基于果核壳的元素和稳定同位素比值测定及车厘子产地分析

该研究应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）,元素分析-稳定同位素比质谱仪（EA-IRMS）对车厘子果核壳中37种元素含量和氢、氧、碳、氮稳定同位素比值进行测定,并应用于车厘子产地分析中。车厘子去果肉和果仁后,将果核壳烘干并研磨成粉末,微波消解后通过ICP-MS对元素含量进行测定,果核壳粉末通过元素分析-稳定同位素比质谱仪对氢、氧、碳、氮稳定同位素比值（δ2H、δ18O、δ13C和δ15N）进行测定。应用上述方法对澳大利亚、美国、新西兰、智利和中国的车厘子样品进行元素含量和稳定同位素比值的测定,并对检测结果进行方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析,对车厘子产地的归属进行研究。研究结果表明基于车厘子果核壳的元素含量和稳定同位素比值综合分析,可以对车厘子产地进行区分,其中Mn、Co、Rb、Sr、Ba和δ2H组合指标整体交叉检验判别准确率92.1%。     

基于碳、氮同位素和矿物元素的青萝卜产地判别

该文选择天津、山东、河南3个省份具有地理标志认证的10个品种青萝卜,开展特色农产品地理来源鉴别研究。利用元素分析仪-稳定同位素质谱仪（elemental analyzer-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometers, EA-IRMS）测定了青萝卜中的碳同位素比值(δ¹³C)、氮同位素比值(δ¹⁵N),利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS）测定了Co、Cd、As、Ni、Mo、Cr、B、Ba、Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Na、P、Sr、Zn、Se共18种矿物元素含量。箱线图显示,稳定同位素比值在判别产地时效果不显著;单因素ANOVA检验结果表明,Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Sr、Zn、B、Mn、As等矿物元素含量在不同省份间存在显著差异。应用偏最小二程判别分析（partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA）算法建立判别模型时,河南、天津和山东的样品均有不同程...     

基于稀土元素和稳定同位素指纹的枸杞道地性表征

【目的】本研究旨在探讨稀土元素结合碳氮稳定同位素在枸杞原产地判别中的可行性,为枸杞地理标志产品保护提供技术支撑。【方法】采集宁夏、甘肃、青海和新疆5个产区共222份枸杞样本,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)及元素分析-稳定同位素比值质谱仪（EA-IRMS）测定枸杞中14种稀土元素及碳、氮稳定同位素比值,结合化学计量学方法分析了监测指标在枸杞成熟阶段中的变化规律,并构建了枸杞产地判别模型。【结果】La、Nd、Sc、Nd、Dy、Gd、Sm、Eu、Tb、Ho、Tm、δ13C、δ15N在枸杞成熟过程中具有显著变化,随着枸杞成熟,稀土元素及碳氮稳定同位素具有明显的变化规律;11种稀土元素在4个枸杞产区间存在显著差异,δ13C、δ15N在部分产区间存在显著差异;主成分分析可提取出5个主成分,前2个主成分可有效区分新疆、青海的枸杞样品,宁夏和甘肃的样品不能有效区分;采用Fisher线性判别分析方法构建了基于La、Nd、Sc、Y、Pr、Eu、Yb、Dy、Gd、Tb、Ho、Tm、δ13C、δ15N 14个指标的枸杞产地判别模型,判别模型正确判别率在90.1%以上。【结论】基于稀土元素和碳、氮稳定同位素指纹的差异可以有效鉴别不同产地的枸杞。     

太古代的金——是否与麻粒岩建造或长英质侵入体有关

现行两种太古代Au矿床模式是麻粒岩化模式或岩浆作用模式,但新的资料表明这两种模式都不可行.大多数英闪岩质太古代麻粒岩以原生的大离子亲石元素(LILE)的贫化为特征,所以与Au矿床中的大离子亲石元素富集不存在互补的关系;麻粒岩和金矿床两者的K/Rb、K/Ba、K/Li、K/Cs和Th/U比值系列也不是互补的.已发表的用地幔CO_2注入计算C同位素成分系列和C/He溶剂比值不能说明麻粒岩化模式.金矿床的总体δ~(13)C值也不及地幔CO_2量或麻粒岩C的储集量.太古代英闪岩、奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩(TTG)以岩浆~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值一致性为特征,而以0.701～0.720系列矿床来说,其伴有区域性Sr、O和C同位素特征的δ~(13)C平均值范围为-9‰～-0.4‰,此外,分异的花岗岩K/Rb趋于正常值,而Rb/Sr和K/Ba比值较高.反之,金矿床主要趋于较高的K/Rb和K/Ba比值为特征,伴有较少量的Cs、Li或Tl富集和Rb/Sr值分散.许多矿床比其伴生的岩株要晚20～30Ma.Sr、Pb、C和O同位素变化是有序的,而大离子亲石元素趋势值是一致的,反映了处于转换挤压增生状态和水:岩比值低的条件下的地壳成分变化,其内源或外源所派生流体的平衡状况。     

基于ICP-MS的滩羊骨骼矿质元素溯源指纹图谱

采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪对内蒙古鄂托克前旗、宁夏盐池县、甘肃环县和陕西定边县滩羊骨骼中25 种（Ag、Ba、Be、Ca、Cd、Cu、Co、Cr、Cs、K、Fe、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Rb、Sb、Se、Sn、Sr、Te、V、Zn）矿质元素含量进行测定,结果表明,不同产地滩羊骨骼的组成元素各具分布特征,且相同矿质元素在不同产地间也差异显著。进一步通过主成分分析、聚类分析等多元统计分析方法,构建得到滩羊骨骼矿质元素指纹图谱为Ca、Cd、Cs、Mg、Mn、Na、P、Rb、Te、Zn,回代检验和交叉检验的整体正确判别率分别为87.50%、86.87%,说明筛选用作滩羊骨骼产地鉴别的10 种矿质元素有效,且利用该10 种元素建立的判别模型亦有效。     

稳定同位素结合粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量判别核桃的产地来源

为了判别核桃的产地来源,利用稳定同位素质谱仪测定来自河南、新疆、河北、甘肃、陕西、四川、湖北、云南、广西等省的344个核桃样品的C、H、O、N同位素比值,用元素分析仪测定N元素含量并转化为粗蛋白含量,用理化分析方法测定粗脂肪含量。结果表明,核桃中的δ~2H、δ~(18)O值随纬度的降低而减小;河南省亚地区核桃的δ~(13)C值随海拔的增加而增加。利用线性判别发现,C、H、O、N同位素比值对不同省份、河南省亚地区核桃产地的正确判别率为71. 1%和57. 9%;结合粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量后,正确判别率总体分别提升至79. 6%和68. 6%。说明稳定同位素结合有机成分能提高核桃产地的判别效果,且不同省份间的判别率明显高于亚地区的判别率。     

基于稳定同位素和矿物元素的牛奶产地溯源技术

随着乳品产业的发展,乳品质量安全备受关注,具有特定产地、草饲散养等声称的高端乳制品层出不穷,牛奶的原产地溯源尤为必要.本研究分别测定黑龙江省、云南省、河北省、甘肃省、内蒙古自治区5个省区牛奶样本中的δ13C、δ15N、δ2H、δ18O四种稳定同位素比值及钙、铁、锌三种矿物元素的质量浓度,结合多元统计分析方法建立5个地区...     

基于稳定氢氧同位素技术的花生油掺假检测技术研究

建立了高温裂解/元素分析-稳定同位素比值质谱联用技术（TC/EA-IRMS）测定油脂稳定氢氧同位素比值（δ2H和δ18O）的方法,并根据氢氧同位素特征开展花生油掺假检测技术研究。对28个花生样品、5个大豆样品和6个油菜籽样品榨油后测定δ2H值和δ18O值,结果发现三种油的δ2H值分布范围分别为-231.50‰~-213.69‰、-183.11‰~-169.53‰和-192.17‰~-175.82‰;δ18O值分布范围为14.06‰~16.77‰、19.77‰~20.98‰和24.31‰~27.45‰;其中花生油的δ2H值与大豆油和菜籽油存在显著性差异（p＜0.01）,模拟实验表明根据氢氧同位素特征可检测花生油中掺入大豆油或菜籽油。通过对氢氧同位素比值的二维分布对比,可以更为全面的评价和鉴别花生油的掺杂掺假情况,为花生油的掺假鉴别提供了研究基础和技术支持。     

基于稳定同位素比值的不同产地枸杞特征分析及判别

原产地差异导致枸杞价格悬殊,为促进国内枸杞市场健康有序发展,该文应用元素分析仪-稳定性同位素质谱（elemental analyzer-stable isotope mass spectrometry, EA-IRMS）测定了来自青海、宁夏和新疆3个地区共97份枸杞样品δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O和δ³⁴S 5种稳定同位素组成,结合箱线图、单因素方差分析以及主成分分析（principal component analysis, PCA）对不同产地枸杞中稳定同位素比值分布规律和相关性进行了讨论,应用线性判别分析（linear discriminant analysis, LDA）和支持向量机（support vector machine, SVM）2种算法建立不同产地枸杞判别模型。结果显示,枸杞样品中δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H和δ¹⁸O 4种稳定同位素对产地判别贡献率较大,δ^...     

基于稳定同位素和矿物元素的板栗产地判别分析

为保护板栗原产地信息及地理标志产品,利用稳定同位素质谱仪及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,对河北迁西、天津蓟县、北京怀柔等10个省份的164个板栗样品的稳定同位素(C、H、O、N)和矿物元素进行测定,结合方差分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对板栗样品进行地域分类,建立产地溯源模型。结果表明：10个产地板栗OPLS-DA模型的交叉验证率均达到100%,接受者操作特性曲线面积接近1。Mg、δ²H、δ¹⁸O、Al、Na、δ¹⁵N、Cu、Ba、Zn、Th等元素及指标是区别河北板栗与其余9个产地板栗的主要影响因素(变量投影重要性值大于1)。本研究通过建立板栗的溯源模型,为板栗产地判别提供有效的理论依据。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。