高产纤溶酶霉菌固体发酵工艺条件的优化

从我国传统发酵豆制品中筛选出一株具有纤溶酶活性的霉菌菌株,初步鉴定为枯青霉,经诱变后纤溶酶活力为660U/g.本实验以其为出发菌株,对该菌株固体发酵条件进行优化,结果表明菌株产酶最佳条件为:m(麸皮)∶m(豆粕)=1∶3,自然pH值,加水量0.75ml/g物料,MnSO4·H2O和(NH4)2SO4加量分别为0.25%和1.4%,接种量17.5%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间72h,在该条件下固体培养纤溶酶活性平均达到873.76U/g,比优化前提高了213U/g.     

产纤溶酶菌株根霉12~#的诱变育种及固态发酵培养基的优化

以产纤溶酶的菌株根霉 12 # 为出发菌株 ,对其进行紫外线 氯化锂复合诱变 ,筛选到74株制霉素抗性突变株。所有抗性突变株经进一步固态发酵筛选 ,获得了 4株稳定高产纤溶酶的正突变株 ,其纤溶酶产量分别比出发菌株提高 3 2 9%、2 1 5 %、2 2 3 %和 18 0 %。以其中的 1株为菌种 ,研究了固态发酵产生纤溶酶的培养基组成。采用单因素试验、均匀设计方法对固态发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、碳氮比、初始pH、加水量、无机盐加量进行了优化。结果表明 ,实验范围内根霉 12 # 固态发酵产生纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为 :m (麸皮 )∶m (豆粕 )=1∶2 ,初始 pH5 0 ,加水量 0 75mL/g物料 ,MnSO4·H2 O和 (NH4) 2 SO4加量分别为 0 2 5 %和1 42 % (对物料 )。优化条件下的固态发酵纤溶酶产量平均达 744 5 7U/g物料。     

毕赤酵母工程菌pk53产纤溶酶发酵条件的优化

对1株产纤溶酶毕赤酵母工程菌菌株pk53,利用单因素试验和正交试验确定该菌株的适宜廉价发酵培养基为:麸皮1.5%,豆粕粉2.0%,KH2PO40.5%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.05%;发酵条件为:接种龄14 h,接种量1%,甲醇添加量1.5%,培养基装液量30 mL(250 mL三角瓶),生长pH为5.5,诱导pH为6.0;在此条件下培养,纤溶酶酶活力达429.06 U/mL,是初始发酵条件下酶活力的8.88倍。     

几丁质酶菌株L012的产酶条件研究

在前期实验的基础上,进一步对优良菌株L012的产酶条件进行了研究.结合单因素实验和正交实验结果,确定了该菌株的最佳产酶培养基组成(g/L):细粉几丁质10,淀粉3,玉米浆3,NaNO3 1.0,K2HPO4 1.05,KH2PO4 0.45,NaCl 0.1,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,FeSO4·7 H2O 0.03,pH 7.0;最佳培养条件:起始pH 7.0,培养温度30 ℃,摇瓶装液量30 mL,摇床转速180 r/min,接种菌龄24h,接种量10％,发酵时程48 h.条件优化后,菌株L012产酶水平从原来的0.75 IU/mL提高到2.31 IU/mL.     

芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.nov.SK006产纤溶酶发酵条件的研究

利用实验室自行从亚洲传统发酵食品虾酱中筛选到一株产纤溶酶能力较强的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.nov.SK006)进行发酵,考察培养基组成及培养条件对该菌种产纤溶酶能力的影响.结果表明该菌株产酶最佳的组分(质量浓度)为:葡萄糖20 g/L,胰蛋白胨30 g,L,Na2HPO4·12H2012 g/L,NaH1PO4.2H20 1.3 g/L,Mgs04·7H20 1.0 g/L;培养条件:种龄18 h,接种量3%,发酵周期24 h,初始pH为7.0,摇床转速180 r/min,发酵温度37℃,在此条件下发酵液纤溶活性(以Plasmin为标准)达2.63 U/mL,优化后纤维蛋白溶解酶的产量是优化前0.70 U/mL的3.76倍.     

海洋纤溶酶高产菌株的选育及产酶条件优化

以海洋枯草芽孢杆菌FA-7为出发菌株,经紫外诱变获得一株遗传稳定性良好的高产纤溶酶菌株Y-22,并对该菌株的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化,确定菌株Y-22的最佳产酶条件为可溶性淀粉4％,黄豆粕粉2．5％,CaCl20．025％,MgSO4·7H：00．35％,吐温-80O．15％;接种量4％,装液量50mt：250mL,初始pH值为5．5,发酵温度30℃,180r／min振荡培养96h。在此条件下,菌株Y-22的发酵液粗酶酶活为（910±11．3）1U／mL,是出发菌株的3．05倍。     

豆豉纤溶酶产生菌的产酶条件优化

从豆豉样品中筛选出1株纤溶酶产生菌SY-3,对其进行产酶条件的优化。确定最佳碳源为大米粉,最佳氮源为酵母膏,通过正交试验确定最佳产酶培养基为大米粉2%,大豆粉2%,酵母膏0.8%,麸皮0.75%,K2HPO4 0.4%,KH2PO4 0.3%,CaCl2 0.04%,MgSO4 0.07%。采用单因素试验确定最佳发酵条件为初始pH7.5,装液量30mL/250mL,接种量4%,发酵时间72h,培养温度34℃。该菌株的酶活力达到893.0U/mL。     

蛹虫草产纤溶酶活性菌株的筛选及产酶条件的研究

蛹虫草是著名的药用真菌,具有扩张气管、镇静、抗心律失常、降血压、抗病原微生物、抗恶性肿瘤等多种药理活性。本研究采用蛋白纤维平板法筛选出具有溶纤活性的蛹虫草菌株,通过综合分析,选择产纤溶酶比活性最高的菌株,并对该菌株的产酶条件进行了优化。研究结果显示:菌株产酶最佳营养条件的组分为2%葡萄糖,2%蛋白胨,碳氮比为1/1;最佳环境条件为温度25℃,pH为6,装液量60 mL,发酵周期9 d,接种量2%,转速150 r/min。在此条件下,发酵液纤溶酶活力可达到111.85 U/mL。     

卡拉胶酶的发酵培养基及培养条件优化

以生物量与卡拉胶酶活为指标,研究发酵培养基组成和培养条件对菌株ASY5产卡拉胶酶的影响,优化菌株Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora ASY5产卡拉胶酶的培养基和培养条件,以提高卡拉胶酶的产量。结果表明,最优培养基和培养条件为:卡拉胶5 g/L,胰蛋白胨5 g/L,Na Cl 20 g/L,Ca Cl_20.2 g/L,Na H_2PO_4·2H_2O 1.3 g/L,Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O3.8 g/L,温度18℃,初始p H为6.5,接种量2%,装液量70 m L。在优化工艺条件下,菌株ASY5的生物量和卡拉胶酶活比初始条件分别提高了80.4%和52.2%,菌株ASY5发酵产卡拉胶酶的能力大幅度提高。     

纤溶菌固态发酵条件及溶栓作用的研究

分离出一株能产纤溶酶的芽孢杆菌菌株,以大豆为原料对其产纤溶酶的固态发酵工艺进行研究,对发酵产物进行了提取.结果表明,最适培养基组成为面粉:大豆(W/W)=1:8,培养基加水量为0.75 mL/g物料,初始pH自然;接种量为2mL/100g物料,培养基厚度为18g/250mL三角瓶,培养时间为60h,温度37℃.优化条件下的固体发酵纤溶酶产量平均达580.52 U(尿激酶单位)/g物料.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.