不同部位荣昌猪肉中脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成对比

研究不同部位猪肉中脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的变化规律,以荣昌猪4个不同部位的肌肉为原料,对比四者脂肪含量和肌内总脂、甘三酯、磷脂、游离脂肪的脂肪酸组成。结果显示：4部位肌内总脂和甘三酯含量有显著差异(P＜0.05),而磷脂和游离脂肪酸的含量差异不显著(P＞0.05);4部位总脂肪酸和游离脂肪组成有显著差异(P＜0.05),而甘三酯和磷脂的脂肪酸组成差异不显著(P＞0.05)。由于游离脂肪酸在肌内脂肪中比较很小,不足以对总脂肪酸组成产生显著影响,因此不同部位荣昌猪样品间肌内脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的显著差异主要都是由肌内甘三酯含量的显著差异引起的。     

传统风鸭加工过程中脂肪水解和氧化的研究

以樱桃谷瘦肉鸭为原料,按传统工艺加工风鸭,分析了鸭胸肉及皮下脂肪的硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、羰基双烯值、游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量在加工过程中的变化规律。结果表明,胸肉脂肪的TBARS值在于腌工艺阶段显著上升(P<0.05),在风干工艺阶段先降后升;而皮下脂肪的TBARS值持续增加,在风干最后阶段略有下降。胸肉脂肪和皮下脂肪的羰基双烯值在加工过程中均逐渐增加,最后有下降趋势。饱和脂肪酸(SSFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(SMUFA)在加工过程中变化不大,而多不饱和脂肪酸(SPUFA)在腌制后有下降,后逐渐回升,在风干20 d达到最高。亚油酸、花生四烯酸、油酸和棕榈酸是游离脂肪酸的主体成分,不饱和脂肪酸占FFA总量的76%以上。     

牦牛肝脏中脂肪含量与食用品质、脂肪酸组成的相关性

研究牦牛肝脏中脂肪含量与食用品质及脂肪酸组成之间的关系。以海北牦牛为研究对象、当地同龄黄牛为对照,采用内标法对肝脏的脂肪酸组成进行测定并对脂肪含量与食用品质、脂肪酸组成进行相关性分析。结果显示：牦牛肝脏色度a*值极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,失水率极显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）;饱和脂肪酸含量极显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）;两者的功能性脂肪酸有极显著差异（P＜0.01）;牦牛肝脏P/S值为0.51,符合世界卫生组织推荐的大于0.4的标准,n-6/n-3值小于营养学上建议的标准。相关性分析表明：肝脏脂肪含量与失水率呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;肝脏脂肪含量与饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、硬脂酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与多不饱和脂肪酸含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。因此,牦牛肝脏具有优良的食用品质和较高的营养价值。     

不同温度处理的风干牛肉贮藏过程中脂肪变化

为了研究干燥温度对风干牛肉贮藏过程中脂肪酸组成的变化规律,选取新疆褐牛后腿肉为研究对象,经腌制后分别进行20 ℃ 48 h、40 ℃ 20 h、50 ℃ 12 h、60 ℃ 8 h的风干处理,冷却后置于4 ℃冰箱贮藏,分别在第0、15、30天和第60天取样,检测其pH值、过氧化值、酸价、硫代巴比妥酸反应底物（thiobarbituric acid reaction substrate,TBARS）值、脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成变化。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,pH值先降低后略微升高（P＞0.05）;处理温度对脂肪含量影响显著（P＜0.05）,而贮藏时间对脂肪含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;相同温度处理的样品过氧化值、酸价和TBARS值随着贮藏时间的延长呈增加的趋势;处理温度对风干牛肉中肌内脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯和磷脂相对含量影响也不明显,但对游离脂肪酸含量影响较明显,且温度越高,游离脂肪酸相对含量越高;与20 ℃处理组相比,60 ℃处理组样品中游离脂肪酸相对含量在0、15、30、60 d分别增加了0.84%、1.82%、1.45%、1.14%;50、60 ℃处理组的样品随着贮藏时间的延长,磷脂脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）相对含量降低,游离脂肪酸中的PUFA相对含量增加。本实验结果可为阐明不同温度影响风干牛肉加工过程中风味形成的原因提供一定参考。     

应用超高压手段延长低温烟熏火腿的货架期

为揭示超高压处理后低温烟熏火腿货架期、品质及营养指标的变化,以400MPa和600MPa的压力在22℃条件下对切片包装后的烟熏火腿进行10min超高压处理,以未经高压处理样品作对照,4℃贮藏条件下,于0、1、30、90d测定超高压处理样品中的各腐败微生物总数,同时对超高压处理烟熏火腿的脂肪氧化程度、游离脂肪酸含量以及部分感官指标进行评定。结果表明：超高压能够有效杀灭烟熏火腿中的肠杆菌、热杀索丝菌、假单胞菌以及霉菌和酵母,乳酸菌中的部分属较为耐压,是低温烟熏火腿贮藏后期的优势腐败菌;超高压处理组比未处理组样品的饱和脂肪酸含量略有上升,不饱和脂肪酸含量略有下降,且随压力升高饱和脂肪酸增加和不饱和脂肪酸减少的量也相对较大;贮藏初期超高压处理组与未处理组样品TBARS值都没有显著变化,而随贮藏期延长,超高压处理组样品TBARS值比未处理组略有上升。超高压处理能够有效延长低温烟熏火腿的货架期,不会或较小引起游离脂肪酸、贮藏期内色泽和脂肪氧化指标的显著变化,能够较好的保持产品原有游离脂肪酸组成及口感品质。     

宣威火腿与金华火腿中游离脂肪酸组成比较分析

以两年宣威火腿和金华火腿为对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分别对宣威火腿和金华火腿的皮下和肌内脂肪中游离脂肪酸的组成进行分析。结果表明:宣威火腿和金华火腿的肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中均检测出22种游离脂肪酸,含量较高的脂肪酸为棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1n9c)与亚油酸(C18:2n6c),且不同火腿及不同部位间的脂肪酸组成含量存在明显差异;金华火腿肌内及皮下脂肪中总游离脂肪酸含量分别为29.24、102.68 μg/mg,分别比宣威火腿高34.58%(p<0.05)、29.09%(p>0.05);宣威火腿和金华火腿肌内脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量高于不饱和脂肪酸含量,皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸含量。金华火腿肌内、皮下游离脂肪酸含量均高于宣威火腿相应部位游离脂肪酸含量。     

猪五花肉红烧过程中脂肪和脂肪酸的变化规律

目的：探讨以猪五花肉为原料的红烧肉加工过程中脂肪和脂肪酸的变化,以期对红烧肉的风味、营养、质地等研究提供参考。方法：对红烧肉加工过程中原料、油炸、炖煮过程样品（0～2 h,每30 min取样）以及成品的粗脂肪含量、过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值以及脂肪酸含量进行测定。结果：五花肉红烧过程中脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,成品红烧肉脂肪含量比原料肉下降12.14%;POV先增大后减小,在炖煮30 min达到最大值;TBARS值逐渐增大,在炖煮过程中变化显著（P＜0.05）;油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸是五花肉脂肪中的主要脂肪酸,在红烧过程中饱和脂肪酸（saturatedfatty acid,SFA）含量变化不大（P＞0.05）,单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量显著上升（P＜0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）含量显著下降。结论：五花肉红烧过程中脂肪含量下降、脂肪发生适度氧化、脂肪酸组分构成发生了改变。     

传统金华火腿加工过程中肌内脂肪的变化

分别提取0、32、60、160、240d的金华火腿中的肌内脂肪,分析其甘油酯、磷脂、游离脂肪酸的含量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明:磷脂的含量从23.3%减少到11.2%,游离脂肪酸的含量从1.6%增加到11.5%,甘油酯的含量没有发生显著性变化;甘油酯和磷脂中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)都无显著性变化;游离脂肪酸中,PUFA的含量显著减少,MUFA的含量减少,但其变化不显著,SFA的含量显著增加。     

红烧肉炖制过程中的脂肪和脂肪酸变化

文章研究了原料肉煎制后、炖煮60,90,120,150min的红烧肉中基本营养指标的变化以及色泽、剪切力、脂肪氧化和脂肪酸的变化情况。结果表明:样品中的水分含量随炖制时间的延长呈下降趋势,脂肪含量显著降低(p0.05),蛋白质含量显著升高(p0.05)。原料肉经过煎制后硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)显著升高至0.95 mgMDA/kg,随着小火炖制时间的延长,TBARS值逐渐降低至0.28mgMDA/kg。经过不同时间的炖制,红烧肉中的饱和脂肪酸总体呈下降趋势,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)总体呈上升趋势,与原料肉相比,炖制120min的样品中不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸的比值从1.45上升到1.55,长时间小火炖煮提高了猪肉中油脂的营养价值。     

金华火腿中肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪的脂肪酸分析

提取成熟金华火腿中的肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪 ,分离并测定了其中甘油酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸的含量 ,并对其脂肪酸组成进行了分析 ,结果表明 :肌间脂肪含量为 12. 4 % ,甘油酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸分别占 77. 3%、11 .2 %和 10 . 9% ;皮下脂肪含量为 90 .7% ,相应的 3部分分别占 88.7%、0 . 2 %和 10 .4 %。肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪的脂肪酸都以C16:0 、C18:1、C18:2 为主要成分。甘油酯里单不饱和脂肪酸的含量都远远高于其在磷脂和游离脂肪酸中的含量 ,而磷脂里多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于其在甘油酯和游离脂肪酸中的含量。     

卵形鲳鲹不同组织器官脂肪酸组成含量的比较

取卵形鲳鲹白色肌肉、红色肌肉、肝脏和脾脏,用气相色谱- 质谱(GC-MS)联用分析仪分析各组织器官脂肪酸组成。结果共鉴定出23 种主要脂肪酸,同组织雌雄间总脂及脂肪酸组成无明显差异,不同组织间差异明显;肝脏中总脂含量最高,白色肌肉中总脂含量最低;脾脏、白色肌肉中含有丰富的高度不饱和脂肪酸,有较高的食用价值,而肝脏中含有高比例的饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较低,是鱼体内重要的储能器官。     

蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

通过对蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成进行分析比较,旨在明确蒙古斑点马体脂脂肪酸组成特点。选择3 匹成年蒙古斑点马,屠宰后采集肾周、肠周和皮下脂肪以及肩肌、背最长肌和臀肌样品,利用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明：蒙古斑点马不同脂肪组织中均检出19 种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量34.77%～37.38%,不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）含量达60%以上,UFA中单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量33.04%～36.39%,多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）含量26.47%～27.51%,其中皮下脂肪C10:0、C18:0、C20:0含量显著低于肾周和肠周脂肪（P＜0.05）;MUFA在皮下脂肪的沉积程度较其他2 个部位高,但均无统计学差异;PUFA中C18:3 n-3含量最高,其在各脂肪组织间无显著差异。3 个不同部位肌肉中均检出15 种脂肪酸,其中SFA含量占总脂肪酸含量的38.32%～40.04%,MUFA含量占35.70%～40.19%,PUFA含量占15.25%～20.33%;SFA中背最长肌和臀肌C12:0含量显著高于肩肌（P＜0.05）,其余SFA在不同部位肌肉间无显著差异;MUFA中背最长肌C16:1含量显著高于肩肌和臀肌（P＜0.05）;肩肌n-6/n-3 PUFA比值显著高于背最长肌和臀肌（P＜0.05）;皮下脂肪的C18:3 n-3和总PUFA含量显著高于背最长肌（P＜0.05）。综上所述,蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织脂肪酸组成各具特点,但UFA含量均较高。     

菊黄东方鲀不同组织脂肪酸的组成及含量分析

测定并分析比较菊黄东方鲀性腺发育为Ⅲ期雌鱼和Ⅳ期雄鱼的肝脏、性腺、肌肉和皮中水分、总脂和脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明：1）不同组织中水分含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,雌鱼肌肉中水分含量最高,肝脏中含量最低;雄鱼精巢中水分含量最高,肝脏中含量最低。2）雌鱼肝脏、性腺、肌肉、皮的总脂含量分别为
（48.87±7.75）%、（11.77±1.44）%、（0.50±0.00）%和（0.13±0.06）%。雄鱼肝脏、性腺、肌肉、皮的总脂含量分别为（63.13±3.07）%、（1.70±0.10）%、（0.43±0.12）%和（0.30±0.20）%。不同组织中总脂含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,雌、雄鱼均为肝脏中总脂含量最高,性腺次之,皮最低。3）肌肉中,雌、雄鱼饱和脂肪酸相对含量最丰富,以雌鱼肌肉中C16∶0最为丰富,且显著高于肝脏、性腺、皮。肝脏中,雌、雄鱼单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量最丰富,分别为（46.4±0.5）%、（45.7±0.9）%,且均分别高于性腺、肌肉和皮。性腺中,雌、雄鱼多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量最丰富,分别为（28.6±1.4）%、（33.8±1.9）%,卵巢多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量与皮中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,与肝脏、肌肉多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。精巢多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量与肝脏、肌肉、皮中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。雌、雄鱼肝脏中脂肪酸绝对含量显著高于其他各组织（P＜0.05）。     

How do n-3 fatty acid (short-time restricted vs unrestricted) and n-6 fatty acid enriched diets affect the fatty acid profile in different tissues of German Simmental bulls?

This study investigated the effect of n-6 (control group) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supply (treatment group unrestricted) and a short-time feed restriction for n-3 PUFA supply (treatment group restricted) on intramuscular fat content and the total fatty acid composition in different tissues (muscle, subcutaneous fat, liver, serum and erythrocytes) and lipid classes of intramuscular fat of German Simmental bulls (n = 25). Exogenous n-3 PUFA caused a higher concentration of the sum of all single n-3 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) in all analysed tissues. Feed restriction compared to control feeding induced a significant decrease of C18:1cis-9 in the phospholipid fraction of longissimus muscle and in subcutaneous fat. The concentration of C18:3n-3 in liver of treatment groups was between 34 and 44% higher compared to control. PUFA in serum and the sum of n-3 PUFA in erythrocytes were significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to control. The synthesis and deposition of n-3 LC PUFA seems to be tissue dependent according to different relative amounts.     

Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and muscle from Jersey steers was affected by finishing diet and tissue location

To determine the impacts of finishing diet and tissue type and location on fatty acid composition and palatability of Jersey beef, twenty steers were assigned to a factorial treatment design with initial weight (Light vs. Heavy) and finishing diet (70 vs. 85% concentrate) as treatments. Ribeye steaks were collected for sensory evaluation. Muscle, seam and subcutaneous (s.c.) fat from steaks, kidney fat (KF) and omental fat (OMF) were collected for fatty acid analysis. Initial weight and finishing diet had little impact on beef palatability. The 85% concentrate decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in muscle and increased trans fatty acids in all tissues (P < 0.05). The monounsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio (MUFA:SFA) was highest in s.c. fat, intermediate in muscle and seam fat, and lowest in KF and OMF. The PUFA:SFA was highest in muscle, intermediate in s.c. and seam fat, and lowest in KF and OMF. Fatty acid composition differed greatly among tissues and the lower concentrate diet increased omega-3 and PUFA percentages in muscle.     

Effects of breed, diet and muscle on fat deposition and eating quality in pigs

A study in 192 entire male pigs examined the effects of breed, diet and muscle on growth, fatness, sensory traits and fatty acid composition. There were four breeds: two modern breeds, Duroc and Large White and two traditional breeds, Berkshire and Tamworth. The diets differed in energy:protein ratio, being conventional (C) and low protein (LP) diets, respectively. Muscles investigated were the ‘white' longissimus dorsi (LD) and the ‘red' psoas major (PS). Breed influenced growth rate and fatness, the modern breeds being faster-growing with leaner carcasses. However, the concentrations of neutral lipid fatty acids and marbling fat (neutral lipid + phosopholipid fatty acids) were higher in Berkshire and Duroc, in both LD and PS. Relationships between marbling fat and P2 fat thickness showed clear breed effects, with Duroc having high marbling fat at low P2 and Tamworth low marbling fat at high P2. Breed effects on sensory scores given by the trained taste panel to griddled LD and PS steaks were relatively small. Breed affected the fatty acid composition of intramuscular neutral lipid, with high % values for the saturated fatty acids, 14:0 and 16:0 in Berkshire and Tamworth (fat carcasses) and high values for polyunsaturated fatty acids in Duroc and Large White (lean carcasses). Duroc had particularly high concentrations of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3 in phospholipid of both muscles. Diet influenced growth rate and fatness, the LP diet slowing growth and producing fatter meat, more so in the two modern breeds, and particularly in intramuscular rather than subcutaneous fat. This diet produced more tender and juicy meat, although pork flavour and flavour liking were reduced. The PS muscle had higher tenderness, juiciness, pork flavour, flavour liking and overall liking scores than LD. The concentration of phospholipid fatty acids was higher in PS than LD but neutral lipid fatty acid content and marbling fat were higher in LD.     

Effect of vacuum-packaged frozen storage, after cooking, on the phospholipids of Hereford and Bison

Changes in the neutral lipid (NL), phospholipid (PL) and their fatty acid (FA) profiles in lean samples of cooked and cooked, vacuum-packaged, frozen (28 days) Hereford and Bison L. dorsi muscle were analyzed. Samples from Herefords contained more saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the neutral lipid fraction than Bison. Storage decreased the C_18:2, C_18:3, C_20:1 and C_20:4 content of the NL. Bison samples contained more total PL and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) than Hereford. Storage decreased the content of the least polar of the PL which were eluted in the solvent front (fraction 1), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), PE and sphingomyelin (SPH). In the combined PL fraction, there were no differences in the FA profile of Bison and Hereford. Storage resulted in a decrease in the content of C_18:2, C_20:4, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the combined PL fraction. In the PE fraction, Bison samples contained more C_20:4 and PUFA than Hereford. Storage had no effect on the FA profile of PE. The LPC fraction of Bison samples contained more saturated SFA, UFA and PUFA than Hereford, and with storage these FA decreased. Cooked frozen storage also decreased SFA, UFA and PUFA in PC/LPE.     

Effect of a high dose of CLA in finishing pig diets on fat deposition and fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat and other fat depots

Sixteen gilts were fed a control (4% of sunflower oil) or an experimental diet (4% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) oil). CLA had no effect on intramuscular fat (IMF) content neither in longissimus thoracis (LT) nor in semimembranosus (SM) muscles but increased liver weight, reduced perirenal fat and tended to reduce backfat between the last 3th–4th lumbar vertebrae. Despite the fact that 9c,11t and 10t,12c CLA isomers were included in the same proportion in the diet, the 9c,11t and 9c,11c were the isomers more deposited in all tissues. Addition of CLA in the diet affected fatty acid composition in a tissue specific manner, increasing percentages of SFA in all tissues, reducing percentages of MUFA in LT and LT subcutaneous fat, and of PUFA in LT subcutaneous fat, liver and SM. The FA modification by dietary CLA in LT IMF was reflected in the different lipid fractions, SFA and MUFA mainly in the neutral lipid fraction, and PUFA in the polar fraction.     

Composition and estimation of intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid composition in Spanish young bulls

Sixty Pirenaica yearling intact bulls were raised and slaughtered at 519±50kg live weight and 371±18 days of age. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids in longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat were determined by capillary gas chromatography. Carcass conformation and fatness, carcass weight, ether extractable intramuscular fat percentage, marbling, dorsal fat thickness, and ultrasonic parameters were recorded to study the relationship between these traits and fatty acid profile. Lipids of subcutaneous adipose tissue had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) percentage (49% vs. 33%) but lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) (51% vs. 46%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16% vs. 5%) percentages than intramuscular fat depots (p<0.001). Fatter carcasses had higher MUFA percentage and lower PUFA percentage (p<0.01) in intramuscular fat. Carcass weight and conformation would contribute to explain the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat (p<0.05). Ultrasound readings reflected the effect of fatness on fat composition.