婴幼儿水解配方奶粉的研究进展

采用酶水解方法水解牛乳蛋白、调节酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的比例,以降低婴儿发生过敏现象的频率,是开发低致敏性婴幼儿配方乳粉的重要内容。结合目前酶水解方法工业化应用中存在的一些问题,综述了国内外报道的水解过程中所使用蛋白酶的种类、特点和作用方式等,并总结了蛋白酶作用后,对于水解液致敏性变化的测定方法及其物理性质、感官评价方法,为低敏性婴儿配方乳粉的开发提供理论基础和研究思路。     

SDS-PAGE测定乳基婴幼儿配方食品中乳清蛋白方法的研究

采用SDS-PAGE对乳基婴幼儿配方食品内乳清蛋白进行了分离和定量分析,优化了试验条件,简化了数据的处理方法。结果表明采用该法对乳粉内6种重要蛋白(α-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白和血清白蛋白)能实现较好地分离,依据乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的比值可以推算出乳清蛋白在乳粉内的含量。对乳清蛋白含量不同的乳粉及市售婴儿粉的测定表明,SDS-PAGE法是一种操作简便、准确快速测定乳粉内乳清蛋白含量的方法。     

水解乳蛋白与婴幼儿健康的研究进展

水解乳蛋白包括水解乳清蛋白和水解乳酪蛋白,水解乳清蛋白按照水解度可分为部分/适度水解乳清蛋白及深度水解乳清蛋白。水解乳清蛋白在我国作为特殊医学用途食品的原料,而部分水解乳蛋白在欧美、澳新及日韩可作为普通婴儿配方乳粉原料,深度水解乳蛋白可作为特殊医学用途配方食品的原料。不同厂家提供的不同型号水解乳蛋白原料质量不同,其对健康婴儿、高过敏风险婴儿的过敏、胃肠道症状相关的生理作用无直接关联。本文综述了水解乳蛋白婴配粉对婴幼儿过敏、功能性胃肠道疾病的研究及法规管理进展。     

牛乳粉中乳蛋白糖基化分析及其水解程度研究

探讨牛乳粉中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的糖基化程度及其水解特性。采用不同方法提取牛乳粉中的酪蛋白和乳清蛋白,SDS3PAGE电泳分析其组成;高碘酸-希夫碱染色法及莫氏试验检测糖基化的酪蛋白和乳清蛋白;木瓜蛋白酶水解牛乳和乳粉中的酪蛋白和乳清蛋白。鞣酸提取酪蛋白的质量分数46.13%显著高于其他方法(p0.05),乳酸发酵法是提取乳清蛋白的有效方法;电泳结果表明,酪蛋白有分子质量为24、34和60 ku的3条带,乳清蛋白有分子质量为14和18 ku的2条带;高碘酸-希夫碱糖蛋白染色结果表明,分子质量为24和34 ku的酪蛋白和分子质量为14 ku的乳清蛋白均是糖基化蛋白;莫氏试验结果表明,乳粉中存在糖基化的酪蛋白和乳清蛋白;乳蛋白木瓜蛋白酶水解结果表明,乳粉酪蛋白和乳清蛋白水解游离氨基酸含量均显著低于鲜乳(p0.05)。牛乳粉中存在糖基化的酪蛋白和乳清蛋白,前者分子质量分别为24和34 ku,后者为14 ku;乳粉中乳蛋白水解程度较鲜乳低。     

水解配方乳粉的抗过敏性研究进展及其市场开发应用

由于牛乳乳清蛋白与母乳营养结构存在差异性,婴儿一岁前食用牛乳容易导致过敏反应,其中包括皮炎、湿疹、腹痛、腹泻、便秘、哮喘等。预防并及时缓解过敏症状对于婴幼儿的健康发展有重要的作用。综合论述目前国内外对水解乳清蛋白的研究,分别探讨开发水解蛋白配方乳粉的重要性,列举了目前水解蛋白对婴儿抗过敏方面功能特性,并对比了水解蛋白在婴儿配方粉中的市场应用,从而研究开发低敏性、易吸收、助耐受、益肠道高品质婴儿水解配方乳粉。     

酸水解法测定婴幼儿配方食品、乳和乳制品中二噁英类持久性有机污染物

建立适合婴幼儿配方食品、乳及乳制品中二噁英类持久性有机污染物(POPs)分析的前处理技术。方法 利用索氏抽提法和酸水解法分别提取婴幼儿配方食品、乳及乳制品中的脂肪,比较两种方法的差异。结果对于婴幼儿配方食品,两种萃取方法测得的结果差异不大;对于乳粉和液态鲜乳,索氏抽提法的结果与实际值偏差较大。结论 不同类型乳粉的组分(酪蛋白与乳清蛋白比例等)和加工工艺差异很大,酸水解法能有效地使乳及乳制品中的脂肪转变为游离态,提高了脂肪的提取率,为准确测定POPs奠定基础。     

酪蛋白水解物替代乳清蛋白的加工性能评价研究

利用复合蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备适度及深度水解酪蛋白产品,测定酪蛋白水解物的加工性能。结果表明,经过酶解后,适度水解酪蛋白溶解度接近90%,深度水解酪蛋白溶解度接近100%,显著高于酪蛋白和乳清蛋白。此外,适度水解酪蛋白吸油性、起泡性分别约为乳清蛋白的3倍和1.5倍。深度水解酪蛋白在起泡性和乳化性上也显著高于乳清蛋白。可见,两款酪蛋白水解物在起泡性、乳化性、吸油性、溶解性等方面均在一定程度上优于乳清蛋白,可广泛替代乳清蛋白在食品工业中大规模应用。     

婴儿配方乳蛋白水解物在酶-膜反应器中连续化生产试验研究

本试验首先通过调整牛乳中酪蛋白与乳清蛋白的比例为40:60,然后使其在连续搅拌式酶-膜反应器(continuousstirredtankmembranereactor,CSTMR)中水解以生产婴儿配方乳的基料。通过对三种蛋白水解酶的比较筛选最终确定以胰蛋白酶为水解用酶;单因素试验确定模拟母乳在CSTMR中水解的最适温度40℃、最适pH8.0;通过正交试验得出乳蛋白在CSTMR中水解的最适酶底比(E/S,W/W)1.84%、最适底物浓度(S,W/V)4%、最适压力(P,MPa)为0.05MPa;对乳蛋白水解物做SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测,发现乳蛋白水解液中酪蛋白的谱带较水解之前明显减轻,电泳凝胶扫描分析结果显示,酪蛋白中的αs-酪蛋白几乎被水解掉90%,乳清中的β-乳球蛋白也有50%以上的降解。     

牛乳酪蛋白的人乳化改性研究

由于牛乳酪蛋白不易为婴儿消化吸收，通过对牛乳酪蛋白人乳化改性的研究，即运用犊牛皱胃酶的作用，减少牛乳α＿ｓ＿１－酪蛋白的量，使β－酪蛋白与α＿ｓ＿１－酪蛋白的比例由原来的０．７提高到３．ｏ以上，从而接近了人乳的消化吸收性。经人乳化改性后的牛乳可适用于新生婴儿配方乳的制造。     

添加酪蛋白水解肽乳粉的抗疲劳作用研究

目的:通过动物实验评价添加酪蛋白水解肽乳粉的抗疲劳功能。方法:对健康雄性BALB/c小鼠连续28d灌胃受试物,然后通过小鼠负重游泳实验以及血尿素氮、血乳酸、肝糖原等疲劳指标的测定,评价酪蛋白水解肽及其配方乳粉的抗疲劳作用。结论:酪蛋白水解肽和添加酪蛋白水解肽的乳粉使小鼠游泳时间延长,使血乳酸、尿素氮含量降低,提高肝糖原含量,显示出一定的抗疲劳作用,延缓疲劳的产生。     

Comparison of casein micelles in raw and reconstituted skim milk

During the manufacture of skim milk powder, many important alterations to the casein micelles occur. This study investigates the nature and cause of these alterations and their reversibility upon reconstitution of the powders in water. Samples of skim milk and powder were taken at different stages of commercial production of low-, medium-, and high-heat powders. The nature and composition of the casein micelles were analyzed using a variety of analytical techniques including photon correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, turbidity, and protein electrophoresis. It was found that during heat treatment, whey proteins are denatured and become attached to the casein micelles, resulting in larger micelles and more turbid milk. The extent of whey protein attachment to the micelles is directly related to the severity of the heat treatment. It also appeared that whey proteins denatured during heat treatment may continue to attach to casein micelles during water removal (evaporation and spray-drying). The process of water removal causes casein and Ca in the serum to become increasingly associated with the micelles. This results in much larger, denser micelles, increasing the turbidity while decreasing the viscosity of the milk. During reconstitution, the native equilibrium between colloidal Ca and serum Ca is slowly reestablished. The reequilibration of the caseins and detachment of the whey proteins occur even more slowly. The rate of reequilibration does not appear to be influenced by shear or temperature in the range of 4 to 40°C.     

应用SDS-PAGE法评价乳基婴幼儿配方食品中有效蛋白质组分

利用SDS-PAGE法评价乳基婴幼儿配方食品中的有效蛋白组分,优化了样品前处理方法,采用Bio-Rad Quantity One软件对电泳谱图进行数据分析,实现牛乳蛋白组分的定性和半定量测定。采用该法对我国市售婴幼儿配方食品中的牛乳蛋白有效成分进行了质量评价分析,发现0～12月龄婴儿配方食品基本符合GB 10765-2010中对乳清蛋白不得低于60%总蛋白的规定;0～6月龄Ⅰ段婴儿配方食品中的乳清蛋白含量最高,乳清蛋白/酪蛋白为1.57～2.12(61∶39～67∶33);6～12月龄的Ⅱ段较大婴儿配方食品中乳清蛋白相对Ⅰ段少,二者比例为1.06～1.55(52∶48～61∶39);而在12月龄以上的Ⅲ段幼儿配方食品中二者比例为0.65～0.71(40∶60～42∶58)。虽然Ⅰ段婴儿配方食品乳清蛋白/酪蛋白符合标准,但是在母乳中占主要成分的α-LA(α-乳白蛋白)在Ⅰ段婴儿配方食品中含量偏低(19.1%～24.1%),母乳中不存在的α-CN(α-酪蛋白)在Ⅰ段婴儿配方食品中却占11.9%～17.8%,另外还发现Ig G(免疫球蛋白G)在乳基婴幼儿配方食品中的含量偏低。     

Chemical composition and some properties of modified buffalo milk for infant feeding

A proposed formula for modifying buffalo milk for infant feeding was described. Buffalo milk was diluted with four parts of whey that was produced by addition of citric acid or lemon juice to milk and neutralization with sodium bicarbonate. The chemical composition and the properties of the proposed formula were compared with raw buffalo milk, human milk and buffalo milk modified by the ordinary method. The proposed formula was characterised by low casein/whey protein N comparable to human milk and by curd tension.     

Chemical composition and some properties of modified buffalo milk for infant feeding.

A proposed formula for modifying buffalo milk for infant feeding was described. Buffalo milk was diluted with four parts of whey that was produced by addition of citric acid or lemon juice to milk and neutralization with sodium bicarbonate. The chemical composition and the properties of the proposed formula were compared with raw buffalo milk, human milk and buffalo milk modified by the ordinary method. The proposed formula was characterised by low casein/whey protein N comparable to human milk and by curd tension.     

添加乳蛋白水解物的配方奶粉的免疫功能评价

根据我国免疫调节功能食品的评价方法,对添加乳蛋白水解物的免疫增强乳制品的免疫调节作用进行评价。在实验中,采用Balb/c 小鼠建立免疫低下模型,以不同剂量的配方奶粉对小鼠进行灌胃实验,分别进行免疫脏器质量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核- 巨嗜细胞功能等指标检测。结果表明：在所选定的剂量范围内,添加乳源蛋白水解物的老年奶粉和婴幼儿(三段)奶粉结果均为阳性,因此可判定配方奶粉具有免疫增强作用。     

The balance between caseins and whey proteins in cow's milk determines its allergenicity

Cow's milk allergy is quite common in the first years of human life. Protein composition plays an important role in this pathology, particularly the casein/whey protein ratio. It is known that milks from different species have different sensitization capacities although their protein sources are quite similar. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the allergenicity of native cow's milk and milk with a modified ratio of casein and whey proteins in a murine model of atopy. Twenty-four Balb/c mice were orally sensitized to native cow's milk or modified cow's milk with a casein/whey protein ratio of 40:60. During the sensitization period, the number of mice suffering from diarrhea was significantly higher in the native cow's milk-sensitized group than in the modified milk-sensitized group. Once mice were killed, plasma histamine levels were shown to be significantly higher in native cow's milk-sensitized mice. In addition, cow's milk proteins induced a higher lymphocyte sensitization in the native milk-sensitized mice, with a significant increase in the specific proliferation ratio of these cells.These results suggest that the balance between caseins and whey proteins plays an important role in the sensitization capacity of cow's milk, and its modification might be a way to reduce the allergenicity of cow's milk.     

Effect of milk protein composition and amount of β-casein on growth performance,gut hormones,and inflammatory cytokines in an in vivo piglet model

The objective of this work was to better understand the effect of differences in milk protein composition, and specifically, a change in β-casein to total casein in a milk-based matrix, on growth performance and metabolic and inflammatory responses using a piglet model. Three formulas were optimized for piglets, with similar metabolizable energy, total protein content, and other essential nutrients. Only the protein type and ratio varied between the treatments: the protein fraction of the control diet contained only whey proteins, whereas 2 other matrices contained a whey protein to casein ratio of 60:40, and differed in the amount of β-casein (12.5 and 17.1% of total protein). Piglets fed formula containing whey proteins and caseins, regardless of the concentration of β-casein, showed a significantly higher average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency compared with piglets consuming the formula with only whey protein. Consumption of the formula containing only whey protein showed higher levels of plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin compared with the consumption of formula containing casein and whey protein. A positive correlation was observed between postprandial time and glucagon-like peptide-1 response. The intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α increased significantly in piglets fed the whey protein/casein diet compared with those fed whey protein formula. All formula-fed piglets showed a lower level of IL-6 cytokine compared with the ad libitum sow-fed piglets, regardless of composition. No significant differences in the anti-inflammatory IL-10 concentration were observed between treatment groups. Milk protein composition contributed to the regulation of piglets‘ metabolic and physiological responses, with whey protein/casein formula promoting growth performance and a different immune regulatory balance compared with a formula containing only whey protein. Results indicated no differences between treatments containing different levels of β-casein.     

Detection of adulteration of pasteurised milk with whey by determination of the casein-bound phosphorus and protein nitrogen content

A new method to detect the adulteration of pasteurised milk with whey is described. The method is based on the determination of casein-bound phosphorus (Pcas) and the protein nitrogen content in milk. By using a mean Pcas content (0.85 g P/100 g casein), a Kjeldahl factor of 6.34 and protein N, the relative casein-N content (casein N/protein N x 100) can be estimated. Over a period of one year the variation in the phosphorus factor of dried skimmed milk samples amounted to 2.9%. In order to calculate the percentage of added whey, a standard curve has been prepared in which the relative casein content is plotted against the corresponding whey percentage. The results of 26 analyses on genuine pasteurised milk (Pcas = 21.7 mg/100 ml; casein N/protein N = 80.9%) and on 25 whey samples were used for the standard curve. In laboratory-made blends of pasteurised milk and cheese whey (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%), the estimated percentage of whey varied between -1.2% and +2.9% from the actual value. The analysis of nine samples from the Brazilian market showed that four samples were clearly adulterated with cheese whey. Sweet and/or acid whey addition will be detected by the proposed method.     

乳蛋白中乳清蛋白与酪蛋白组成、特性及应用的研究进展

乳清蛋白和酪蛋白是乳蛋白的主要组成成分,具有很高的营养价值。本文从乳中的乳清蛋白与酪蛋白出发,阐述了牛、羊等乳中乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的组成,并分别分析了乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的功能及其相关应用,综述了有关乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的新产品开发及综合利用,以期对乳中蛋白营养价值综合利用提供相应依据,为乳业相关企业及相关专业研究人员提供参考。     

不同乳基婴幼儿配方乳粉的理化性质和表面组成

为探究不同乳基对婴幼儿配方乳粉稳定性的影响,本研究对以牛乳和羊乳为基料制备的婴幼儿配方乳粉的水分质量分数和水分活度(water activity,a_w)、玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)、乳糖结晶度、溶解度、色度、蛋白组成、总脂肪酸和表面游离脂肪酸组成等理化性质进行分析,用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)仪对乳粉表面成分进行测定,并通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察乳粉表面形貌。结果表明：羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉具有较好的理化性质,与牛乳婴儿配方乳粉相比具有较低的水分质量分数、a_w、色度和T_g,而结晶度和溶解度接近,通过气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对脂肪酸含量进行测定发现,牛乳和羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉均表现出总脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,表面游离脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量较高的...