荞麦新芽蔬菜提取物的抗氧化作用研究

以荞麦新芽蔬菜为研究对象,利用比色法和发光化学法测定了荞麦新芽蔬菜提取物对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧自由基的清除效果.结果表明,荞麦新芽蔬菜提取物对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基具有很强清除作用,而对超氧自由基的清除能力较弱.其清除DpPH的IC50值为0.064mg/mL,当荞麦新芽蔬菜乙醇提取物浓度为0.15mg/mL时,羟自由基清除率达57.65%.     

腾冲红花油茶多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

以水为溶剂对腾冲红花油茶多糖进行提取,并对腾冲红花油茶多糖进行了体外抗氧化活性研究。结果表明:腾冲红花油茶多糖对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基有良好的清除作用,其半抑制率浓度(IC50)分别为9.35、0.95、2.85 mg/mL。     

利用电子自旋共振技术研究黄海海燕体壁多糖的体外抗氧化活性

以新鲜黄海海燕体壁为原料,制备粗多糖及精多糖。采用电子自旋共振波谱技术(ESR),检测不同浓度的黄海海燕体壁粗多糖及精多糖对羟基自由基、DPPH和超氧阴离子的清除能力。结果表明:黄海海燕体壁粗多糖及精多糖对羟基自由基、DPPH和超氧阴离子的清除能力随浓度升高而增强,黄海海燕体壁粗多糖对3种自由基清除能力的IC50值分别为59.56,27.29,32.36mg/mL;精多糖对3种自由基清除能力的IC50值分别为44.96,13.97,30.51mg/mL。在相同多糖干粉浓度下,黄海海燕体壁精多糖对羟基自由基、DPPH和超氧阴离子的清除能力强于黄海海燕体壁粗多糖。     

骆驼蓬粗多糖抗氧化性的研究

采用分光光度法测定骆驼蓬粗多糖对羟基自由基、超氧自由基、亚硝酸根的清除能力及其还原能力。结果表明,骆驼蓬粗多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)、亚硝酸根(NO_2~-)都具有一定的清除作用,对O_2~-·(IC50=0.47mg/m L)的清除效果优于·OH(IC50=0.89mg/m L),骆驼蓬粗多糖的还原能力随着多糖浓度的增加而增加,说明骆驼蓬粗多糖具有一定的抗氧化能力。     

刺梨多糖粗品与纯品体外抗氧化作用

采用羟基自由基体系、超氧阴离子自由基体系、二苯代苦味肼基自由基体系,对刺梨多糖粗品及纯品的抗氧化活性进行了比较.结果表明,刺梨多糖粗品及纯品对这几种自由基均有不同程度的清除作用,且均呈现一定的量效关系.粗品、纯品在羟基自由基体系中的IC50分别为0.325、0.56mg/mL;粗品清除O-2· 效果优于纯品,但均显著低于Vc;在二苯代苦味肼基自由基体系中,粗品的IC50为0.03mg/mL,而纯品在浓度达 0.5mg/mL时,其清除率只有27%.在三种自由基体系中,粗品清除作用均强于纯品.     

石榴皮提取物体外抗氧化活性比较研究

研究石榴皮提取物的体外抗氧化作用。采用羟自由基(.OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(.O2-)、2,2-二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH.)的生成体系,研究石榴皮提取物及绿茶多酚、没食子酸为对照,对自由基的清除能力和对小鼠肝组织匀浆脂质过氧化抑制作用。结果表明:石榴皮提取物对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、DPPH.的半清除率分别为I:C50=71.37 mg/mL、SC50=557.55 mg/mL、DC50=31.98 mg/mL;没食子酸对这3种自由基的半清除率分别为I:C50=51.85 mg/mL、SC50=289.2 mg/mL、DC50=37.65 mg/mL;绿茶多酚对这3种自由基的半清除率分别为:IC50=66.67 mg/mL、SC50=1043.91 mg/mL、DC50=22.48 mg/mL。石榴皮提取物对小鼠肝组织匀浆的脂质过氧化半抑制率EC50=5.21 mg/mL、没食子酸半抑制率EC50=22.82 mg/mL、绿茶多酚半抑制率EC50=3.47 mg/mL。研究表明石榴皮提取物较没食子酸和绿茶多酚具有良好的清除自由基及抑制脂质过氧化的能力。石榴皮提取物能有效清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH.自由基,抑制脂质过氧化作用,具有进一步研究和开发价值。     

不同储存时间对普洱茶有机溶剂萃取物清除自由基活性的影响

本文以半数抑制浓度IC50的大小研究了十种茶叶（不同年份的生普和熟普）有机溶剂萃取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,生茶有机溶剂萃取层清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧自由基的IC50最小分别可达0.339 mg/mL、0.074 mg/mL、1.206 mg/mL,熟茶清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧自由基的IC50最小分别可达0.554 mg/mL、0.164 mg/mL、1.927 mg/mL,生茶的抗氧化能力明显优于熟茶;各种普洱茶对自由基的清除能力主要取决于各萃取液中的多酚和黄酮含量。生茶乙酸乙酯层的茶多酚萃取量最多,在7.33-9.57%之间,正丁醇层的黄酮类物质的萃取量最多在7.08-10.99%之间,熟茶正丁醇层的茶多酚含量和黄酮类物质的含量在个有机溶剂层中均是最高的,分别在3.62-5.73%之间和4.75-5.83%之间,乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层的萃取化合物具有较多的羟基,具有较强的清除自由基的能力;茶叶的储存时间对各萃取液的抗氧化能力无显著影响。     

锁阳多糖抗氧化性研究

研究了锁阳(Cynomrium songaricum Rupr)多糖在不同温度提取下对羟自由基和超氧自由基的清除作用。实验中采用苯酚-硫酸法测定锁阳多糖,羟自由基由Fenton体系产生,超氧自由基(O2-·)由邻苯三酚自氧化体系产生。实验结果表明:锁阳多糖对·OH和O2-·有较强的清除作用,达到50%清除率所需药物浓度因提取温度的不同而不同,在90℃下50%清除率所需药物浓度分别为1.28mg/mL和0.72mg/mL,在65℃下达到50%清除率所需药物浓度分别为0.484mg/mL和0.339mg/mL,而在35℃下达到50%清除率所需药物浓度分别为0.155mg/mL和0.086mg/mL。由此可得:锁阳多糖对羟自由基和超氧自由基具有较好的清除作用,并在35℃提取下多糖对自由基清除作用效果最好。     

红枣粗多糖的提取及抗氧化活性评价

以新疆红枣干粉为原料,以水提醇沉法提取多糖,在单因素基础上,通过L9(34)正交实验确定最佳提取工艺条件,并对提取的红枣粗多糖采用化学发光法进行抗氧化活性评价。研究表明:红枣多糖最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1:35、提取温度80℃、提取时间为7h。红枣粗多糖清除超氧阴离子的半数抑制浓度IC50为10.77mg/mL,清除羟基自由基的IC50为1.89mg/mL,清除H2O2的IC50为9.49mg/mL。     

荸荠皮多糖对自由基的清除作用

利用荸荠皮多糖为原料,分别对其对羟基自由基和超氧自由基的清除能力进行测定,并利用单因素试验和正交试验考察多糖质量浓度、温度和时间等因素对清除率的影响。结果表明,荸荠皮多糖清除羟基自由基的最佳条件为多糖质量浓度1.2 mg/m L、温度30℃、时间70 min,在此条件下对羟基自由基的清除率可达90.71%;荸荠皮多糖清除超氧自由基的最佳条件为多糖质量浓度1.2 mg/m L、温度25℃、时间10 min,在此条件下对超氧自由基的清除率可达56.64%。因此荸荠皮多糖对羟基自由基清除能力较强,对超氧自由基具有一定的清除能力。该研究为荸荠皮多糖的进一步开发利用提供理论基础和一定的参考价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.