恩诺沙星及其代谢物在俄罗斯鲟多组织中的 代谢及消除研究

目的研究恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在俄罗斯鲟中的代谢及消除规律,制定恩诺沙星在俄罗斯鲟体内的休药期。方法在水温12～15℃条件下,以60 mg/(kg?bw)剂量对体重为(750±50) g的健康俄罗斯鲟灌服恩诺沙星,灌服后的0～3360 h内不间断采样,使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定各组织内恩诺沙星及其代谢产物含量。结果灌药后,恩诺沙星在俄罗斯鲟鳃、血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、皮肤中达峰时间Tmax分别为0.25、9、12、12、18、24 h;肾脏、肝脏、皮肤、肌肉、鳃、血浆达峰浓度Cmax分别为31.863、23.435、21.434、18.640、10.342、2.599 mg/kg;消除半衰期以皮肤最大t1/2为394.431 h、血浆最小为129.6 h。鳃中药物浓度有2个峰值,第1次达峰时,血浆中药物浓度远低于鳃,推测与受试鱼进食习惯或组织结构有关。代谢产物环丙沙星代谢及消除趋势与恩诺沙星大致相同,血浆最早达峰, Tmax为12 h,达峰浓度以肝脏和肾脏较高,Cmax分别为6.876mg/kg和5.648mg/kg。结论从水产品质量安全角度应用本研究结果:以皮肤和肌肉作为可食性组织,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留总量不超过0.1 mg/kg至少需要100 d。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在南美白对虾体内药代动力学研究

目的研究恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)及其代谢产物环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)在虾体内的组织分布和药物代谢随时间的变化规律。方法在(26±2)℃的养殖水温下,以30 mg/(kg·bw)的投喂剂量对南美白对虾进行单次投喂药饵给药,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术(high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)进行测定ENR与CIP的含量,其药-时数据通过DAS 2.0动力学软件分析。结果 ENR在南美白对虾体内药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,而其代谢产物CIP在南美白对虾体内象不符合房室模型。ENR在肝胰腺和肌肉中的最快达峰时间(T_(peak))为1和8 h,达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为24451.2和14212.1μg/kg;药时曲线下面积分别为971766.2和116847.4μg/(L·h);消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为59.5和33.6 h。CIP在肝胰腺和肌肉中的最快达峰时间(T_(peak))为8和20 h;达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为598.8和4566.6μg/kg。肝胰腺和肌肉的ENR残留量低于最大残留限量(maximum residual limit,MRL)分别为384 h和480 h,而肝胰腺和肌肉中的CIP分别从288和480 h开始低于检出限。结论在(26±2)℃养殖水温下,以30 mg/(kg·bw)剂量对南美白对虾进行单次投饵给药时,建议休药期不得低于20 d。     

己烯雌酚及代谢物在鲫鱼体内的组织分布及药物代谢动力学

为全面了解己烯雌酚在鲫鱼体内的残留、消除和药物动力学特征,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,研究口服灌药给药时己烯雌酚及其主要代谢物双烯雌酚在鲫鱼体内的组织分布和药物代谢动力学。在水温(12±2)℃条件下,鲫鱼口服灌药0.1,1.0 mg/(kg bw)和10.0 mg/(kg bw)后,其血浆、肌肉和肝脏中己烯雌酚浓度-时间曲线关系符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。以剂量1.0 mg/(kg bw)为例,3种组织中己烯雌酚峰值水平肝脏最高,肌肉次之,血浆最低,己烯雌酚的平均消除速率均较快,分别为26.7μg/(L·h),3.75μg/(kg·h)和9.26μg/(kg·h),在12,144 h和144 h各降至检出限以下。己烯雌酚代谢物———双烯雌酚在鲫鱼的血浆、肌肉和肝脏中药物水平的变化趋势与己烯雌酚基本相似,均表现先升高后降低的趋势。双烯雌酚分别在血浆、肌肉和肝脏中3,10 h和8 h达到最大浓度值,12,144 h和144 h降至检出限以下。采用DAS2.0药物代谢动力学参数计算程序,处理口服灌药后鲫鱼体内的己烯雌酚浓度-时间数据,计算有关药物代谢动力学参数。以1.0 mg/(kg bw)己烯雌酚为例,结果发现:血浆、肌肉、肝脏的AUC相差较大,说明不同组织对己烯雌酚的蓄积能力有差别;血浆、肌肉和肝脏的CL/F值依次为1.041,0.121 L/(h·kg)和0.052 L/(h·kg),说明己烯雌酚在鲫鱼体内分布广,消除较快。本试验中,在己烯雌酚0.1,1.0 mg/(kg bw)和10.0 mg/(kg bw)口服灌药浓度下,建议其消除期分别定为4,6 d和7 d。水温高时可适当缩短消除期,水温低时可适当延长消除期。本研究的药时曲线可为鲫鱼己烯雌酚的消除净化提供基础数据。     

恩诺沙星注射液在猪体内残留消除规律研究

目的研究恩诺沙星注射液在猪体内的残留消除规律。方法本实验采用30头约50 kg重长白猪,随机分为2组,给药组25头,对照组5头。给药组用药量为每次2.5mg恩诺沙星/kg,每日1次,连用3d(1个疗程),使用1个疗程,对照组不给任何抗菌药物,与给药组同环境饲养。在最后一次给药6 h、24 h(1 d)、72 h(3 d)、120 h(5 d)、168 h(7 d)时采集肉、肝、肾、脂肪样本,经液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)测定组织中的恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星残留量之和,并利用WT1.4软件计算休药期。结果恩诺沙星注射液在猪肉中的休药期为3.17 d;在肾脏中的休药期为3.75 d;在肝脏中的休药期为8.18 d;在脂肪总的休药期为4.09 d。结论为保证兽药使用安全、食品安全和消费者健康,推荐恩诺沙星注射液在猪体内的休药期为9 d。     

恩诺沙星及代谢物在西伯利亚鲟疾病模型内的药动学及残留消除规律

采用高效液相色谱法,研究了20℃条件下人工感染嗜水气单胞菌的西伯利亚鲟口灌恩诺沙星(剂量10 mg/kg)后,其血液中药代动力学规律,采用药代动力学软件3p97对药物浓度时间数据进行分析。结果表明,恩诺沙星及代谢物环丙沙星在感染嗜水气单胞菌的西伯利亚鲟体内的药时量曲线关系符合二室模型,达峰时间T_(max)分别为0.37 h和1.12 h;峰浓度值C_(max)分别为0.329和0.164 mg/L;表观分布容积V_d分别为40.12和49.239 L/kg,吸收半衰期T(1/2)α分别为5.732和8.17 h;消除半衰期T(1/2)β分别为45.131和40.521 h。与健康西伯利亚鲟相比,恩诺沙星及代谢物在受感染的西伯利亚鲟体内,吸收相对缓慢,消除也慢。恩诺沙星在疾病模型西伯利亚鲟肝脏和肌肉中的消除方程分别为:C=0.13e~(-0.005t),C=2.31e~(-0.006t);R~2≥0.825;环丙沙星在疾病模型西伯利亚鲟肝脏和肌肉中的的消除方程分别为:C=4.412e~(-0.007t);C=4.915e~(-0.004t);R~2≥0.758。     

土霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星在鲫鱼体内残留及消除规律的初步研究

在25±2℃水温条件下,研究土霉素、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星在鲫鱼体内的残留及消除规律.药物在鲫鱼肌肉中的残留用甲醇 水(2 8,pH5.30)提取,反相高效液相色谱法检测,最低检测限可达0.0105mg/kg,平均回收率在80%～95%.研究结果表明:在给定的给药条件下,停药5d后鱼体肌肉的药物浓度达到最大值,停药15d后土霉素和恩诺沙星的残留量降至最大残留限量(MRLs)以下,而环丙沙星的残留仍略高于其MRLs.     

液相色谱-四级杆/线性离子阱复合质谱法分析恩诺沙星在海参体内的代谢产物

为鉴定恩诺沙星给药后其在海参(Stichopus japonicas)体内的主要代谢产物,取药浴后均质的海参样品,经酸化乙腈提取、浓缩、正己烷净化后,利用液相色谱-四级杆/线性离子阱复合质谱法进行分析。采用电喷雾离子源在正离子模式下进行多反应选择监测结合实时触发增强子离子模式(MRM-IDA-EPI)扫描,分析恩诺沙星在海参体内的代谢产物。实验结果表明,给药6 h后海参体内共鉴定出10种恩诺沙星代谢产物,包括恩诺沙星异构化产物(M3)、脱乙基产物环丙沙星(M1)及其异构体(M2)、加氢还原产物及其异构体(M4、M5和M6)、羟基化恩诺沙星及其异构体(M7和M8)和加氧恩诺沙星及其异构体(M9和M10)。恩诺沙星在海参体内的代谢产物M2~M5以峰面积计,均高于环丙沙星(M1)。研究发现恩诺沙星在海参体内主要发生脱乙基反应和加氢还原反应,其主要代谢产物为M2和M4。     

产前饲喂模式下恩诺沙星在初产蛋中的残留规律及膳食暴露评估

目的 消费者长期食用残留恩诺沙星的禽蛋会造成耐药性、过敏反应以及肠道菌群紊乱。本试验旨在探讨蛋鸡产蛋前喂饲恩诺沙星在初产蛋中残留规律,评估其对鸡蛋安全性以及消费者健康的影响。方法 选取378只日龄为85天的海兰褐蛋鸡,根据给药时间分为14组,1.5 g/kg恩诺沙星粉剂,连续拌料喂药 5 d。从给药后生产第 1 枚鸡蛋开始连续采集鸡蛋8天,分析鸡蛋中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星残留量,采用每日允许摄入量对安全性进行评估。结果 初产蛋中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量均随着停药时间延长逐渐降低。给药5d,停药1天的初产蛋中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含最高分别为959.725 mg/kg和62.263 mg/kg,停药7d后鸡蛋中环丙沙星含量低于检出限,痕量恩诺沙星代谢缓慢,停药24d后鸡蛋中恩诺沙星含量低于检出限。停药1d的初产蛋对儿童和成年人身体健康具有慢性危害风险。结论 为了保证禽蛋中无恩诺沙星残留建议至少需要在产蛋前29天用药,停药24天以上,以满足产品符合国家监管以及保证消费者健康的要求。     

高氯酸盐对高脂膳食小鼠脂质代谢的影响

目的 探究高氯酸盐对高脂膳食小鼠脂质代谢的影响。方法 将C57BL/6J小鼠分为4组,分别为对照组(CG)、高氯酸盐低剂量组[LG,每天0.1 mg/(kg·bw)]、中剂量组[MG,每天1.0 mg/(kg·bw)]和高剂量组[HG,每天10.0 mg/(kg·bw)],连续暴露12周,通过对肝脏油红O染色、血生化指标检测、脂代谢调控酶测定和脂肪酸组成及含量测定进行高氯酸盐对高脂膳食小鼠脂质代谢的评估。结果 高于1.0mg/(kg·bw)的暴露剂量可在小鼠肝脏内形成脂滴累积,总胆固醇、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量均显著性升高(P<0.05),并且HG组脂质代谢关键调控酶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoAcarboxylase,ACC)和脂肪酸合成酶(fattyacidsynthase,FAS)含量显著性升高(P<0.05),表明高氯酸盐可能会促进脂肪的合成。随着高氯酸盐暴露浓度的增加,棕榈酸(C16:0)、珍珠酸(C17:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、花生四烯酸(C20:4)和二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6)体内水平显著下降,而棕榈亚酸(C16:1)、油酸(C18:1)...     

恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和泰万菌素在鸡蛋中残留消除规律研究

目的 评估恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和泰万菌素在鸡蛋中的残留消除规律。方法 将80羽高产海兰褐蛋鸡随机等分成4组, 对照组饲喂基础日粮, 恩诺沙星组、氟苯尼考组和泰万菌素组分别经混饲给予相应药物, 每日1次, 连续给药5 d, 停药19 d, 检测各枚鸡蛋中相应药物及其主要代谢产物的残留量。结果 恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星与氟苯尼考及其主要代谢产物氟苯尼考胺可迅速残留于鸡蛋中, 残留物分别以恩诺沙星原型和氟苯尼考原型为主, 且其残留蓄积期都超过19 d。泰万菌素及其主要代谢产物3-乙酰胺基泰万菌素在鸡蛋中的残留总量低于最大允许残留限量, 且平均残留蓄积期为7 d, 3-乙酰胺基泰万菌素占总残留量的50%以上。结论 恩诺沙星和氟苯尼考在海兰褐品系鸡蛋中残留消除周期超过19 d, 在对后备蛋鸡、肉蛋兼用鸡给药时需严格控制用法用量。在适用情况下, 可优先选择平均残留消除周期相对较短的泰万菌素。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.