不同干燥方式燕麦蛋白的性质及对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

为研究添加不同干燥方式处理的燕麦蛋白对肉类食品质构等特性的影响,采用4种不同干燥方法(喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥和微波干燥)处理燕麦蛋白,考察不同干燥方法对燕麦蛋白结构和性质的影响,以及添加不同干燥方法处理的燕麦蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:不同干燥方法对燕麦蛋白的结构及性质影响不同,与喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白相比较,冷冻和微波干燥处理的燕麦蛋白游离氨基和羰基含量显著下降;红外光谱分析结果显示,相比较于冷冻、真空和微波干燥,喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白α-螺旋和β-转角结构含量无显著性差异,但β-折叠结构含量下降而无规则卷曲结构含量上升;荧光光谱分析结果表明,相比较于冷冻和微波干燥,喷雾和真空干燥处理的燕麦蛋白的最大发射波长出现了红移;微波干燥处理的燕麦蛋白表面疏水性最低且溶解性最好。不同干燥方法处理的燕麦蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶性质影响不同,与肌原纤维蛋白相比,添加冷冻、真空和微波干燥处理的燕麦蛋白未改变凝胶温度,而添加喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白凝胶温度降低了2℃; 添加微波、真空和喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白均提高了凝胶的G′ 和G″,表明混合凝胶的弹性和黏性提高,而添加冷冻干燥处理的燕麦蛋白降低了凝胶的黏性和弹性; 扫描电子显微镜结果显示,喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白形成的混合凝胶网络具有更为紧密的网状结构,且孔径相对较小,而冷冻干燥处理的燕麦蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白形成的混合凝胶网络较为疏松,孔径相对较大。本研究旨在为功能型肉制品,包括谷物-肉类乳化型肉制品的开发提供一定的技术参数。     

热处理及转谷氨酰胺酶对糖基化燕麦蛋白凝胶性质的影响

对燕麦蛋白及其乳糖糖基化燕麦蛋白进行热诱导和转谷氨酰胺酶诱导凝胶改性,探究2 种不同诱导方式对燕麦蛋白及其糖基化产物凝胶性质及结构的影响。结果表明：与燕麦蛋白热诱导凝胶相比,其他3 种燕麦蛋白凝胶的弹性、硬度和持水性均显著提高（P＜0.05）;酶诱导凝胶的质构性质（弹性、硬度、胶黏性）与持水性优于热诱导凝胶;糖基化改性蛋白凝胶的质构性质与持水性显著高于未糖基化改性蛋白凝胶（P＜0.05）。酶诱导蛋白凝胶的表面疏水性分别高于两种热诱导蛋白凝胶;而糖基化改性蛋白凝胶的表面疏水性分别低于未糖基化改性蛋白凝胶。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光光谱分析、微观结构分析进一步证明了转谷氨酰胺酶能引起燕麦蛋白发生分子间或分子内交联而形成大分子质量的交联产物,转谷氨酰胺酶诱导的燕麦蛋白凝胶具有更为致密的微观三维网络结构。研究表明,与热处理相比,转谷氨酰胺酶更能诱导燕麦蛋白及糖基化产物形成良好的凝胶,为燕麦粉的多元开发提供了一定理论基础。     

燕麦淀粉理化性质的研究

对燕麦淀粉的理化性质研究.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察燕麦淀粉的结构特性,粒径大小,差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究其糊化温度,AR1000型动态流变仪分析其凝胶速度、凝胶强度和耐热性,结果表明:燕麦淀粉的颗粒平均粒径1～5μm,分布不均匀,呈椭圆形和棱角形;燕麦淀粉中直链淀粉含量28.4%;30℃的膨润力1.35,溶解度为1.2%,70℃时膨润力和溶解度分别增加到4.43%和4.56%;燕麦淀粉糊化起始温度T053.60℃,顶点温度Tp62.00℃,终止温度Tc69.00℃,热焓ΔH6.115J/g.燕麦淀粉糊的凝胶速度为375 Pa/min,凝胶的强度为7500Pa,耐热性为1500Pa.     

双螺杆挤压对山药淀粉与大豆分离蛋白复合物结构和性能的影响

研究了双螺杆挤压处理对山药淀粉与大豆分离蛋白复合物的影响,以及添加不同替代量的挤压粉对面团的影响。以山药淀粉为原料,添加不同比例的大豆分离蛋白后进行挤压,挤压粉替代部分小麦粉制备成面团,测定挤压粉的溶解度和膨胀度、糊化特性以及添加挤压粉前后面团的流变学特性等。结果表明,天然山药淀粉和山药淀粉与大豆分离蛋白复合物经过挤压后结构破裂、不完整,表面凹凸不平,大豆分离蛋白含量越多,挤压后结构越粗糙。挤压处理后的样品与未处理组相比,膨胀度降低,溶解度升高,峰值黏度和崩解值等糊化参数均降低,大豆分离蛋白含量越多,膨胀度越高,溶解度越低,糊化参数值越低。挤压粉添加至面团中后,质构特性、弹性模量(G′)和黏性模量(G″)发生改变,但G′始终高于G″,呈现固体性质。添加了挤压粉的小麦粉制备的面团的G′和G″轻微降低,硬度、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性降低,而添加量为5%的挤压粉比添加量为10%的挤压粉表现出的黏弹性好。但当挤压粉中大豆分离蛋白添加量达到50%时,黏弹性、硬度与对照组相近。因此,大豆分离蛋白的加入会影响食品的挤压工艺,为山药淀粉的开发提供了新思路。同时,也可以通过挤压粉来改变面团的硬度和黏弹性等性质...     

燕麦蛋白组分分离提取及其SDS-PAGE电泳分析

通过单因素实验对燕麦蛋白组分的分离提取工艺进行了优化,并通过SDS-PAGE电泳对燕麦蛋白组分进行亚基分析。结果表明:燕麦清蛋白提取的最佳温度为40℃,球蛋白提取最佳盐浓度为7%,醇溶蛋白提取的最佳乙醇浓度为75%,谷蛋白提取的最佳碱浓度为0.05 mol/L,蛋白质提取率为83.1%。SDS-PAGE实验结果显示:燕麦清蛋白在10~100 kD范围内均有分布,燕麦球蛋白由2个亚基组成,分子量分别在97.4~100 kD和43~66.2 kD范围内,燕麦醇溶蛋白亚基大部分集中在18.39~40.72kD之间,燕麦谷蛋白部分亚基分布在20.67~26.66kD与43.29~50.80 kD之间。     

蛋清蛋白/黄油复合凝胶的特性研究

以蛋清蛋白(egg white protein, EWP)和黄油为原料,按照不同比例(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、1∶5,质量比)进行复配,经热诱导制备EWP/黄油复合凝胶,并分析其质构特性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、流变特性、扫描电镜及激光共聚焦的变化规律。结果表明,质构特性中的硬度及胶黏性随着黄油添加量的增加而增加,而弹性及内聚性则在EWP/黄油为1∶3(质量比)时达到最高(P<0.05);复合凝胶的持水性随着黄油添加量的增加而增加,在1∶4及1∶5(质量比)时差异不显著(P>0.05);当二者质量比为1∶3时,乳化性及乳化稳定性显著高于其他组(P<0.05);流变结果显示当二者质量比为1∶3时,复合凝胶具有较大的储能模量(G′)及较低的损耗因子tanδ,说明此比例下的黄油提高了复合凝胶的黏弹性;扫描电镜结果表明二者质量比为1∶3时促使复合凝胶形成了更致密紧凑的网络结构,而未添加黄油的蛋清蛋白凝胶则呈现孔洞较大且大小不均匀的结构特征;激光共聚焦结果显示EWP/黄油1∶3(质量比)时网络结构相对均匀,且无析水无孔隙。综上所述,EWP和黄油的质量比为1∶3时可以...     

响应面法优化燕麦内酯豆腐生产工艺

对燕麦内酯豆腐的生产工艺进行优化研究,通过正交实验和响应曲面分析考察燕麦粉和大豆分离蛋白粉的添加量对产品的硬度、表观黏度、弹性和凝胶性等质构特性的影响。结果表明:燕麦内酯豆腐的硬度、弹性和凝胶性受大豆蛋白添加量的影响较大,均随其含量的增加而增强。燕麦内酯豆腐的表观黏度则主要受燕麦成分的影响,并随其含量的增加而增大。当燕麦粉:大豆分离蛋白粉:水为9:10:300时,煮浆方式为直接加热煮沸5min,D葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯添加量为3g/kg,热凝固方式为80℃加热20min时,制得的产品表观黏度较小,硬度、弹性、凝胶性和持水能力最好。     

燕麦粉对小麦面团特性及饼干品质的影响

为研究添加燕麦粉对面团特性和饼干品质的影响,测定不同添加量燕麦粉面团特性,饼干质构特性、感官评价及营养成分指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加燕麦粉的面团硬度增大,黏聚性、黏着性先增大后减小。频率扫描结果符合幂律模型且拟合度良好,随着燕麦粉的添加量增加,混合面团G′和G″增大,损耗因子tanδ减小。燕麦粉添加量在30%以下时,对照组的G′和G″大于添加燕麦粉的面团,面团变软,延展性增大。燕麦粉添加量大于30%时,对照组的G′和G″小于添加燕麦粉的面团,说明燕麦粉增加了面团的黏弹性,降低面团流动性。蠕变-回复结果符合伯格斯模型且拟合度良好。燕麦粉添加量30%时,Rc回复性最大。燕麦饼干的硬度和咀嚼性逐渐增大,弹性降低,燕麦粉添加量在30%时感官评分最好。与普通饼干相比,燕麦饼干蛋白质含量、膳食纤维、灰分显著提高,且碱度、水分符合GB/T 20980—2007《饼干》中的要求。     

湿热结合壳聚糖处理前后桄榔淀粉流变特性和热力学性质比较

探讨湿热处理（Heat-Moisture Treatment，HMT）结合不同分子量的壳聚糖（Chitosan，CS）对桄榔淀粉（Arenga pinnata Starch，APS）流变性质和热力学特性的影响。动态流变分析结果表明，HMT结合CS处理提高了凝胶体系的粘弹性模量（G′和G′′），且随着CS分子量的增加，效果越明显，当添加10 ku CS时具有最高的粘弹性模量，G′为2 899 Pa，G′′为309 Pa；HMT-APS-CS凝胶体系均表现为典型的非牛顿流体，呈现出类似固体的性质；损耗因子（tanδ）均小于1，且随着CS分子量的增加而损耗因子逐渐降低，HMT-APS-CS10具有最低的损耗因子，tanδ为0.09。静态流变分析结果表明，所有凝胶体系表现出剪切稀化现象，随CS分子量降低流体指数（n）显著降低。差示量热扫描（Differential Scanning Calorimetry，DSC）结果表明HMT结合CS处理，随CS分子量的提高，显著提高了APS的峰值温度（TP）（P<0.05），从69.42 ℃提高至86.68 ℃，显著降低了APS的糊化焓值（ΔH）（P<0.05），从3.47 J/g降低至1.07 J/g。HMT结合CS处理提高了APS凝胶结构和热力学稳定性，可为桄榔淀粉及其产品的开发利用提供一定的理论依据。     

酶法提取燕麦蛋白理化性质研究

以燕麦粉为原料,对酶法提取的燕麦蛋白进行理化性质研究,分析了燕麦蛋白的溶解性、起泡性质、乳化性质、持水性、持油性和氨基酸组成。结果表明:在接近燕麦蛋白等电点处,溶解度最低,当远离等电点时,溶解度逐渐升高。在接近燕麦蛋白等电点处,燕麦蛋白的起泡性最差,泡沫稳定性最好;在等电点以后燕麦蛋白的起泡性随着p H的增大先增加后减小,而泡沫稳定性稍有下降。燕麦蛋白的乳化性随p H的升高先减小后增大,在等电点附近乳化性最低;而乳化稳定性的变化规律正好相反。燕麦蛋白的持水性为1.60,持油性为1.44。燕麦蛋白氨基酸种类齐全,配比合理,是一种优质植物蛋白。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.