Grain Refining of 409L Ferritic Stainless Steel Using Fe-Ti-N Master Alloy

A deliberately prepared Fe-Ti-N master alloy was employed as a grain refiner for the 409L ferritic stainless steel in an attempt to refine the as-cast solidification structure. It was found that the average equiaxed grain size of the sample deceased from 1503 to 303 μm and the proportion of equiaxed grain zone increased from 14 to 100 pct with increasing the Fe-Ti-N master alloy addition level to 2.5 wt pct. Hence, this method may have good prospects for industrial applications.     

振动激发金属液原位形核的物理模拟

为了提高铸坯的等轴晶率、细化凝固组织,以30%氯化铵水溶液和铁素体不锈钢为研究对象,分别进行了物理模拟和浇注实验.结果发现:当一种带有冷却结构和高频振动的晶核发射器棒体插入氯化铵溶液时,在棒体表面将迅速形成大量的细小晶粒.这些晶粒在振动作用下被连续不断地弹射至溶液中,成为凝固过程中等轴晶的形核核心;晶核发射器的冷却强度越大、振动频率越高,则形成的晶粒数量越多且粒径越小;铁素体不锈钢液经振动激发形核处理后,凝固组织中的等轴晶率超过了80%.     

Grain refinement of Mg-3Y alloy using Mg-10Al_2Y master alloy

The as-extruded Mg-10 Al_2 Y master alloy was chosen as a novel grain refiner for as-cast Mg-3 Y alloy.Contrast samples of cast Mg-3 Y alloy added with pure Al and Mg-Zr master alloy grain refiners were prepared under the same conditions.In this study,the influence of addition amounts of Al_2 Y and holding time on grain refinement efficiency as well as tensile properties was investigated.And the grain refining ability of the Al_2 Y particles was systematically evaluated in terms of the addition amounts,number density of the Al_2 Y particles and holding time.The finest grains are achieved at 2 wt% Al_2 Y addition amount,which corresponds to number density of the polygonal Al_2 Y particles of 420-460 mm~(-2).The Mg-10 Al_2 Y master alloy has significant refinement performance and no refining recession occurs at the holding time within 60 min,or the settling time up to 180 min.Grain refinement and the second phase strengthening of uniformly distributed Al_2 Y particles contribute to the simultaneous enhancement on both strength and elongation of Mg-3 Y alloy.     

镁钛复合处理对不锈钢凝固组织的影响及机制

摘要：TiN是铁素体不锈钢有效的异质形核剂,但钢中大尺寸的TiN颗粒会对不锈钢板材表面质量带来不利影响。为此,提出依靠镁钛复合处理来细化TiN颗粒及控制宏观晶粒的方法。通过良好气氛保护的电阻炉试验,研究了添加Mg和Ti元素对于铁素体不锈钢宏观铸态组织和TiN颗粒细化效果的影响规律,并对其细化机理进行了详细分析。经研究得知,向铁素体不锈钢中添加了微量Mg和Ti元素后试样宏观等轴晶比例由37%提高至50%,TiN颗粒平均尺寸由处理前的5μm细化至2μm。镁钛复合处理后,钢液中形成的MgO和MgAl2O4与TiN之间的晶格错配度很低,分别为1.14和5.29,均属于有效形核范围,可以成为TiN异质形核核心,促进在晶内均匀析出更多的TiN。同时基于TiN与铁素体相之间的良好的晶格匹配关系,其进一步促进了δ-Fe形核,从而有效细化了铁素体宏观组织,这将有利于提高铁素体不锈钢力学性能和表面质量。     

新型汽车排气系统用铁素体不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀研究

 铁素体不锈钢中Cr元素对其耐腐蚀性能起着非常重要的作用。本文采用实验室冷凝液腐蚀实验方法,对一系列汽车排气系统用铁素体不锈钢在实验室模拟冷凝液中的腐蚀性能进行了研究。所有钢种经过10周期的实验室冷凝液腐蚀实验后,研究结果表明：Cr当量高于17%的铁素体不锈钢与含17%Cr的铁素体不锈钢耐实验室冷凝液腐蚀性能相当,且平均腐蚀失重量均小于6g/m2,平均最大腐蚀深度均小于0.03mm。在此实验结果的基础上,对新开发的439M型铁素体不锈钢和409L型铁素体不锈钢进一步开展5周期、10周期、20周期的实验室冷凝液腐蚀实验,并使用极值分析方法对三种周期冷凝液腐蚀实验后样品的最大点蚀深度进行统计分析,研究结果表明,新开发的439M型铁素体不锈钢的预测寿命是409L的1.6倍。     

Effect of Hot Rolling on Grain Refining Performance of Al–5Ti–1B Master Alloy on Hot Tearing on Al–7Si–3Cu Alloy

It has been known experimentally that TiAl₃ acts as a powerful nucleant for the solidification of aluminum from the melt; however, a full microscopic understanding is still lacking. To improve microscopic understanding, hot rolling technique has been performed to the Al–5Ti–1B alloy and the effect of shape and size of the particles on grain refinement has been studied. The effect of hot rolling of Al–5Ti–1B master alloy on its grain refining performance and hot tearing have been studied by OM, XRD, and SEM. Hot rolling improves the grain refining performance of this master alloy, which is required to reduce hot tearing in Al–7Si–3Cu alloy. The improvement in grain refining performance of Al–5Ti–1B master alloy on rolling is due to the fracture of larger TiAl₃ particles into fine particles during rolling. The presented results illustrate that the morphology of TiAl₃ particles alter from the plate-like structure in the as-cast condition Al–5Ti–1B master alloy to the blocky type after rolling due to the fragmentation of plate-like structures. The grain refining response and effect on hot tearing of Al–7Si–3Cu alloy have been studied with as-cast and rolled Al–5Ti–1B master alloys. The results display hot-rolled master alloys revealing enhanced grain refining performance and minimizing hot tear tendency of the alloy at much lower addition level as compared to as-cast master alloys.     

铁素体不锈钢凝固组织的影响因素

 铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中形成的柱状晶会影响钢的成形性,减少甚至避免铸坯柱状晶的形成,促进等轴晶的形成,对铁素体不锈钢来说尤为重要。采用连铸和模铸的试验方法浇铸了铁素体不锈钢430,以分析影响其凝固结构的因素。结果表明,电磁搅拌对430不锈钢连铸坯等轴晶的形成作用显著。无论模铸试验还是连铸试验,冷却强度对430铸坯柱状晶的形成都有明显的影响。在模铸试验条件下,碳、氮含量越高,越有利于其凝固时等轴晶的形成;在连铸试验条件下,由于温度梯度大,碳、氮含量对凝固组织的影响被削弱,但如果对钢液进行搅拌,碳、氮含量的变化对凝固组织仍然有明显的影响。     

凝固组织对超低碳铁素体不锈钢皱褶和深冲性的影响

为了研究凝固组织对超低碳铁素体不锈钢成形性的影响,采用XRD和SEM等分析手段详细研究了材料的皱褶和深冲性能。研究发现:相对于等轴晶的试样,柱状晶试样展示了更高的皱褶高度,这主要同柱状晶试样中存在明显的晶粒簇有关;经最终的再结晶退火后,等轴晶试样也展示了更好的深冲性能,这同等轴晶试样形成了强烈的γ纤维织构紧密相关。     

Solidification Structure Refining of 430 Ferrite Stainless Steel With TiN Nucleation

The thermodynamics of TiN precipitation in liquid steel of 430 ferrite stainless steel has been calculated to find out the condition of TiN precipitation during the initial solidification stage. The difference in the solidification structure of 430 ferrite stainless steel has been discussed through comparative tests of vacuum induction furnace melting with different contents of Ti. It has been found that the equiaxed grain proportion can be increased from 20% to 69% as the content of Ti from 0.1% up to 0. 4%. The size of the TiN particles precipitated is 1-3 μm and the number of TiN particles is about （200- 300）/μm^2. It is found that the effect of using TiN to refine the solidification structure has been confirmed under the strict process condition used for 430 ferrite stainless steel.     

150 t VD/VOD超纯铁素体不锈钢的开发

蒂森克虏伯AST厂采用新单罐150 t VD/VOD,通过EAF-AOD-VOD三步工艺试制了409LI、439M、460LI以及470LI等4个级别不含Ni和Mo的超纯铁素体不锈钢。生产实践表明,采用EAF-AOD-VOD三步工艺比EAF-VOD两步工艺明显减少处理时间,实现了低成本生产超纯铁素体不锈钢的工艺目标,所生产的新一代超纯铁素体不锈钢AST460LI(%:≤0.010C、21.0～21.4Cr、≤0.002S、0.10～0.20Ti)和AST470LI(%:≤0.007C、23.8～24.2Cr、≤0.002S、0.10～0.20Ti)的耐蚀性和耐高温性能均优于标准奥氏体不锈钢304(%:≤0.08C、8.0～11.5Ni、18.0～20.0Cr)和316(%:≤0.08C、10.0～14.0Ni、16.0～18.0Cr、2.0～3.0Mo)。     

钛元素的添加对超纯铁素体不锈钢焊缝区等轴晶组织的影响

等轴晶组织对于铁素体不锈钢焊缝区的力学性能,特别是韧性、延伸率等影响很大。总结了在铁素体不锈钢焊缝中等轴晶的形核机理。对于439超纯铁素体,加入钛元素可以在焊缝凝固前的熔融状态析出TiN的析出相,有利于钨极氩弧焊(TIG)的焊缝等轴晶的形成。在短暂的焊接过程中,可以通过控制铁素体不锈钢Ti和N的浓度积以及N的含量等来控制母材TiN最初的析出形态、析出数量;同时,通过Ti和N的合适匹配以及合适的焊接工艺参数保证焊缝区的温度梯度,这些都是焊缝区等轴晶比例的必要控制因素。     

化学成分对430铁素体不锈钢凝固结构的影响

在430铁素体不锈钢成分体系基础上,研究了成分的变化对430铁素体不锈钢凝固结构的影响。经试验发现,含碳量的变化显著影响430铁素体不锈钢的凝固组织,含碳量越高,铸锭中的等轴晶比率越大;而Ti元素的加入,虽然有利于430铁素体不锈钢铸锭中等轴晶的形成,但需要保证TiN在钢的液相线附近析出,促进钢的异质形核,从而优化钢的凝固结构。     

Effects of Mg Addition on Inclusions Formation and Resultant Solidification Structure Changes of Ti-stabilized Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steel

The effects of Mg addition on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions and solidification structure of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by experimentally casting ingots with different compositions.Thermodynamic analyses on the formation of complex inclusions after adding Mg into steels were carried out combined with the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS)analysis.And the EDS analysis showed that in steel samples with Mg addition,a new spinel crystal phase combined with Al2O3-TiOx formed.It was also found that after Mg addition,the proportions of equiaxed grain zone of 409L,4003,439 and 443NT steels increased from 10.2%,21.8%,13.4% and 18.6% to 84.3%,92.3%,91.1% and 100.0%,respectively.Since the planar disregistry between spinel and TiN is 5.1%,spinel could promote the precipitation of TiN and increase the number density of TiN inclusions in steel melts.The mechanism of solidification structure refinement after adding Mg into steels supposed that the complex inclusions of spinel and TiN in high number density enhanced columnar-to-equiaxed transition,since the planer disregistry betweenδphase and spinel is 1.4%.     

Observations of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition in stainless steels

Observations are reported for the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) in stainless steel bars which have been solidified slowly and progressively in a horizontal configuration. For ferritic, austenitic, and ferritic/austenitic stainless steels containing more than 0.085 wt pct carbon, CETs occur at about the same distance from the start of solidification at a given growth rate. With increasing growth rates, the transition occurs closer to the start of solidification. At low carbon levels, near 0.02 wt pct carbon, the ferritic/austenitic steel is entirely columnar, in most cases. Adding nickel to the ferritic/austenitic steel, which makes the leading phase austenitic, produces a CET with small equiaxed grains. This suggests that different particles which are effective with austenitic growth become operative as nucleants. The transition from a columnar to an equiaxed structure occurs abruptly across the diameter of the sample. There is extensive fluid flow in the bulk melt, which produces shallow temperature gradients in the melt prior to the onset of solidification. The bulk melt flow does not appear to interact significantly with the melt in the interdendritic region or the melt immediately ahead of this region. The width of the solid/liquid region in the present experiments is observed to be between 10 and 20 mm, depending on the growth velocity and the distance from the start of solidification.     

Crystallization Extent and Phase Constitution of Slag Films Taken from Continuous Casting Moulds for Stainless Steels

Slag film samples were taken from the mould wall after casting of stainless steel slabs of grade 304, 321, 409L and 430, which represent austenitic, ferritic and titanium stabilized stainless steels. The chemical compositions of the samples were analysed and their phases were identified using a combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Finally the crystallization ratio was determined by SEM. The results show that the chemical compositions of the films during casting differ from the original designed flux composition. Concerning the heat transfer in the mould, the film taken during casting of steel grade 304 showed the highest insulation ability whereas the film taken during casting of steel grade 409L had the lowest insulation ability. The films taken during casting of steel grades 321 and 430 showed average heat insulation abilities. The solidification conditions in the mould during casting of steel grades 304, 321, and 409L matched the solidification requirements of the corresponding steel grades. However, the basicity of the powder for steel grade 430 should be decreased a little in order to improve the lubrication function and counteract sticking tendencies. Perovskite crystals, which usually precipitate at relatively high temperature, were found in the film taken during casting of steel grade 321. This is harmful in view of the safety of the casting process and the surface quality of the slab.     

初始凝固组织对Cr17铁素体不锈钢组织、 织构及成形性的影响

 研究了初始凝固组织对Cr17铁素体不锈钢组织、织构、成形性的影响。分别对柱状晶、等轴晶铸坯进行热轧、退火、冷轧、退火实验。结果表明,等轴晶铸坯热轧试样在退火过程中的再结晶率高于柱状晶铸坯热轧试样。再经相同的冷轧退火工艺后,与柱状晶铸坯冷轧退火试样相比,等轴晶铸坯冷轧退火试样的{001}∥ND织构较弱,{111}∥ND γ织构较强,而且rm值较高。     

节铬型铁素体不锈钢连铸板坯凝固过程热模拟

连铸板坯凝固传热主要在厚度方向进行,这造成了连铸坯大部分区域由侧面向中心凝固,因此可以近似地用非稳态定向凝固进行热模拟。利用自主研发的水平式连铸坯枝晶生长热模拟装置研究了新型节铬铁素体不锈钢连铸坯凝固组织,以期在工业生产前预测连铸工艺对其凝固组织的影响。热模拟试样热端温度采用连铸坯心部冷却曲线进行控制,并通过调节冷却水流量控制热模拟试样冷端的冷却强度,从而实现由冷端向热端的非稳态定向凝固。实验发现过热度和冷却强度对热模拟试样的等轴晶率及其平均晶粒尺寸影响不显著,但大的冷却强度会导致柱状晶长度增加。     

镁处理对430铁素体不锈钢夹杂物形成和凝固组织的影响

试验研究了0.000 5%～0.001 2%Mg对60 kg真空感应炉熔炼的430铁素体不锈钢(/%:0.04C、0.25～0.32Si、0.28～0.38Mn、16.5～16.9Cr)夹杂物形成和凝固组织的影响。结果表明,430钢液中添加镁合金后,钢中形成平均粒径更小,数量密度更大的含MgO复合夹杂物;镁合金的加入可以改善430钢的凝固组织,且浇铸温度越低,改善效果越明显,在1 580℃浇铸时,等轴晶率由常规钢的30.8%提高至镁处理钢的88.5%,相应等轴晶尺寸由1 741.6μm降至945.3μm。含MgO夹杂物与δ相二维错配度极小,可作为430钢有效异质形核剂,促进等轴晶的形成,抑制柱状晶的生长,细化凝固组织。     

铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带凝固组织对冷轧退火带晶粒簇的影响

 研究了Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带凝固组织对其冷轧退火带晶粒簇、成形性和皱折特性的影响。利用电子背散射衍射技术对Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带及相应的冷轧退火带进行了显微织构分析。结果表明：①Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带冷轧退火带的晶粒簇依赖于初始铸轧薄带的凝固组织类型;②柱状晶组织的铸轧薄带具有显著的{001}∥ND晶体取向特征,而等轴晶组织的铸轧薄带晶体取向随机、分散;③等轴晶组织铸轧薄带比柱状晶组织铸轧薄带的冷轧退火带具有更少的{001}<110>晶粒簇和更多的{111}<112>、{111}<110>晶粒簇;④铸轧薄带的等轴晶组织比柱状晶组织有利于提高冷轧退火带的成形和抗皱性能。     

Study on Improving Solidification Structure of Rare Earth Al-Si Alloys with Electropulse Acting on Liquid Alloy

Electropulse modification (EPM) process, a new physical field method for improving the solidification structure of metals was introduced.Different from other research, EPM is only acting pulse current on melt under liquid state.The solidification structure of Al-Si alloys, A1-Cu alloys,cast iron and steel can be modified obviously with this method: the solidification structure of ZL101 alloy presented the Na and Sr modification and the mechanical properties were enhanced; a large number of primary silicon appeared in the microstructure of ZL109 alloy; the equiaxed grain zone was expanded and the grains were fined in Al-5.0wt% Cu alloy; the graphitization took place in solidification process of molten cast iron; the grain sizes of solidification structure of T8 steel were reduced significantly and the shape of steel pearlites also changed; the equiaxed grain zone increased to 88% from original untreated 19%, the equiaxed grains were fined and the intercrystalline crack was avoided in concasting billet by continuously treating liquid electrical sheet steel in tundish.Effects of rare earths on casting Al-Si alloys were also summarized.The method of modifying the solidification structure of rare earth Al-Si alloys with EPM in producing the alloys was proposed.