石油烃对水产品质量安全影响及风险评估

随着工农业的迅猛发展,近海遭到不同程度的污染,特别是石油工业和海上交通运输业的发展,使得石油成为近海中最主要的污染物。石油烃主要是由碳和氢元素组成的烃类物质,包括烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃三类。水域中石油类污染物通过呼吸和皮肤渗透容易在水生生物体中蓄积,不仅能使鱼、虾、贝类海产品变味,严重时能产生毒性效应,进而影响水产品的食用安全。本文从石油烃的特性、污染现状、国内外限量标准、石油烃污染的感官评定等方面进行了综述,并对人体健康的影响进行了评价,以期为水产品的质量安全监管提供依据。     

台州市椒江区水产品重金属含量及食用风险

目的研究台州椒江区近海海域捕获的不同种类的水产品的重金属含量及食用的安全性。方法采用国家铅、镉的标准检测技术,选用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,对采集的186批次水产品样品进行检测分析。结果双壳类水产品中的重金属污染指数明显高于其他类水产品,为0.2365;鱼类和甲壳类水产品中的重金属污染指数较低。在4类水产品中,品种间的铅的差异性不明显;镉则差异明显,头足类和双壳类水产品镉最高。结论双壳类容易受铅、镉这2类重金属污染,应加强对双壳类的重金属含量的监测。从单因子污染指数及均值型污染指数来看,4种水产品污染的程度较为轻微,可以放心食用,但建议消费者穿插食用多种类水产品。     

三亚市红沙海域海产品铅含量分析及评价

代表性采集红沙海域海产品,样品经硝酸湿法消解,原子吸收法测定海产品中总铅含量,根据无公害食品水产品有毒有害物质标准限量对海产品的食用安全性进行评估。采集的样本中,软体动物(墨鱼)铅含量最高,其次是甲壳类(虾、蟹),鱼类铅含量最低。鱼头铅含量最高,其次鱼尾,鱼肉铅含量最低。三亚红沙海域鱼类总体卫生质量较好,鱼肉全部符合农业部评价标准,游客食用鱼肉相对安全。贝类中铅含量高于鱼类,存在铅含量超标现象。     

2022年珠海市150份水产品中稀土元素的含量水平调查

目的：调查珠海市市售水产品中稀土元素的含量水平。方法：随机采集珠海市5个功能区的农贸市场、商超等共150份水产动物样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品16种稀土元素含量。结果：2022年珠海市售水产品中稀土元素总量为0.01～6 679.64μg·kg^-1,平均含量为176.2μg·kg^-1,中位值为6.0μg·kg^-1。不同类别的水产品种稀土元素含量变化大致为双壳类>腹足、头足类>甲壳类>鱼类。以轻稀土元素富集为主,以轻稀土元素铈(Ce)平均含量最高、其次为镧(La)、钕(Nd),重稀土元素钇(Y)较高。结论：珠海市部分地区及种类水产品中稀土元素相对含量较高,建议加强监管力度。     

潍坊市动物性水产品及其制品中有毒金属的监测结果及分析

目的：了解潍坊市市售动物性水产品及其制品有毒金属（铅、镉、汞、砷）污染情况,及时发现存在的安全隐患并提出风险预警。方法：2013-2022年在养殖场、捕捞场所、超市、农贸市场采集甲壳类、鱼类、软体类水产品及水产制品类434份样品,依据国家标准测定样品中铅、镉、总汞（甲基汞）、总砷（无机砷）的含量,采用单因子污染指数评价污染状况。结果：总汞、总砷的检出率为83.23%、93.68%,铅污染水平92.95%处于正常背景值范围,甲壳类镉污染水平39.13%处于重度污染范围。结论：2013-2022年潍坊市动物水产品镉的含量较高,甲壳类、鱼类、软体动物的镉均有超标。     

深圳市售水产品铅镉汞污染状况分析

目的了解深圳市市售水产品中重金属铅、镉、汞含量水平,评价水产品食用的安全性。方法在深圳市区范围内采集具有代表性、典型性的水产品, 26个品种共377份样品,按照GB 5009.268-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中多元素的测定》的方法进行分析。引入单因子污染指数法分析污染状况。结果镉、甲基汞、铅超标率分别为7.43%、1.60%和1.06%。单因子污染指数显示镉汞存在一定程度污染,其中镉重度污染样品主要集中在鱼类(重度污染占比10.2%)和甲壳类(重度污染占比14.7%),对比其他地区近5年污染数据显示深圳市售甲壳类水产品镉污染状况明显高于广东省平均水平。结论深圳市售水产品重金属安全卫生质量较好,但甲壳类水产品镉存在一定程度污染,应引起高度重视。     

广州白云机场口岸进境水产品质量安全调查和分析

目的 分析广州白云机场口岸在2015~2018年进境水产品质量安全情况。方法 通过对经广州白云机场口岸进境的鱼类、甲壳类、双贝类、腹足类和爬行类动物共13537批次样品中兽药残留、重金属污染物、微生物、疫病和寄生虫的多指标检测获取质量评价数据, 进而针对检测结果进行综合分析。结果 统计检测数据显示, 2015~2018年共检出进境水产品不合格批次为585批, 不合格率为4.3%。逐年检出进境水产品不合格率分别为8.3%、6.1%、3.2%、2.1%, 不合格率明显降低, 说明进境水产品质量总体呈变好趋势。重金属含量超标270批次, 占不合格样品量的46.2%, 可见重金属污染是影响进口水产品质量的重要因素。在所有监控的水产品种类中甲壳类样品不合格率最高, 其中蟹的不合格率达48.9%。甲壳类水产品中重金属污染程度最大, 但甲壳类水产品是否对重金属富集作用更强需要更多的数据支持。另外, 水产品进口区域对产品的质量也有一定的影响。来自东南亚的水产品检出不合格率较高, 检出不合格蟹的进口产地分布较广, 针对环境污染较严重的区域水产品质量应重点关注。结论 对进口水产品实施动态监测并对重点进口区域的重点水产品进行重点目标的检测, 有利于提高进口水产品质量。通过对进口水产品安全调查和分析为进口水产品质量把关提供数据支持。通过给出食用性评价为消费者食用水产品安全给出有力保障。精准评估我国目前进口水产品的质量安全形势以期为促进水产品贸易和提升国内水产品安全监管水平提供重要参考。     

海产品中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb对人体健康的潜在风险评价

测定几种海产品(软体类、甲壳类、鱼类)中重金属Hg、Cd 、Pb 的含量,并运用危害商数(target hazard quotients,THQs)评价食用海产品对人体健康的潜在风险。结果发现：Hg 在软体类生物中的含量范围为0.06～1.23mg/kg,其次为鱼类(0.024～1.03mg/kg),甲壳类生物最低(未检出～0.25mg/kg);Cd 在软体类生物中的含量为 0.18～4.02mg/kg,高于甲壳类(未检出～0.05mg/kg)和鱼类(未检出～0.07mg/kg);Pb含量较低,软体类(0.04～0.23mg/kg)、甲壳类(未检出0.03mg/kg)、鱼类(未检出～0.07mg/kg)。Cd 和Pb 的危害商数说明该市场的海产品中这两种金属对人体健康不具有潜在风险,相比之下,重金属汞在某一种鱼中的危害商数可能对人体健康有潜在风险。     

浙江沿海水产品无机砷和汞含量调查及膳食风险评估

根据2016年对浙江省沿海城市及部分海域的4类生鲜水产品(贝类、甲壳类、头足类和鱼类)中无机砷和汞的含量与分布监测数据,对其含量水平、分布与变化特征进行了分析讨论。采用单因子污染指数法评价水产品中无机砷和汞的污染程度,通过计算膳食暴露量风险商(hazard quotient,HQ),进行食用安全性风险评估。结果表明,无机砷的检出率为25. 1%,有检出的样品中贝类占88. 7%,海捕虾、鱿鱼、甲鱼及鱼类(包括黄姑鱼、黑鲷、大黄鱼、石斑鱼、鲈鱼)无机砷均未检出。青蛤的检出率最高,为65. 6%,但无超标样品。缢蛏体内的无机砷含量均值最高,超标率为3. 7%。汞的检出率为100%,鱼类(包括黄姑鱼、黑鲷、大黄鱼、石斑鱼)中汞含量高于其他3类;贝类中泥蚶的汞含量最高,均值为0. 03 mg/kg;甲壳类青蟹的汞含量最高,均值为0. 04 mg/kg;头足类中乌贼的汞含量最高,均值为0. 03 mg/kg。4类生鲜水产品中汞含量远远低于限定值。比较贝类中无机砷和汞含量发现,无机砷含量要远远高于汞。汞含量在种间差异不显著(p 0. 05),无机砷含量在种间差异显著(p 0. 05),缢蛏中无机砷含量最高。污染程度评价和膳食暴露量风险评估结果为:缢蛏和泥蚶体内的无机砷处于轻污染水平,其他均为未污染水平; 4类生鲜水产品中无机砷和汞的HQ远远小于1,不会危害人体健康。     

ICP-OES法对水产品中重金属污染状况监测分析

为研究水产品中重金属的污染现状,建立了一种用ICP-OES方法同时测定Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb 4种重金属元素含量的方法,相关系数均大于0.9990,相对标准偏差在0.1%~0.77%之间,加标回收率在96.5%~104.0%之间,说明该方法可快速、准确、简便地测定水产品中重金属元素的含量。并根据食品中重金属限量标准对食用安全进行评估。调查结果显示,重金属在不同种类海产品中的分布差异显著,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb 4种重金属中,Cr含量严重超标,超标率达100%,其次则为Cd,Cu的超标现象最低,为2.38%;对于海水鱼类、淡水鱼类、软体动物类、甲壳类等水产品,以软体动物类及甲壳类中重金属含量超标现象比较严重,应该引起重视。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.