新疆地区部分食品微生物污染检测结果分析

目的分析近两年新疆地区部分食品种类微生物检测结果,了解新疆地区食品的微生物污染状况,为食品安全监督管理部门提供科学依据。方法根据GB 4789系列标准方法的要求,对新疆地区抽送检的256批预包装熟肉制品、297批蜂蜜、89批饮料、42批发酵乳、93批糕点面包、96批冷冻饮品、37批速冻米面食品(包括10批生制品)进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7/NM、乳酸菌、霉菌和嗜渗酵母菌的微生物检测。结果 10批预包装熟肉制品、6批蜂蜜、9批冷冻饮品、6批饮料、1批速冻米面食品菌落总数超标;6批冷冻饮品和1批饮料大肠菌群超标;3批蜂蜜嗜渗酵母菌数超标;2批蜂蜜霉菌数超标;1批饮料酵母菌数超标;2批速冻米面食品(生制品)金黄色葡萄球菌超标;3批冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌。除发酵乳对菌落总数没有明确要求和糕点面包菌落总数未超标外,其他产品均出现菌落总数超标问题,其中饮料、冷冻饮品合格率低于95%,应划类于高风险产品;冷冻饮品和饮料还存在大肠菌群超标问题;冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌,速冻米面食品(生制品)检出金黄色葡萄球菌,说明这2类食品致病菌检出风险较高。结论建议食品企业加强卫生管理,查找超标原因,采取有效措施确保食品安全,建议监管部门对微生物污染率较高的产品继续加强监管力度,以保障食品安全。     

北京市餐饮业食用冰块微生物污染水平调查

评估北京市餐饮业食用冰块微生物污染的风险。方法 在北京市场抽检了63份餐饮业食用冰块样品,冰块独立分装在无菌采样袋中,2 h内完成采样到检测的过程。按照国家标准方法检测其中的菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门菌、志贺菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。结果 63份餐饮业食用冰块样品均未检出沙门菌、志贺菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌。连锁快餐店和咖啡店食用冰块的菌落总数和大肠菌群等指示菌计数较低,部分饮品甜品店食用冰块菌落总数和大肠菌群较高。结论 检测的食用冰块样品均是安全的。部分饮品甜品店用食用冰块指示菌较高,提示生产过程中可能存在微生物污染,需要严格执行卫生操作规范的程序。     

2012年河南省市售生制速冻面米制品食源性致病菌污染状况监测

了解2012年河南省境内市售生制速冻面米制品中金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的污染状况。方法 金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌检测及血清分型参照2012年《国家食品安全风险监测工作手册》,金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的测定参照mini-VIDAS试剂使用说明。结果 344份速冻面米制品中检出金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌共计55株,总检出率为15.99%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌49株(14.24%),沙门菌6株(1.74%)。金黄色葡萄球菌计数结果为0.2～110 cfu/g。49株金黄色葡萄球菌中22株金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素阳性,阳性率为44.90%。6株沙门菌血清分型分属4个血清型:肠炎沙门菌、阿贡纳沙门菌、印第安纳沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌。6株沙门菌对头孢唑啉、头孢替坦、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素均耐药,3株沙门菌对氨苄青霉素/舒巴坦、头孢曲松、氨曲南、呋喃妥因和复方新诺明的耐药率均为33.33%,对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率均为16.67%。结论 河南省市售生制速冻面米制品存在沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的污染,其中沙门菌的检出率较低,但其安全风险较大；金黄色葡萄球菌虽未超标,但其检出率和肠毒素的阳性率均较高,应高度重视。     

HACCP体系对微波速冻草鱼片微生物控制

采用HACCP系统,分析微波速冻草鱼片工艺过程中的危害因素和关键点控制,抽样检测(样本容量63),然后用数理统计方法对数据进行处理,结果发现:菌落总数数据符合维布尔分布,109 cfu/g为标准,在置信水平为95％时,菌落总数合格率达到100％,而大肠菌群的合格率为98.6％,大肠杆菌的合格率为100％,金黄色葡萄球菌...     

我国现制饮料微生物污染状况研究

目的 了解我国目前现制饮料中微生物的污染状况。方法 使用随机抽样原则在我国具有代表性的饭店、饮品店、快餐店、集体学校食堂等采集现制饮料和食用冰,共计3 583份,采用国标方法检测菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌。结果 菌落总数>10⁵ CFU/mL所占比例为8.42%,大肠菌群>10² MPN/mL所占比例为19.32%,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.56%,沙门菌检出率为0.09%,计数结果均<10² MPN/mL。蛋白类饮品污染状况最严重,菌落总数与大肠菌群检出比例最高,菌落总数>10⁵ CFU/mL和大肠菌群>10² MPN/mL所占比例分别为21.35%和32.97%。3—5月现制饮料的卫生状况最差,菌落总数>10⁵ CFU/mL所占比例最高,为14.80%。不同采样地点中饭店、酒店的金黄色葡萄球菌检出率最高为5.24%。结论 我国现制饮料的食品安全状况总体较好,但相关部门也应加强加工场所卫生状况的监督抽查。     

2011年昆明市食品安全监测结果分析

了解2011年昆明市食品中食源性致病菌流行情况和化学污染物及有害因素污染状况,为食品安全评估、食品卫生标准制修订提供科学依据。方法 根据多级分层随机采样原则,选取当地居民的主要消费购买点,共采集样品334份。按照《食源性致病菌监测工作手册》及《化学污染物和有害因素监测计划工作手册》进行检测。结果 样品致病菌检出率为12.6%,菌落总数与大肠菌群超标率分别为46.1%和41.6%。不同类别食品的菌落总数与大肠菌群数超标率不同,即食非发酵豆制品类菌落总数超标率最高,为78.9%；大肠菌群超标率由高到低依次为熟制面米制品、即食非发酵豆制品、熟肉制品、速冻面米制品、糕点。样品中霉菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率较高,分别为17.1%和13.2%,未检出大肠杆菌O157、沙门菌及志贺菌。乳及乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M₁超标率为45.0%,蜜饯和炒货中安赛蜜超标率为5.0%,酒中均检出氨基甲酸乙酯。结论 监测食品的菌落总数和大肠菌群超标问题突出,速冻面米制品中霉菌检出率较高,乳及乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M₁超标率较高,应从食品加工、运输、流通等各环节加强监管力度。     

河南省预包装糕点微生物污染状况调查与分析

目的了解河南省预包装糕点食品的微生物污染状况,为食品安全监督管理部门提供科学依据。方法根据GB/T 4789.24-2003《食品卫生微生物学检验糖果、糕点、蜜饯》标准方法的要求,对河南省多个地区抽送检的604份预包装糕点样品(其中冷加工糕点109份,热加工糕点495份)进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和霉菌计数检测。结果 604份预包装糕点样品中,8份热加工糕点菌落总数超标,3份冷加工糕点菌落总数超标,1份冷加工糕点霉菌计数超标,大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌检测的结果均未超标。结论预包装糕点中存在菌落总数和霉菌计数超标的问题,致病菌污染的风险较低,相关部门应继续加强对预包装糕点食品安全的监管力度,保障食品安全。     

多种不同方法对微生物能力验证样品测试结果的比较及分析

目的在检测实验室能力验证样品时,通过多种方法进行比较,提高检测能力和结果准确性。方法菌落总数依据国标方法,在相同条件下由不同操作人员重复测定共10次,通过测量结果的不确定度的评定确定置信区间。大肠菌群通过3种方法计数,用大肠杆菌/大肠菌群测试片对大肠埃希氏菌进行快速定性判定。金黄色葡萄球菌通过不同培养基、涂布量、接种方法的7种不同组合方法进行检测。结果本次能力验证结果报告菌落总数结果为23000 CFU/mL、大肠菌群结果为10000 CFU/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌结果为12000 CFU/mL、大肠埃希氏菌检出。4项测试结果均为满意。结论通过多种方法同步进行,能有效提高检测能力和结果准确性。     

越南进口预包装小食品质量安全分析及监管对策

目的对越南预包装小食品的卫生安全情况进行分析,提出加强监管措施,保证进口食品安全。方法按国家标准方法检测沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、菌落总数、大肠菌群等微生物指标;按标准要求检测酸价、过氧化值、铅、砷、汞、铜等理化指标。结果共检测预包装小食品样品238批,检出不合格32批,不合格率13.45%,不合格原因主要是菌落总数超标(24批),过氧化值超标(8批)。结论越南预包装小食品卫生安全质量不容乐观,应加强对越南进口小食品的检验监管。     

2009年嘉兴市食源性病原菌监测分析

目的监测2009年嘉兴市食品中致病菌污染状况。方法共采集275份生熟食品样品,分离沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌。结果 75份生肉、水产品食源性病原菌总污染率45.3%,其中检出沙门菌6株,单核细胞增生李斯特菌12株,金黄色葡萄球菌4株,副溶血性弧菌18株。未检出大肠杆菌O157:H7。200份即食食品总污染率3.0%,以金黄色葡萄球菌污染为主。结论 2009年嘉兴市主要污染食品品种是冷藏冷冻生肉,污染的食源性致病菌以单核细胞增生李斯特菌和副溶血性弧菌为主。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。