面包防腐效果的同时,应适量添加防腐剂,以降低防腐剂对酵母发酵力的影响,提高面包烘焙品质。     

面包酵母发酵力测定方法的探讨

探讨了面包酵母发酵力的测定方法。试验结果表明 ,采用发酵 0 .5h内面团的产气量 (mL)作为面包酵母发酵力的指标 ,能较好地反映面包酵母产品的质量 ;面团浮水法设备简单、重复性好 ,且与排水法之间有良好的相关关系 ,亦可作为面包酵母发酵力检测的方法。     

响应面法优化酵母冷冻面团馒头生产工艺

为了确定酵母冷冻面团馒头的最佳生产工艺,选取酵母添加量、加水量、发酵温度、发酵时间进行试验。在单因素的基础上,进行Box-Behnken中心组合研究,建立了对酵母冷冻面团馒头感官总分影响的数学模型,确定了酵母冷冻面团馒头的最佳生产工艺。结果表明,各因素对酵母冷冻面团馒头感官总分的影响顺序为:发酵温度酵母添加量发酵时间加水量。最佳工艺条件为:酵母添加量1.2 g、加水量51.2 m L、发酵温度35.7℃、发酵时间43.7 min,在此条件下预期的酵母冷冻面团馒头感官总分是76.8分,实际感官评价得分为76分。     

酶制剂在现烤面包生产中的应用研究

对两种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶)在冷冻1 d和3 d面团中的应用进行了研究。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,面团的发酵力、酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软性均呈下降趋势;与对照相比,α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶对面团的发酵特性和面包品质改善作用明显;冷冻1 d时,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.4 g/kg或木聚糖酶为0.8 g/kg时面团的酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软性最佳,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.6 g/kg或木聚糖酶添加量为0.4 g/kg时发酵力最佳;冷冻3 d时,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.6 g/kg时面团的酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软性最佳,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.8 g/kg时酵母发酵力最佳,木聚糖酶添加量为1.2 g/kg时面包柔软性最佳,添加量为0.8 g/kg时酵母存活率、面包比容、酵母发酵力最佳。     

南方馒头冷冻面团生产技术研究

该试验开展了南方馒头冷冻面团生产技术的研究,重点探讨了加糖量、酵母添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间等因素对冷冻面团生产的南方馒头的感官评分、硬度、比容等品质指标的影响,并采取响应面法建立了上述工艺参数对冷冻面团生产的南方馒头品质影响的数学模型。结果表明,南方馒头冷冻面团生产的最佳发酵工艺为：发酵温度35 ℃,加糖量8.2%,酵母添加量1.0%,发酵时间41 min。在此最佳条件下,冷冻面团生产的南方馒头感官评分达79.7分,硬度805.26 g,比容2.98 mL/g。     

大豆多肽对酵母细胞增殖及耐冻性的影响

酵母细胞的活性和耐冻融性对于发酵制品和冷冻面团技术具有十分重要的影响。将大豆多肽、酪蛋白胨、酵母氮源三种不同的氮源加入培养基培养酵母细胞,通过对生长曲线、细胞湿重、面团发酵和冷冻后面团发酵及细胞存活率的比较,评价大豆多肽对酵母细胞活性及耐冻能力的影响。结果表明,随着培养基中大豆多肽量的增加,所得的酵母细胞生物量增加,添加量超过25 g/L以后,酵母细胞生物量不再有明显增加,25 g/L是大豆多肽的最适添加量。与相同量的其他氮源相比,大豆多肽作为培养基氮源得到的酵母细胞在冷冻后存活率更高,其发酵面团仍能够保持较好的发酵力。大豆多肽能够促进酵母细胞增殖、增强酵母细胞的耐冻性、提高面团的发酵效果。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对冷冻面团和面包品质的影响

对谷氨酰胺转氨酶在冷冻1 d、3 d面团中的应用进行了研究。结果如下:与对照相比,谷氨酰胺转氨酶对面团的发酵特性和面包品质改善作用明显;随着冻藏时间的延长,面团的发酵力、酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软度均呈下降趋势;冷冻1 d时,谷氨酰胺转氨酶添加量为0.8 g/kg时酵母存活率最大、酵母发酵力最强、面包比容和柔软度最好;冷冻3 d,对酵母存活率和面包比容的影响,最佳添加量为0.8 g/kg,对酵母发酵力的影响,最佳添加量为1.6 g/kg,对面包柔软度的影响为1.2 g/kg。     

NMR和MRI技术研究面团的发酵过程

面团T2与发酵时间曲线表明酵母添加量和发酵时间对面团的T21和T22影响不大,对T23的影响则相对大很多,说明酵母的添加量和发酵时间对面团中自由水的影响要大于对结合水的影响。面团自由水表现出来的弛豫时间T23与发酵时间曲线在整个发酵期内呈波浪形变化。酵母添加量越多,面团的T23越大。MRI实验表明1.5%酵母的面团,在发酵过程中因酵母产气速度过快导致面团内部气孔分布很不均匀,面筋网络结构断裂。相比较而言,0.5%酵母和1.0%酵母的面团发酵过程产气速度比较平稳,整个过程面团的质子气泡区域的分布比较均匀,更适合用来加工馒头面团。     

冷冻面团中酵母抗冻保护剂的优选

为改善冷冻面团品质,减少低温对酵母的损害,对常见的几种酵母抗冻保护剂进行配方优化。单因素试验测定冷冻7 d后酵母存活率和面团发酵力,筛选出保护剂及其添加量水平,再运用二次回归正交旋转组合设计进行优选试验,在对存活率影响试验中,因素主次顺序为：海藻糖＞甘油＞脯氨酸;在对发酵力影响试验中,因素主次顺序为：海藻糖＞脯氨酸＞甘油。验证得到最优试验条件为：海藻糖、甘油和脯氨酸添加量分别为2.23%、3.43%和1.55%。在此条件下,酵母存活率和面团发酵力分别为85.86%和322 mL。     

酵母产气特性及其对馒头面团酸度的影响

为确定不同品种酵母产气特性及其对发酵面团酸度的影响,将发酵面团于28、32、35、38、40℃五个温度条件下测定面团发酵产气曲线图,对发酵过程中面团的酸度和pH进行测定。结果表明酵母最佳产气温度为38℃,添加不同品种酵母面团的产气性能有明显差异,面团发酵酸度和面团pH与酵母的添加量和酵母耐糖特性均有关系,发酵过程中面团酸度呈现上升趋势,面团pH逐渐下降。     

Bread Dough and Baker's Yeast: An Uplifting Synergy

Yeast‐mediated dough fermentation is an important phase in the bread making process. The fermentative performance of yeast cells during fermentation is of critical importance for final bread quality, since yeast cells produce CO₂ and other metabolites that have an influence on dough rheology and bread texture, volume, and taste. Different factors affect the fermentative performance of yeast cells during dough fermentation, including dough ingredients, fermentation conditions, the type of yeast strain used and yeast pregrowth conditions. Bread dough is a complex matrix that contains several ingredients that can affect the fermentation rate of yeast cells. Although the individual effects of sugar availability and salt level on the leavening ability of yeast have been studied extensively, a comprehensive overview of the relationship between bread dough constituents, fermentation conditions and yeast functionality is still lacking. Moreover, the dough environment is highly variable as several types of dough like lean, sweet or frozen doughs are currently produced by commercial bread producers. For optimal fermentation rates in different types of dough, the use of appropriate yeast strains with specific phenotypic traits is required. Therefore, many researchers have focused on the improvement of yeast strains for optimal fermentation in different types of dough like lean, sweet or frozen dough. Against this background, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interaction between bread dough and baker's yeast and how to improve this interaction, thereby providing a useful background for further research concerning the functionality of yeast in bread dough.     

鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽对冷冻面团品质的影响

通过对比分析经0～6次冻融循环处理后面团的酵母菌存活率、发酵力保存率、醒发时间以及焙烤性质研究了鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽对冷冻面团品质的影响。结果表明:添加鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽的面团经6次冻融循环后,酵母菌的存活率分别为78.95%和61.80%,发酵力保存率分别为59.06%和46.67%,面团醒发时间分别为330 min和318min,均明显优于空白组;冻融后的面团与新鲜面团相比,焙烤的面包比容和弹性减小,添加了鲢鱼酶解产物和胶原肽不仅可缓解冷冻面团这一缺陷,还可改善面包色泽。结果证明了鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽具有良好的酵母菌抗冻保护活性。     

国内市售面包酵母发酵特性及其适用性的研究

目前我国市场上销售的进口的及国产的面包酵母品种繁多,它们的发酵特性差别很大,故有不同的适用性。本项研究为全国面包行业正确选用面包酵母提供科学依据,同时也填补了国内在面包酵母发酵特性比较研究方面的空白。选取五种国内市场上的有代表性的酵母,采用量筒面团直观法和Brabender Fermentograph(发酵仪）相结合,分析各种酵母的发酵力、发酵耐力、耐盐性、耐糖性以及面包配方中的酵母、盐、糖、乳在发酵过程中的交互作用。     

不同酵母对冷冻面团发酵特性及馒头品质的影响

对市场上4种活性干酵母进行了无糖和低糖面团发酵活力及冷藏1周后发酵力的变化进行测定。结果表明:不同酵母在无糖面团和低糖面团中的发酵力存在差异,酵母Y2基本无差别,Y1、Y3和Y5发酵力都有不同程度的提高。冷藏7d后相对发酵力的测定表明:Y1、Y3和Y4在无糖面团中相对发酵力较高;Y2和Y3在低糖面团中的相对发酵力较高。通过无糖冷冻面团馒头感官评价及质构特性的测定,用酵母Y3来发酵的冷冻面团馒头品质较好。     

几种面包活性干酵母发酵不加糖面团性能的比较

对市场上的5种面包活性干酵母(ADY)进行了发酵性能测定。结果表明,不同面包酵母对低糖面团与不加糖面团发酵力存在差异,其中ADY1基本无差别,ADY2的差别较小(3.2%),而ADY4(11.9%)、ADY5(9.4%)的差别较大。通过对5种酵母麦芽糖发酵速度和葡萄糖阻遏程度的分析表明,干酵母ADY1、ADY2发酵麦芽糖速度较快,葡萄糖阻遏程度较小;而ADY4、ADY5发酵麦芽糖速度较慢,葡萄糖阻遏程度较高。可见,麦芽糖发酵速度快、葡萄糖阻遏程度小的酵母品种比较适合于不加糖面团的发酵。     

面包酵母耐冷冻性能的评价方法

讨论了面包酵母耐冷冻能力的评价方法,通过对酵母在普通面团中冷冻后的相对发酵力、在液体模拟面团中冷冻后的相对发酵力和酵母细胞冷冻存活率之间的比较,发现3者之间具有显著的线性正相关性。而应用液体模拟面团测定酵母耐冷冻能力的方法简便、易控制,可用于耐冷冻酵母菌种的选育和耐冷冻酵母产品的检测中。     

Improved physicochemical and fermentation properties of frozen dough with bacterial cellulose

Effects of a novel category of hydrocolloid (Bacterial cellulose, BC) on physicochemical and fermentation properties of frozen dough were studied to address the reduction in baking performance due to refrigeration. The addition of BC reduced free thiol content and inhibited the de-polymerisation degree of glutenin macropolymers, resulting in enhanced emulsifying activities of frozen dough, when the amount was added up to 0.1 g 100 g⁻¹of wheat flour (dry basis). Further supplement hurt these attributes due to competition for water molecules. However, increasing the addition of BC significantly enhanced its protective effect on yeast activity, which in turn improved the fermentation properties of frozen dough. After 8 weeks of storage at −18 °C, 31% of yeast survived in with the protection of BC. When BC was added at a ratio of 0.1 g 100 g⁻¹ of wheat flour, the improved frozen dough showed maximum volume of gas which was 2.7 times higher than that of the control after 3 h of fermentation. Baking performances confirmed the effect of BC as bread crumbs containing intermediate addition of BC rose optimally during proofing and baking, which contributed to the higher specific volume, less firm and more tender crumb texture of bread. These results suggested that BC might act as an effective additive to improve the shelf-life stability of frozen food during long periods of frozen storage.     

Short-Time Breadmaking Systems. Effect on Oxidation

A spread test was used to study the effects of fermentation time and various agents on dough. Short fermentation times (15–30 min) greatly improved spread ratio. Yeast also improved spread ratio, particularly in combination with time. A combination of 60 ppm KBrO₃ and 100 ppm ascorbic acid was the most effective oxidant system. There was an obvious interaction between yeast and oxidants. Loaf volume was not affected by the timing of addition of yeast or ascorbic acid to dough. Potassium bromate was more effective when added at the premix. A 60 min rest between premix and remix consistently gave higher loaf volume when yeast was added, but not when both yeast and oxidants were present.     

产香酵母发酵面团挥发性风味物质分析

采用分离自山东酵子具有优良发酵和产香特性的酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）CGMCC No.24005,制成干粉发酵剂,并分析其生长发酵特性及发酵面团的香气成分。结果表明,该酵母的最适生长温度、pH分别为28℃、6;发酵16 h时面团体积最大。利用此酵母发酵面团整体香气较强,酯类与醇类的种类及含量显著高于未发酵组（P<0.05）,果香、花香、酒香、甜香等特征明显,其中乙酸异戊酯、异戊醇、辛酸乙酯、苯乙醇等是不同发酵时间产物呈现不同香气特征的关键物质。说明该发酵剂能显著增加面团挥发性物质种类及含量,可提升发酵面食的品质,为传统发酵面食的标准化生产提供理论参考。