"米邦塔"仙人掌汁的营养特性及酶法澄清研究

对仙人掌汁营养成分及果胶酶法澄清仙人掌汁的工艺条件进行研究。结果表明，仙人掌汁中高钾低钠，钾钠比1314：1，SOD活力103．97U／mL，多糖1．96％，由成分分析可知，仙人掌汁是一种集多功能成分于一身的营养物质；采用响应面分析确定果胶酶澄清汁液时的最佳酶解工艺备件：酶加量0．14g／L、酶解时间1．8h、CaCl2添加量0．215g／L、酶解温度50℃、反应液pH4．5，所得汁的透光率达到94．2％。     

酶制剂在澄清香蕉汁加工中的应用

利用淀粉酶、果胶酶制剂处理香蕉果浆,结果表明:在55℃下,香蕉果浆中加入0.4％的淀粉酶酶解30min,可明显提高香蕉果汁的得汁率;在45℃下,香蕉果汁中加入0.015％的果胶酶酶解60min,可明显提高香蕉果汁的澄清度。     

速溶香蕉粉酶解工艺的探讨与优化

采用α-淀粉酶、果胶酶对香蕉果浆进行处理,探寻香蕉粉加工过程中的最佳酶解工艺,以香蕉酶解液的黏度、固形物得率、褐变程度为考察指标,得到的最佳酶解工艺条件为:料水比1:1.5(W:V),100℃预糊化10 min,在香蕉果浆自然pH 4.5～5.0条件下,加入0.1%(W:W)果胶酶、0.1%(W:W)α-淀粉酶,70℃酶解60 min.酶解后香蕉果浆的黏度下降到10 mPa·s,平均固形物得率达到79%,酶解液无明显褐变.     

草莓澄清汁的加工技术研究

本文采用复合果胶酶酶解的方法,研究了草莓澄清汁的加工工艺,得到草莓澄清汁最佳的酶解工艺条件为:复合果胶酶添加量0．015%,酶解时间90min,酶解温度35℃,此时草莓的出汁率为81．10%,透光率可达96．1%。     

响应面试验优化桑葚汁复合酶解制备工艺及微滤技术对其品质的影响

以新鲜成熟桑葚果实为原料,桑葚出汁率为指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验,确定果胶酶和纤维素酶酶解制备桑葚汁的最佳工艺参数,并进一步考察非热力杀菌微滤技术对桑葚汁杀菌、澄清、褐变抑制效果以及理化指标的影响。研究结果表明,适于实际生产的最佳酶解工艺为：果胶酶添加量0.42%、纤维素酶添加量1.84%、酶解时间101.26 min、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解pH 3.5～4.0（桑葚汁自然pH值）。在此条件下,桑葚出汁率为86.37%,与理论值88.10%接近。实验表明微滤技术对桑葚汁不仅有很好的抑菌效果,且对桑葚汁的褐变具有一定的抑制作用。     

澄清香蕉果汁饮料的工艺

本文介绍采用添加抗氧化剂、钝化酶的方法控制酶褐变;用果胶酶酶解法制得香蕉汁;用蜂蜜作澄清剂制出澄清香蕉果汁饮料。     

香蕉红枣复合果汁饮料的研制

叙述了以香蕉、红枣为原料,加工带肉果汁饮料的工艺。并对果汁饮料的稳定性和香蕉褐变的原因及配方进行了初步的探讨。最佳配方为:原果浆含量20％、可溶性固形物14％、柠檬酸0.12％、枣汁10％。经过正交试验,确定了稳定性条件为:用0.01％的果胶酶部分酶解果胶,添加0.4％的复合稳定剂,可使产品达到理想状态。最佳工艺条件:热烫温度100℃,热烫时间6 min,经过低高压二次均质,100℃杀菌20 min。     

桑果醋发酵工艺研究

以桑果、糯米为原料，采用液态发酵法，酿制风味独特、营养丰富的桑果醋。通过对桑果汁压榨、浸提、澄清和酒精发酵、醋酸发酵等工艺的研究，确定桑果汁酶解澄清的最佳方案是：果胶酶添加量为0．035％、淀粉酶0．014%、明胶0．018％、硅溶胶0．018％；确定主要工艺参数为：酒精发酵阶段桑果清汁：糯米糖化醪=2：1，接种量5％，25℃发酵72h，酒精浓度6．0％，醋酸发酵阶段温度为33℃-35℃，接种量6．0％，起始pH6．0，500mL三角瓶装液量100mL，在转速140r／min条件下振荡培养72h左右，得到的成品醋酸度适宜，口感、风味良好。     

澄清型香蕉汁加工工艺的研究

以完全黄熟的鲜香蕉为原料,采用正交实验,研究了澄清型香蕉汁的酶解工艺条件及滋味调配。结果表明:用果胶酶酶解香蕉汁有明显的澄清效果,酶解香蕉汁的优化工艺条件为果胶酶用量0.03%、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间2.0h;在打浆时加酸量为0.5%的条件下,酶解后的香蕉汁的最佳滋味配方为调糖度至15°Brix、抗坏血酸添加量0.02%、无需二次加酸。     

酶法澄清西番莲果汁的工艺研究

通过单因素试验分析探讨了果胶酶的种类、添加量、pH、温度和时间对西番莲果汁澄清效果的影响；淀粉酶Amylase AG 300L添加量为0.02ml／kg可有效除去果汁中的淀粉物质。进行正交试验确定酶法澄清西番莲果汁的最佳工艺条件，结果表明，果胶酶PECTINEX@ BE XXL的添加量为0．14ml／kg、pH5．0、温度45℃、时间50min，可得到澄清透明，具有新鲜西番莲风味的果汁，澄清效果理想。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.