NTO负一价离子的水合焓ΔhHθm(NTO-)

借助M(NTO)n·mH2O (M=La,Ce,Pr,Eu,Sm,Gd,n=3,m=7;M=Y,Yb,n=3,m=6;M=Dy,Tb,n=3,m=5;M=Nd,n=3,m=8)在水中的溶解焓ΔsolHθm、晶格焓ΔHθL、晶格能ΔUθL和标准生成焓ΔfHθm(M n ,aq,∞)、ΔfHθm(M n ,g)、ΔfHθm(H2O,g)、ΔfHθm(H2O,l)、ΔfHθm(NTO-,aq,∞)、ΔfHθm(NTO-,g)以及Mn 的水合焓ΔhHθm(M n )的文献数据,估算了NTO负一价离子的水合焓ΔhHθm(NTO-),结果显示,ΔhHθm(NTO-)=-(153.73±0.21) kJ·mol-1.     

1-氨基-3-甲基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐的合成与表征

以乙二醛和水合肼为起始原料,经加成-消除、环化甲基化、置换反应得到1-氨基-3-甲基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐(1-AMTN),总收率71.8%(以乙二醛计),采用核磁(NMR)、红外(IR)、质谱(MS)和元素分析对产物进行了表征。预测了1-AMTN的性能:密度为1.63 g.cm-3,生成焓84 kJ.mol-1,爆速8115 m.s-1。研究了溶剂、温度、物料比对产物得率的影响,确定了环化甲基化的最佳反应条件:溶剂为乙腈,反应温度20℃,乙二腙与碘甲烷的物料比1∶5,环化甲基化收率为86.7%。对活性二氧化锰进行了回收利用并对其机理进行了探讨。     

3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱合成及性能

以丙二腈为原料,经过重氮化、加成、环化及氧化反应合成了3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱,其中环化和氧化反应收率分别为55.1%和83.8%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱进行了结构表征。通过对3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱和3-氰基-4-硝基呋咱~(13)CNMR谱归属研究,确定了氧化呋咱环外配位氧位置。采用量子化学方法优化了3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱分子构型,计算了键级,预估了理论密度(ρ)、标准生成焓(Δ_fH(s))、爆速(D)和爆压(p)。结果表明,3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱分子键级最小的键为N(1)—O(4)(0.84)和C(6)—N(9)(0.91),为分子中易分解点;3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱的ρ、Δ_fH(s)、D和p值分别为1.74 g·cm~(-3)、352.6 k J·mol~(-1)、8352 m·s~(-1)和30.9 GPa,是一种能量水平较高的含能化合物。     

新型含能内盐5,5′-双(3-重氮基-1,2,4-三唑)合成与表征（英）

以草酸与氨基胍碳酸氢盐为原料,经脱水环化、重氮化两步反应首次设计、合成了新型含能内盐5,5'-双(3-叠氮-1,2,4-三唑)(BDTZ),总收率为53.0％,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对结构进行了表征;基于B3 LYP/6-311 G+(d,p)水平,预估BDTZ的密度为1.73 g·cm-3,爆速为7780 m·s-1,爆压为26.72 GPa.BDTZ氮含量为74.47％,不含有毒重金属,表明BDTZ为一种爆轰性能良好的绿色起爆药.     

3-氨基-3′-硝胺基-5,5′-联-1H-1,2,4-三唑的合成与表征

以3-氨基-1H-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸为原料首次合成不对称结构的联三唑类富氮含能化合物3-氨基-3′-硝胺基-5,5′-联-1H-1,2,4-三唑(3),并通过红外,核磁,质谱等表征产物结构。采用差示扫描量热─热重分析联用法研究了其热稳定性和分解历程。结果表明,化合物3的分解温度达到160℃;利用氧弹量热仪测得标准摩尔燃烧焓Δ_CH_m~θ为-1952.25 kJ·mol~(-1),根据Hess定律计算得标准摩尔生成焓Δ_fH_m~θ=-336.245 kJ·mol-1,采用粉末密度仪测得粉末密度为1.6137 g·cm~(-3),用EXPLO 5程序预测爆压为9.6 GPa,爆速为5745.5 m·s~(-1),撞击感度为80 J,摩擦感度为360 N,表明该物质是一种新型不敏感含能材料。     

3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱基含能离子盐的合成及性能（英文）

以3,3'-二胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱(AOF)为原料,经纯硝酸硝化得到3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱(NOF)。通过复分解反应与多氮阳离子(碳酰肼(CBH)、氨基胍(AG))结合得到了两种新的含能离子盐—3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱碳酰肼盐(NOF-CBH)和3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱氨基胍盐(NOF-AG)。通过1H NMR、13C NMR、IR及元素分析表征了化合物的结构。用TG-DTG研究了化合物的热行为。采用量子化学方法对比研究了NOF及其阴离子NOF2-的几何构型。预估了化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的初始分解温度分别为144.9,151.6℃,高于NOF的90℃。NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的标准摩尔生成焓分别为515.86 kJ·mol-1和815.96 kJ·mol-1,密度分别为1.82 g·cm-3和1.75 g·cm-3,理论爆速均大于8500m·s-1。     

6-偕二硝基乙烯基-4,5,8-三硝基-5,6,7,8-四氢化-4H-咪唑烷并[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]哌嗪的合成（英）

以FOX-7和乙二醛为原料,经过两步缩合环化反应和硝化反应,首次设计并合成出了一种新型的呋咱稠环硝胺化合物6-偕二硝基乙烯基-4,5,8-三硝基-5,6,7,8-四氢化-4H-咪唑烷并[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]哌嗪(PNEIFP)。采用Gaussian 09程序和VLW方程计算PNEIFP的密度、生成焓和爆速分别为2.02 g·cm-3、724.1 kJ·mol-1和9681.0 m·s-1。利用TLC跟踪实验的方法,确定PNEIFP室温下易分解。     

2,4-二硝基咪唑有机胺盐合成与性能

以2,4-二硝基咪唑(2,4-DNI)为原料,合成了2,4-DNI的胍盐(GDNI)、三氨基胍盐(TAGDNI)、脒基脲盐(GUDNI)、肼盐(HDNI)等四种新化合物,收率分别为87.2%、67.5%、67.7%、96.6%,并用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等方法鉴定了结构。测试了GDNI、TAGDNI、GUDNI、HDNI热安定性、密度与燃烧热,计算了生成焓、爆速、爆压参数。结果表明:TAGDNI具有较高的生成焓、爆速和爆压,分别为623.36 kJ.mol-1、8948.68 m.s-1和34.57 GPa,其特性落高为125 cm(2 kg落锤)。     

5-硝基-3-三硝甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑和5,5'-双(三硝甲基)-3,3'-偶氮-1H-1,2,4-三唑的合成与理论研究

以氨基胍碳酸氢盐与丙二酸为原料,经缩合-环化反应、重氮化-取代反应、氧化偶联反应和硝化反应分别合成出5-硝基-3-三硝甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑(TNNT)和5,5'-双(三硝甲基)-3,3'-偶氮-1H-1,2,4-三唑(BTNAT)。用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析表征了它们的结构。进行了B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)基组水平下它们的全结构优化和自然键轨道(NBO)分析。用DSC测定了它们的分解温度。结果表明,10℃·min~(-1)升温速率,氮气气氛条件下,TNNT和BTNAT的分解温度分别为135℃和146℃。     

4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铅盐在固体推进剂燃烧中的催化作用

在298.15 K下用精密转动弹热量计测得4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铅盐(4HDNPPb)的燃烧能ΔcU为(-7385.82±3.14)J.g-1;据此计算的标准摩尔燃烧焓ΔcΗmθ为(-4499.63±1.92)kJ.mol-1,标准摩尔生成焓ΔfΗmθ为(-796.65±2.32)kJ.mol-1。研究了4HDNPPb和含能铜盐(或惰性铜盐)的混合物在RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧中的催化作用,结果表明,复合催化剂体系:2.5%4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铅盐(4HDNPPb)与0.5%2-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铜盐(2HDNPCu)的混合物,或2.5%4HDNPPb与0.5%邻苯二甲酸铜(-Cu)的混合物,使RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃烧在所测压力范围内(2~20 MPa)有较高的催化效率,压力指数小于0.3。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.