三氯蔗糖在国内的研究进展

三氯蔗糖因其甜度高、甜味特性好、安全性高、不参与人体代谢、稳定性好等特点。技认为是至今为止人类已开发的一种最完美、最具竞争力的甜味剂，其开发前景广阔，国内尚无生产。本文综述了国内对三氯蔗糖的研究现状及应用前景，对三氯蔗糖的合成方法进行了评价，认为棉籽糖水解法工艺简单、产物单一，较有发展潜力，应重点研究。     

超级甜味剂三氯蔗糖的开发与研究

三氯蔗糖在很多用途方面可替代蔗糖,是迄今为止开发出来的一种最为理想的强力甜味剂,甜度大约是蔗糖的400～800倍,其甜味纯正;有广泛的pH稳定范围和热稳定性.介绍了三氯蔗糖的甜味特性、物理性质和产生甜味的原因以及它在食品工业上的开发研究和应用.     

单酯化法合成高甜度甜味剂--三氯蔗糖的研究

本文研究了单酯化高甜度甜味剂－三氯蔗糖的合成。采用蔗糖与原乙酸三乙酯的反应保护蔗糖6－位羟基，亚硫酰氯／吡啶选择性氯化蔗糖6－乙酸酯制备三氯蔗糖。蔗糖6－乙酸酯的最佳氯化条件为：蔗糖6－乙酸酯浆状物20g，吡啶20ml，亚硫酰氯22－22ml，反应介质1，2－二氯乙浣，回流时间10-1h。其氯化产物采用甲醇－甲醇钠水解脱去6－位羟基得到三氯蔗糖。单酯化法较三苯甲基化法合成三氯蔗糖大大简化了操作过程，同时反应条件比较温和，也降低了对设备的要求。     

饮料中的三氯蔗糖会致癌吗

正日前,美国公众利益科学中心发布报告称,应该避免食用三氯蔗糖。依据是近期发表的一篇研究显示,三氯蔗糖会增加动物发生癌症的风险。那么,在饮料、糖果、乳制品等行业应用广泛的三氯蔗糖,真的会致癌吗?广泛应用于各类饮料三氯蔗糖俗称蔗糖素,是英国泰莱公司与伦敦大学共同研制的一种人工甜味剂。三氯蔗糖的甜度是蔗糖的600倍,     

三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体的制备分离与结构表征

采用单保护法合成三氯蔗糖;以薄层色谱法定性,用柱色谱法分离提纯三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体蔗糖-6-乙酸酯、三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯.用红外光谱、质谱对三氯蔗糖及其中间体的结构进行了测定,验证了主要官能团和分子量的正确性.     

甜味剂三氯蔗糖的合成工艺与应用研究

食品添加剂中的甜味剂研究成果最多。而三氯蔗糖的主要原材料是蔗糖,并且在氯代作用下获取非营养型的强力甜味剂。甜味剂是白色的粉末状物质,极易溶于水,水溶液透明,实际甜度能够达到蔗糖400~800倍。为此,对于甜味剂三氯蔗糖合成工艺展开进一步地分析具有一定的现实意义。     

蔗糖-6-乙酸酯氯化工艺的研究

三氯蔗糖是性能最为优良的高甜度甜味剂之一。蔗糖-6-乙酸酯的选择性氯化是合成三氯蔗糖的关键步骤。蔗糖酯化合成的蔗糖-6-乙酸酯,不经纯化,经适当处理直接进入氯化阶段,用氯化亚砜与DMF预先生成的Vilsmeier试剂对其进行氯化,该方法具有收率高、操作简便及后处理容易等特点。优化的工艺条件为反应温度115℃,SOCl2与蔗糖-6-乙酸酯的摩尔比10∶1,DMF(mL)与蔗糖-6-乙酸酯(g)之比12∶1及反应时间3h。对中间产物三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯,经熔点测定、IR及1H-NMR确认了结构。     

国内三氯蔗糖生产技术现状及趋势

三氯蔗糖的生产自国产化以来,国内主要企业相继开发了各自的生产技术.文章综述了三氯蔗糖三个关键合成步骤的生产工艺,对各步骤不同的合成工艺进行了详细的对比分析,并指出工业生产三氯蔗糖的最佳工艺路线.     

红外光谱和质谱法鉴定三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体的结构

目的研究验证三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体的结构表征。方法用红外光谱仪扫描,质谱仪进样分析蔗糖-6-乙酸酯、三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯和三氯蔗糖。结果鉴定了三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体的主要官能团,分子离子与碎片离子。结论成功解析了三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体蔗糖-6-乙酸酯与三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯的分子结构。     

红外光谱和质谱法鉴定三氯蔗糖及其 合成中间体的结构

目的 研究验证三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体的结构表征。方法 用红外光谱仪扫描, 质谱仪进样分析蔗糖-6-乙酸酯、三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯和三氯蔗糖。结果 鉴定了三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体的主要官能团, 分子离子与碎片离子。结论 成功解析了三氯蔗糖及其合成中间体蔗糖-6-乙酸酯与三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯的分子结构。     

Enhancement of sweetness intensity in gels by inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose

Model systems consisting of layers of mixed agar/gelatin gel were used to investigate the effect of the spatial distribution of sucrose on perceived sweetness intensity. 2-Alternative forced choice tests were performed with consumers to compare the sweetness of layered samples with an inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose to the sweetness of a reference sample with a homogeneous distribution. All samples had the same overall sucrose concentration (10%) and similar mechanical and rheological properties. Inhomogeneous samples that had large concentration gradients of sucrose between layers were perceived sweeter than the homogeneous reference. No differences in sweetness were observed between the reference and samples with small concentration gradients of sucrose. Additionally, the position of the layers containing sucrose did not affect sweetness. Results showed that an inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose can be used to reduce sucrose content by 20% without a decrease in sweetness intensity.     

High‐intensity sweeteners in espresso coffee: ideal and equivalent sweetness and time–intensity analysis

The efficient substitution of sucrose by a sweetener in beverages requires the application of some sensory techniques. First, one must determine the concentrations of the sweeteners under study, equivalent in sweetness to the ideal sucrose concentration. In addition, it is fundamental to determine which is most similar to sucrose. The objectives of this study were to determine the ideal sweetness for espresso coffee and the equivalent concentrations in sweetness of different sweeteners, as well as characterise the time–intensity profile of each sweetener in relation to sweetness. The sweeteners evaluated were sucralose, aspartame, neotame, a cyclamate/saccharin mixture (2:1) and stevia. The sucrose concentration considered ideal by consumers was 12.5% (w/v), and the equivalent concentrations of the sweeteners were 0.0159% for sucralose, 0.0549% for aspartame, 0.0016% for neotame, 0.0359% for the cyclamate/saccharin mixture and 0.0998% for stevia. The time–intensity analysis indicated that possibly the sweeteners neotame, aspartame and sucralose would be the best substitutes for sucrose.     

蔗糖卤代衍生物甜度与分子能量的关系研究

蔗糖甜度与分子上的8个羟基密切相关,使用亲油性卤原子,取代蔗糖分子的葡糖基和果糖基上特殊位置的羟基,可以使蔗糖甜味明显增强,这些特殊位置包括C-4、C-1＇、C-4＇和C-6＇。用化学软件Hyperchem7.5,采用PM3半经验量子化学方法计算了16个蔗糖卤代衍生物的5种量子化学结构参数,取其中的12组数据进行分析,结果表明,蔗糖衍生物的甜度与其本身的总能量的大小有着密切的关系,并计算分子的电荷分布,从电荷分布进一步证明它们之间的关系,经过分析得出结论：运用该模型,能够通过计算蔗糖衍生物总能量的大小预测其他卤代蔗糖的甜度的大小。     

EVALUATION OF THE SEPARATE CONTRIBUTIONS OF VISCOSITY AND SWEETNESS OF SUCROSE TO PERCEIVED VISCOSITY,SWEETNESS AND BITTERNESS OF VERMOUTH3

The separate effects of sweetness and viscosity of sucrose on the sensory properties of vermouth were evaluated in systems: (1) varying in sucrose concentration and viscosity (2) with constant sucrose concentration but varying in viscosity, and (3) constant viscosity, but varying sucrose concentration. Twenty-one trained judges rated oral viscosity, sweetness and bitterness, while the physical viscosity of the Newtonian systems was measured by capillary viscometry. Both perceived sweetness and oral viscosity increased, while bitterness decreased as sucrose was increased, and as the physical viscosity of the vermouths increased. However, samples in which viscosity was increased by the nonsweet Polycose® were rated sweeter and less bitter than vermouth solutions of the same sucrose concentration, but lower physical viscosity. Similarly, when vermouths of identical viscosity were compared, the vermouths with higher sucrose concentration were judged to be more viscous. Viscosity alone contributed 20-30% of the perceived increase in sweetness due to sucrose addition. The effect of viscosity in reducing bitterness was of the same magnitude. The increase in perceived viscosity caused by addition of sucrose arose from approximately equal contributions of physical viscosity and sweetness of sucrose.     

Modulation of sweetness perception in confectionary applications

The development of sugar-reduced food products is a strategy to reduce the high sugar intake, which is a leading cause of global health concerns. Replacement and/or reduction of sucrose often leads to reduced sweetness perception with the consequence of decreased consumer acceptance. The aim of this work is to implement sensory modulation principles in a model confectionery system with the goal of enhancing sweetness perception. By using 3D-printing, confectionary samples were meso-structured by inhomogenous distribution of sucrose concentrations and assessed with a trained panel regarding sweetness. All samples were made up of a high and low sucrose phase and compared to a homogeneous reference sample. The overall sugar content was kept constant at 22.8% in all samples and sweetness perception was compared. A significant increase of sweetness perception by over 30% was found for samples consisting of a sweet outer shell and an inner less sweet core with a high sucrose gradient between the two phases. Whilst textural effects on sweetness perception could not be fully excluded, results can be seen as a strong indication that sweetness modulation by inhomogenious distribution has a potential to be applied directly in solid food products.     

Sensory Quality of Selected Sweeteners: Aqueous and Lipid Model Systems

The sweetness characteristics of sucrose, fructose, aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium saccharin and calcium cyclamate were studied in aqueous and lipid model food systems with and without lemon or vanilla flavoring. Anchored linear scales were used to evaluate sweetened model systems for initial, maximum and residual sweetness intensity and nonsweet aftertaste. Data were analyzed by analyses of variance. Flavor did not influence sweetness, except where residual sweetness was more intense in lemon and vanilla solutions than in plain solutions. No sweetener was perceived exactly like sucrose. Intensity and sweetness profiles varied between systems and among sweeteners. Character of the food system influenced perceptions of sweetness and aftertaste.     

Effect of gel texture and sucrose spatial distribution on sweetness perception

Layered gels differing in mechanical and breakdown properties (soft, medium and hard gels) and in the distribution of sucrose in the matrix (homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions) were used to investigate the effects of texture and spatial distribution of sucrose on sweetness perception. Rating tests, 2-Alternative forced choice tests and time-intensity analysis were performed to compare the sweetness of soft, medium and hard gels with homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of sucrose. Results showed that all gels with an inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose were perceived sweeter than gels in which sucrose was homogeneously distributed. This indicates that the enhancement of sweetness by an inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose does not depend on the texture of the gel matrix. Furthermore, the time-intensity profiling showed that soft gels, which had low values of fracture strain and fracture stress and broke down in a large number of small fragments upon chewing, had the highest sweetness intensity. The time required to reach the maximum sweetness intensity tended to be shorter in soft gels. These findings suggest that the breakdown behavior of the gel matrix during oral processing affects the perception of sweetness of layered gels.     

全基团保护法制备三氯蔗糖的原理

三氯蔗糖是一种全新概念的食品甜味剂 ,具有甜度高、甜味特性好、安全性高等突出优点 ,代表着当前强力甜味剂的最高成就。目前全世界仅有Tate&Lyle集团生产 ,对其生产技术 (核心步骤与工艺参数 )秘而不宣。本文讨论蔗糖卤代衍生物的增甜原理 ,及通过全基团保护法制备三氯蔗糖的原理     

Cryoprotectants for frozen red meats

This present research explores the sensory characteristics of several cryoprotectant carbohydrates that could be added to frozen red meat. The cryoprotectants were sucrose, dsorbitol, maltodextrin DE 24-38 and synthetic polydextrose. The sweetness of aqueous solutions of sorbitol, maltodextrin and polydextrose was compared to standard 0.8% sucrose solution. The relationship between sweetness and cryoprotectant concentration was determined by a sensory panel using the calibration method. The recognition thresholds of cryoprotectants were determined in aqueous solutions and in beef and pork meat by the staircase method. The time course of the sweetness sensation was evaluated in aqueous sucrose, sorbitol, maltodextrin and polydextrose solutions at concentrations corresponding to the concentration of equal sweetness. The data suggest that polydextrose is the cryoprotectant of choice in red meat. Polydextrose was the least sweet; its taste was distinctly suppressed by meat, the duration of sweetness was the shortest one and the total flavour impact, i.e. the total area under the time-intensity curve, was smallest.