高温高压和常压蒸煮对绿豆糊化度的影响研究

采用高温高压和常压蒸煮2种工艺处理绿豆,研究2种工艺对绿豆糊化度的影响,并对其蒸煮特性进行研究,为速食杂粮粥的开发奠定基础。结果表明,绿豆在105, 110, 115, 120和125℃温度下,高温高压处理10 min的绿豆干燥后在沸水中煮15 min焖5 min后达到熟化程度,而常压蒸煮处理30 min达到熟化程度;预处理的绿豆糊化度控制在40%以上时沸水中煮15 min焖5 min才能达到熟化;与常压蒸煮工艺相比,高温高压工艺无需浸泡,处理时间短,糊化均匀,可作为绿豆预糊化加工工艺。     

4种杂粮预熟化工艺及其复配产品的研究

以绿豆、红豆、燕麦、黑米、玉米糁、糙米、薏米为实验对象,根据氨基酸评分法将其与大米进行复配,而后通过同煮实验判定绿豆、红豆、糙米与薏米需要经过预熟化后方能与大米实现同熟。为确保复配杂粮米外观完整并与大米同熟,实验以糊化度和感官评分为指标确定了预熟化工艺。结果表明:杂粮预熟化的最佳工艺参数分别为:薏米为40℃浸泡4 h,蒸煮10min;红豆为35℃浸泡4 h,蒸煮15 min;绿豆为27℃浸泡4 h,蒸煮5 min;糙米为27℃浸泡3 h,蒸煮5 min。在此条件下,薏米、红豆、绿豆和糙米的糊化度分别为56%、53%、45%和32%,能与大米实现同煮同熟并获得了平均分在89分的感官评价。     

不同预熟化处理对绿豆营养成分及蒸煮特性的影响

采用浸泡-蒸煮-干燥的预熟化流程,研究3种不同处理方式（常压蒸汽、高压蒸汽、微波）对绿豆的糊化度、色度、营养成分和微观结构的影响。结果表明：经过常压蒸汽和高压蒸汽处理后的绿豆糊化度均可达60% 以上,微波处理后糊化度在43.66% ～51.76% 。3种处理方式均使绿豆的L*值降低,a*值和b*值显著增加。处理后绿豆的淀粉含量增加,而蛋白质和灰分含量略有降低,加工过程中绿豆子叶细胞的排列变得疏松。常压蒸汽、高压蒸汽和微波处理使绿豆复煮后的糊化度分别提高了25.64% 、30.02% 和33.11% ,硬度分别降低了5 157.9、3 952.3 g和6 036.6 g。经预熟化处理的绿豆复煮后能与大米实现共煮同熟。     

HPLC法测定低温烘焙绿豆中牡荆苷与异牡荆苷的含量及变化

采用远红外低温烘焙的方法对原料绿豆进行熟化处理,经感官评价后得出其适宜的处理条件为烘焙温度130℃,时间180 min。通过建立的高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定方法测得原料绿豆和低温烘焙绿豆中牡荆苷与异牡荆苷的含量分别为(0.044±0.002)%、(0.033±0.000 5)%和(0.047±0.002)%、(0.036±0.001)%。试验表明:低温烘焙加工熟化后的绿豆具有良好的感官特性,牡荆苷和异牡荆苷的含量未发生明显的变化,是适宜的绿豆干燥熟化加工方法。可见,在该条件下开发的绿豆冲调食品避免了高温条件对绿豆中活性成分的破坏,对开发全营养绿豆食品具有重要的意义。     

预熟化杂粮理化特性研究

选择红豆、薏米为原料,通过分析其预熟化处理前后营养成分、色泽、密度、淀粉特性和蒸煮特性的变化,研究预熟化对杂粮理化性质的影响。结果表明:预熟化后红豆和薏米的水分和淀粉含量明显升高,而脂肪含量均下降,蛋白含量红豆升高,薏米降低;预熟化对红豆和薏米的色泽均产生不同程度的影响;预熟化使红豆的密度降低了23%,薏米的密度升高了49%;预熟化破坏了红豆和薏米的淀粉结构,使其酶解力和碘蓝值升高;沸水中煮15 min、焖5 min后,预熟化红豆和薏米的硬度明显降低,与小米实现共煮同熟。     

薏米预熟化工艺研究

针对粮食的熟化时间不同,采用常压蒸煮、高温高压蒸煮和微波熟化技术分别对薏米进行预熟化研究,并对比分析3种预熟化工艺对薏米营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:常压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡2.5 h,物料厚度0.7 cm,蒸煮时间15 min;高温高压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1 h,蒸煮温度115℃,蒸煮时间3 min;微波预熟化工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1.5 h,微波功率539 W,物料厚度2.8 cm,时间5 min。与原料薏米相比,3种预熟化方式制得预熟化薏米中脂肪含量均明显升高,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮的蛋白质含量升高,而微波预熟化蛋白质含量与原料接近;沸水中煮15 min,焖5 min后,预熟化后薏米的弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均明显升高,能与小米共煮同熟;3种预熟化工艺均不同程度改变薏米的色泽。     

红豆预熟化工艺研究

采用常压蒸煮、高温高压蒸煮和微波对红豆进行预熟化工艺研究,分析3种预熟化工艺对红豆营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:常压蒸煮工艺条件为:40 ℃恒温浸泡0.5 h,物料厚度0.5 cm,蒸煮时间20 min;高温高压蒸煮工艺条件为:40 ℃恒温浸泡1.5 h,蒸煮温度115 ℃,蒸煮时间3 min;微波预熟化工艺条件为:40 ℃恒温浸泡0.5 h,微波功率119 W,物料厚度1.0 cm,时间6 min;与原料红豆相比,预熟化红豆中蛋白质升高,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮红豆的脂肪含量升高,而微波熟化红豆的脂肪含量降低;沸水中煮15 min,焖5 min后,预熟化后红豆的硬度降低,能与小米共煮同熟;3种预熟化工艺均不同程度改变红豆的色泽。     

全籽粒莜麦微波预熟化工艺优化

以莜麦为原料,用微波技术对莜麦全籽粒进行预熟化处理,利用单因素法和响应面试验优化产品工艺,得到莜麦预熟化的最佳工艺参数为微波时间70 s、微波温度70℃、微波功率800 W,在此条件下,莜麦的糊化度为93.77%。影响莜麦预熟化的因素依次为微波温度>微波时间>微波功率。经预熟化处理后莜麦外观籽粒保持完整,可以达到产品售卖的效果。     

燕麦不同熟化方法对燕麦香肠品质影响的初探

将脱皮燕麦经过预处理,采用不同的方式添加至香肠配料中。以掩埋的不同预熟化方法为研究对象,通过对香肠品质的检测,分析不同预熟化方法对香肠品质的影响。     

利用微波干燥技术研制速熟绿豆

确定微波干燥技术加工速熟绿豆的工艺及参数。通过研究绿豆浸泡、蒸制和干燥工序段条件,确定速熟绿豆的熟化和干燥最优工艺参数。速熟绿豆最优工艺参数为:浸泡温度50℃,浸泡时间3 h,蒸制时间20 min,微波干燥功率P50 W,微波干燥时间13 min。该工艺条件下加工的速熟绿豆复水性佳,产品感官状态良好。     

印度食用豆生产、消费及贸易概况

主要介绍了印度的食用豆生产、消费及进出口贸易情况.印度是世界最大的食用豆生产国,主要品种包括鹰嘴豆、芸豆、木豆和小扁豆,主要种植省份为中央邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、北方邦、拉贾斯坦邦以及安德拉邦.印度也是世界最大的食用豆消费国.印度主要进口食用豆,进口的主要品种是豌豆、绿豆、豇豆和菜豆;出口量相对较少,主要出口品种为鹰嘴豆.     

食用豆国际贸易情况分析

近年来世界食用豆贸易有所增长。本文介绍了近期全球食用豆生产和贸易情况,分析了近期绿豆、芸豆、豌豆、红小豆、蚕豆等食用豆的国际贸易形势。     

绿豆发芽富集GABA及产品开发研究进展

绿豆是我国的传统药食同源作物之一,种植区域广泛,深受消费者的喜爱,在我国食用豆类作物中占有十分重要的地位。绿豆不仅含有人体所需的各种基本营养素及多种功能性成分,具有多种生理活性,还是富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的良好来源。本文从绿豆的营养及功能特性概况、GABA植物富集法产生机制、绿豆发芽富集GABA的影响因素及富含GABA的绿豆产品开发现状等方面对国内外研究情况进行了总结,并对富含GABA的功能性绿豆产品开发及应用前景进行了展望。     

不同品种绿豆中代谢产物的分离鉴定及代谢机制分析

利用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）分离鉴定不同种类绿豆（大明绿豆和九鲤湖绿豆）中的代谢产物。以代谢组学研究方法为基础,以绿豆为研究对象,先利用甲醇溶液提取极性代谢组分,再用N,O-双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺进行衍生化处理,通过GC-MS进行代谢产物的分离鉴定。结果表明：分离鉴定共得到2?个品种绿豆的总代谢物67?种,其中相同代谢产物30?种,但含量均有不同。大明绿豆相对于九鲤湖绿豆的差异代谢物有10?种,九鲤湖绿豆相较于大明绿豆的差异代谢物有20?种,并且九鲤湖绿豆的糖代谢途径、脂肪酸代谢途径、氨基酸代谢途径、三羧酸循环都比大明绿豆代谢活跃;在大明绿豆中,较为优势代谢产物（＞7%）为L-正缬氨酸、肌醇2?种,在九鲤湖绿豆中,较为优势代谢产物仅为L-正缬氨酸。这种代谢产物差异性受不同品种的基因差异性、代谢途径和机制差异性等因素的综合影响。     

常见食用豆类中黄酮类化合物含量的测定

以芦丁为标样应用氯化铝显色法、硝酸铝显色法分别测定15种常见食用豆类中的黄酮类化合物总含量,以染料木素做为标样应用直接比色法测定其中食用豆类样品中异黄酮的总含量,利用高压液相色谱法测定常见食用豆类中的4种大豆异黄酮单体成分的含量.结果表明:使用氯化铝显色法进行测定,赤豆、绿豆等7种食用豆类显示含有黄酮类化合物,并且含量最多的赤豆为0.501 mg/g.硝酸铝显色法测定豆类样品黄酮类总合量为0.297～8.844mg/g.直接比色法测定食用豆类中异黄酮总含量为1m994～8.840mg/g.高压液相色谱法测定4种大豆异黄酮单体成分的总含量为0.031-3.345mg/g.     

Antioxidant activity and DNA damage protection of mung beans processed by solid state fermentation with Cordyceps militaris SN-18

In this study, solid state fermentation of mung beans by Cordyceps militaris SN-18 (C. militaris-fermented mung beans, CFMB) was performed. The effects of fermentation on phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and DNA damage protection of mung beans through various polarities solvent extracts were determined. Results showed that phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and DNA damage protection of mung beans were significantly enhanced by fermentation. The water extract of CFMB exhibited the highest phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, reducing power, and DNA damage protection. During fermentation, shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, and luteolin of mung beans were significantly increased. A clear correlation was found between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Thus, CFMB with enhanced phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and DNA damage protection may be effective in the prevention of oxidative damage-induced disease, and it can serve as a novel nutraceutical and functional food in health promotion.     

Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic potential of raw,boiled, and sprouted mung beans (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) in rats

This study was carried out to investigate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic potential of raw, boiled, and sprouted mung beans in rats. Oven dried mung bean powders; raw, sprouted, and boiled were included at 30% level in the diet of seven weeks old male Wistar rats maintained for 5 weeks on high (0.5%) cholesterol diet in comparison with control diet. Low serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations (p < .05) in raw and processed mung bean diets fed rats were supported by low serum insulin level in both raw mung bean diet and boiled mung bean diet fed rats. Hypoglycemic effect in sprouted mung bean fed rats was supported by higher α‐amylase inhibitory activity and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of sprouted mung beans. Increase in serum non‐HDL cholesterol concentration and decrease in HDL cholesterol concentration caused by high cholesterol diet were modulated (p < .05) by both boiled and sprouted mung bean diets.

Practical applications

Mung bean is a green legume rich in protein, fiber, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic potential of raw mung beans have been shown previously. It is well known that cooking and processing modulate nutritional and biochemical parameters of foods. However, very limited information is available on the effect of processing on functional properties of legumes. Results of this study showed that boiling and sprouting improved the soluble fiber content and hypocholesterolemic potential of mung beans. Thus, the processed mung beans may be more suitable for developing food supplements for patients with hypercholesterolemia.     

The influence of germination on the nutritional value of wheat, mung beans and chickpeas

The changes in nutrients during the germination of wheat, mung beans and chickpeas were investigated. Germination was performed under conditions commonly used in the household. The amount of water taken up during 4 days of germination varied from 159 g/100 g (chickpeas) to 450 g/100 g (mung beans). For all three seeds losses of dry matter and carbohydrates were observed. In wheat and mung beans, phytic acid was partially hydrolyzed. In mung beans, the total fat content decreased. Increases in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in wheat and of dietary fibre in wheat and mung beans were noted. At a constant level of crude protein, a measurable rise in limiting amino acids was observed in wheat and mung beans. Frequent watering during germination caused losses of Fe, between 9% and 21%, K (27% in chickpeas) and Cu (17% in chickpeas). Except for vitamin B6 in both legumes and vitamin B1 in chickpeas, accumulation of the vitamins under investigation (B1, B2, B6, C, E) was noted. Owing to these changes during germination, the nutritional value of the three seeds has been improved to various extents, most distinctly in wheat and least noticeably in chickpeas. Compared with other vegetables, sprouted seeds can be considered a valuable addition to the diet.     

Textural Property of 6 Legume Curds in Relation to their Protein Constituents

ABSTRACT: We determined the relationship between textural property of legume curds and constituents of their proteins. The hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of curds prepared from soybeans, chickpeas, and fava beans were 6.0 to 9.4 N, 0.93 to 0.95, and 0.67 to 0.77, respectively, higher than those of curds made from smooth peas, mung beans, and lentils, which were 4.2 to 4.9 N, 0.92, and 0.57 to 0.59, respectively. Soybeans, chickpeas, and fava beans had a higher proportion of 11S globulin and a lower proportion of 7S globulin than lentils, smooth peas, and mung beans. Soybeans, chickpeas, and fava beans produced a better texture of curd than did lentils, smooth peas, and mung beans, due to a higher proportion of 11S proteins.     

贮藏方式对绿豆球蛋白结构与溶解性的影响

为明确不同贮藏方式对绿豆蛋白质结构和溶解性的影响,以新鲜绿豆和在室温及4 ℃气调贮藏18个月的绿豆为原料,利用傅里叶红外光谱、DTNB比色法、Folin酚法等方法,探究发现室温条件下,绿豆球蛋白α-螺旋结构最大增加4.73%,巯基含量最大降低0.00487、表面疏水性最大降低20.78667,二硫键含量最大升高0.00177;4℃条件下,绿豆球蛋白α-螺旋结构最大增加1.65%,巯基含量最大降低0.00174,表面疏水性最大降低5.48667,二硫键含量最大升高0.00048。经过贮藏后,绿豆球蛋白的溶解性降低,不同贮藏方式变化不同。室温贮藏后的绿豆球蛋白结构和溶解性与新鲜绿豆球蛋白差异显著（P>0.05）;而4 ℃气调贮藏后的绿豆球蛋白结构和溶解性与新鲜绿豆差异不显著（P<0.05）。说明4 ℃和气调贮藏可以减少绿豆球蛋白结构的变化与溶解性的变化,从而更好地保持其品质。